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Abstract
Patients with dengue fever and comorbidities seem to be at higher risk of developing complications and/or severe dengue compared to healthier individuals. This study systematically reviews the evidence related to comorbidities and dengue. A systematic literature review was performed in five databases (EMBASE, PUBMED, Global Health, SciELO, Cochrane) and grey literature for full-text articles since its inceptions until October 10, 2015. A total of 230 articles were retrieved. Sixteen studies were analysed after applying all inclusion and exclusion criteria. Seven case control studies and nine retrospective cohort studies showed that comorbidities may contribute to severe dengue, especially 1) cardiovascular disease, 2) stroke, 3) diabetes, 4) respiratory disease and 5) renal disease, as well as old age. However, due to heterogeneity in studies, the real estimate effect of comorbidities as modifiers of dengue severity could not be established. Further research in regions with high prevalence of dengue infection would contribute to a better understanding of the relevance of comorbidities in severe dengue, especially with a standardised protocol, for outcomes, specific comorbidities, study design—best using prospective designs—and sample sizes.
Author Summary
Dengue fever is a viral disease, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Although for most cases of dengue fever the illness is self-limiting or asymptomatic, severe dengue can occur. Severe dengue is now classified by 1) plasma leakage, and/or 2) severe haemorrhage and/or 3) organ failure. Complications and deaths occur in this group of cases with severe dengue. Patients with dengue fever and comorbidities seem to be at higher risk of developing complications and/or severe dengue compared to healthier individuals. This study systematically reviews the evidence related to comorbidities and the severe forms of dengue fever. Sixteen studies were analysed after applying all inclusion and exclusion criteria. Seven case control studies and nine retrospective cohort studies assessed comorbidities and development of severe forms of dengue. The results showed that comorbidities are relevant to severe dengue, especially 1) cardiovascular disease, 2) stroke, 3) diabetes, 4) respiratory disease and 5) renal disease, as well as old age. The study of comorbidities in dengue fever is fundamental for improved patient outcome by differential case management of patients, reducing the burden of the disease. Further research in regions with high prevalence of dengue infection would contribute to a better understanding of the relevance of comorbidities with severe forms of dengue fever. An agreed protocol for such studies is urgently needed.
Citation: Toledo J, George L, Martinez E, Lazaro A, Han WW, Coelho GE, et al. (2016) Relevance of Non-communicable Comorbidities for the Development of the Severe Forms of Dengue: A Systematic Literature Review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10(1): e0004284. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004284
Editor: Audrey Lenhart, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, UNITED STATES
Received: January 5, 2015; Accepted: November 16, 2015; Published: January 4, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Toledo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The authors received no specific funds for this study.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Dengue fever is an acute systemic infectious disease affecting mainly people in tropical and subtropical regions [1]. Dengue virus (Flaviviridae family, Flavivirus genus) has four different subtypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4) and it is transmitted by infected Aedes spp mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and albopictus) [2, 3, 4] According to estimates of Bhatt et al [5], there are around 390 million dengue fever infections per year.
There is no specific treatment for dengue fever [2, 3, 4, 6]. The gold standard therapy of clinical management of severe cases of dengue—mostly related to plasma leakage or severe bleeding, but also to organ failure—is fluid replacement, both orally and intravenously (crystalloids and/or colloids) [7]. Intensive care monitoring and assessment of plasma leakage are vital. As the pathophysiology of dengue fever involves an increase in vascular permeability, rapid fluid replacement is needed—however, fluid replacement in excess might lead to hypervolaemia, pulmonary oedema and respiratory distress. This is an aspect to be carefully evaluated and observed especially in elderly patients, due to their reduction in cardiovascular output, pulmonary compliance and renal output, resulting in clinical complications [3, 4, 6, 7].
During the 1950’s and 1960’s, the majority of dengue cases were described in children, in South East Asian countries [8]. Introduction of the transmitting vector in wild environments and urban areas, human migration and the presence of artificial egg reservoirs (described for example in used tires) have facilitated the spread the disease in many different regions, from the Caribbean islands to Brazil and from the Pacific islands to other South Asian countries causing major epidemics [2, 6, 9, 10]. From a disease initially affecting children and young adults, dengue began to affect older people [2, 7]. At the same time, many of these countries and regions where dengue is highly prevalent began to face the phenomenon of epidemiological transition [11]. The niche occupied by communicable diseases in the overall mortality rate has given space to non-communicable diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes and malignancies, with the ageing of population. As a result, dengue now affects older adults, an age group with inherently more comorbidities.
Some authors have postulated that in adults, non-communicable comorbidities and other underlying medical conditions may have a role in predisposing individuals to the severe forms of dengue [7, 12]. These comorbidities include cardiovascular diseases, endocrine diseases, allergies, haematological diseases, chronic hepatopathy, recipients of solid organ transplant, chronic renal insufficiency, autoimmune disorders, and also the condition old age [7].
Thus, the understanding of the relevance of comorbidities in the development of severe dengue is fundamental in order to better target clinical monitoring and interventions for improved clinical outcome.
The objective of this study is to systematically review the existing literature on the relevance of non-communicable comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, allergies, and also old age, for the development of severe dengue and to evaluate the association between these specific comorbidities and the severity of clinical dengue expression. The scope of this review is intentionally very broad, to highlight the importance of comorbidities in relation to dengue and to stimulate a discussion about further research and its directions.
Methods
The systematic review was performed in six databases (Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health, MEDLINE, SciELO and Google Scholar) from their inceptions until October 10, 2015. Reference lists and grey literature were also searched for relevant articles.
Using the PICO format (acronym for “population or problem”, intervention or exposure of interest”, “comparison” and “outcome”) [13], the research question was framed as: “is the severity of dengue influenced by comorbidities?”.
The categories for the search included: (a) Population: adults aged 15 years or older; (b) Intervention or Exposure: dengue and comorbidities; (c) Comparison: comparison of dengue severity in individuals with and without comorbidities (this included the terms dengue fever (DF), dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) of the 1997 WHO case classification and severe dengue (SD), for the 2009 WHO dengue case classification); (d) Outcomes: mortality and length of hospital stay.
MeSH terms, Boolean operators AND and OR and truncation ($) were inserted in the OvidSP platform (EMBASE, MEDLINE and Global Health articles), the Cochrane Library and in the SciELO database (Table 1 for the search terms). Because the SciELO database has a simplified search interface, the only keywords used with that database were DENGUE and COMORBIDIT*.
The process to identify potentially eligible studies was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart [14], comprising four steps: (a) identification, (b) screening, (c) eligibility and (d) inclusion of studies. The articles obtained from that search were exported to the software EndNote X6.0.1 (Bld 8432, Thomson Reuters). An additional search of records identified through grey literature was performed and included in the set. All duplicates were excluded through EndNote and manually as well. Then, articles that did not mention the word dengue or its variations in neither the title nor the abstract were excluded from the remaining articles. The remaining pool of articles was carefully reviewed to identify those that might be relevant to the question.
Inclusion criteria for studies in this review were: clinical studies in humans, studies about dengue fever and non-communicable comorbidities, adults aged > 15 years old, any of the outcomes: death, fatality rate, mortality and length of hospital stay, cohort studies and case-control studies and studies in English, French, Portuguese and Spanish.
Articles were excluded based on the following exclusion criteria: non clinical studies, non-communicable comorbidities not mentioned, dengue and other communicable diseases, studies restricted to pregnancy and children, review articles, case series and case reports, other languages than English, French, Portuguese or Spanish, and full text not available.
An Excel spread sheet was developed to extract data from studies. Information collected were based on the PICO approach and included: general information about the article, studies designs and hypothesis, participants’ features, outcome data, results and main findings. The studies were analysed using a comparative approach of the extracted details. Because of the paucity and relatively low level of evidence of the identified studies, no quality assessment has been performed for further exclusion of articles, however the quality of the studies has been discussed in the discussion section.
Results
Study selection process
A total of 238 potentially relevant articles were initially identified, 129 were excluded after screening the title and abstract. 109 articles were retrieved as full articles. A further 93 articles were excluded after applying all inclusion and exclusion criteria. 16 articles were included in the analysis (Fig 1 for the flowchart of the selection process; Table 2 provides an overview of the studies). A meta-analysis was not performed, due to the heterogeneity of outcome measures.
Descriptive analysis of the studies
Study designs, settings and objectives.
Sixteen articles, describing studies conducted from 2002 to 2012 met the eligibility criteria [12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29]. All studies included in the analysis were observational studies: nine retrospective cohort studies [12, 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 29] and seven case-control studies [16, 17, 19, 24, 25, 27, 28]. Geographically, six studies were conducted in Taiwan [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 29], four in Singapore [12, 23, 25, 28], two each in Brazil and Pakistan [16, 24, 26, 27] and one in India and Thailand [15, 17].
The studies had a wide range of objectives. Eight studies analysed hypertension, diabetes mellitus and allergies as risk factors [15, 16, 17, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28]. Four studies had as main objectives the study of old age as a risk factor for the development of the severe forms of dengue [12, 19, 20, 23] and two studies focused on risk factors for renal failure [18, 21]. One study assessed risk factors for mortality in patients with DHF [22]. One study focused on risk factors and comorbidities linked to the development of acute respiratory failure in dengue cases [29].
In order to report on the outcome measures DF, DHF, DSS and SD, in this systematic review “severe forms of dengue” is used to describe dengue severity in more general terms; however, for the specific reporting of the studies, the case definitions and classifications as described in the studies are maintained.
Sample size of included studies.
The studies involved a total of 13,139 adult patients, ranging from 50 to 2,285 patients, aged 15 years or more. All seven case-control studies described clear inclusion criteria for both cases and controls. Exclusion criteria were reported for only two of the studies. All nine retrospective cohort studies reported inclusion criteria; common to all studies was laboratory (serology or molecular biology) confirmation of DENV infection. Of the cohort studies, only three studies reported exclusion criteria [15, 18, 29].
Exposure, outcome and measures of association.
All studies measured different risk factors and also considered different outcomes.
For the case control studies, two studies [16, 25] considered severity of dengue (DHF) as the primary outcome, assessing comorbidities as risk factors. The comorbidities evaluated included hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, asthma and allergy. In the study by Pang et al [25], diabetes and diabetes and hypertension were analysed in relation to DHF. Figueiredo et al [16] analysed diabetes and allergy.
Lee et al [19], assessed the influence of age on the length of hospital stay and mortality rate on day 14 from the initial visit to the Emergency Department. The authors compared also comorbidities between the two age groups.
For the retrospective cohort studies, five of eight studies evaluated case fatality rates / mortality rates / deaths as outcome measures in patients with dengue [12, 18, 20, 21, 22]. Evaluation of comorbidities included cardiovascular disease and stroke, respiratory illnesses such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), renal disease, cancer, diabetes, Parkinsonism, but also hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (see Table 2 for the full list).
Summary of the main results of the studies
Case control studies (Table 2).
Pang et al [25] conducted a case control study in Singapore to evaluate the role of comorbidities in the development of DHF. The findings showed that diabetes and hypertension were associated with an elevated risk of DHF in the 2007/2008 outbreak: crude Odds Ratio (OR) 1.41 (1.02–1.94) for hypertension and 1.89 (1.21–2.94) for diabetes mellitus. However, results in other years and also the adjusted ORs did not confirm these results. Figueiredo et al [16] found in a study in Brazil an association between DHF and diabetes and allergies (crude ORs: 2.46 (1.03–5.87) and 1.59 (1.11–2.28) respectively). Similar results were found by Teixeira et al [27], who found an association between hypertension (adjusted OR 1.6; 95% Confidence Interval (95CI) 1.1–2.1), skin allergy (adjusted OR 1.8; 95CI 1.1–3.2) and progression to DHF. In addition to that, findings by Karunakan et al [17] showed that diabetes (crude OR 26 (2.5–273.7) and hypertension (crude OR 44.3 (6.2–315.5) increased the risk of mortality amongst DHF cases admitted to hospital. Conversely, despite its relevant sample size, Mahmood et al [24] did not find an association between comorbidities and development of DHF.
Lee CC et al [19] compared elderly versus younger patients, with DHF as the outcome measure. The authors concluded that the former were more prone to present DHF, higher disease severity and more comorbidities than the latter. Older age, as a risk factor, was related to longer length of hospital stay. Thein T-L et al [28] found that cardiac and renal disorder were related to fatality in DHF cases admitted to a hospital in Singapore.
Retrospective cohort studies (Table 2).
These studies presented several exposures and outcomes. Of the nine retrospective cohort studies, six studies [12, 18, 20, 21, 23, 26] showed findings in favour of comorbidities as risk factors for the severe forms of dengue whereas three [15, 22, 29] found no relationship.
Chamnanchanunt et al [15] compared types of bleeding (type I, clinically significant bleeding versus type II/III bleeding) in relation to comorbidities. None of the analysed comorbidities appeared to be related to the severity of bleeding (respiratory illness, hypertension, metabolic disorder, gastrointestinal illness).
Two studies evaluated renal impairment in the development of severe forms of dengue. Kuo et al [18] studied the impact of chronic renal failure on dengue severity. Their findings showed that patients with dengue and severe renal function impairment had a higher risk of mortality and higher possibility of having DHF/DSS compared to the control group (p<0.0001). The cases with renal failure also presented more often with comorbidities, especially hypertension, diabetes and rheumatological conditions. Lee et al [21], evaluating retrospectively a cohort of patients with dengue who developed acute renal failure, concluded that there was good evidence that age, male sex, previous stroke, chronic renal disease and fatality rate were associated with DHF and acute renal failure, but not hypertension and diabetes. The case fatality rate of dengue was high once acute renal failure developed.
Two studies [12, 23], assessed the length of hospitalisation of dengue infected patients, with opposite findings in relation to the role of comorbidities. Low et al [23] concluded that older adults less frequently reported clinical symptoms of dengue than younger adults, delaying the diagnosis. However, hospitalisation increased with age. Lye et al [12] observed that patients aged ≥ 60 years presented with more comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischaemic heart disease and hyperlipidaemia) than patients aged < 60 years. When comparing the two groups for intensive care unit admission and death, no differences were noted.
Lee et al [20] studied risk factors for dengue death in the elderly population. The authors concluded that elderly patients had a higher mortality rate of dengue compared to younger patients and that DSS is an independent risk factor for death (p = 0.006) in elderly patients with DHF. In this study diabetes mellitus was not a risk factor for DHF, but hypertension, stroke, COPD, chronic renal disease and corticosteroid use.
A study set in Taiwan [22] evaluated clinical and laboratory risk factors of patients who developed DHF and subsequently died and there was no statistical difference in the frequency of comorbidities with patients who survived.
Wang et al [29] analysed cases of dengue who developed acute respiratory failure. This group of cases presented more often with hypertension, COPD, stroke and renal disease. Mortality rate in this cohort was very high with 73%.
A study by Saqib et al [26] performed verbal autopsies on deceased cases of DF admitted to tertiary hospitals in Pakistan. The authors concluded that 29/40 (60%) of the deceased cases had a diagnosis of comorbidity (diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, asthma, HIV or viral hepatitis B/C). About 20 deceased patients had hypertension either alone or along with any other illness and the majority of them suffered from DSS. Similarly diabetes and hepatitis B or C were also another major risks for developing DSS.
Discussion
The studies retrieved in this review measured different outcomes (DHF, DSS and SD—with different definitions for severity), making results challenging to compare. Since 2009, WHO has adopted a new dengue case classification (dengue and severe dengue: D/SD) [3] to improve clinical management. In this systematic review, despite the fact that all studies were conducted and published after 2002, only Low JG et al [23] designed their study based on the most recent classification of dengue. One of the implications is that future studies should use similar endpoint measures, to ensure an improved comparability.
Similarly, when assessing comorbidities, the studies showed that many different comorbidities have been analysed. An agreed set of comorbidities should be analysed in future studies. No clear analysis of the influence of comorbidities on the development of severe dengue can be shown from this analysis, but recurrently 1) cardiovascular disease 2) stroke, 3) diabetes, 4) respiratory disease and 5) renal disease were associated with the severe forms of dengue, as well as old age. A recent systematic literature review and meta-analysis by Htun NS et al [30] about the causal effect of diabetes on severe clinical presentations of dengue fever was inconclusive; however the authors suggest that glycaemic triage in patients with suspicion of DF should be performed.
The variability of study designs is another issue, particularly the source of study population (patients admitted to hospitals). Ideally, studies related to comorbidities should also include primary care facilities, where the vast majority of dengue cases are seen. Only case-control and retrospective studies were identified in the systematic review, furthermore, often with very small study populations, with the inherent limitations for the interpretation of findings [31].
These features also identify the need for bigger and especially prospective studies, assessing the role of comorbidities in dengue severity with standardised protocols.
This systematic literature review has its limitations, since the presence of comorbidities in individuals with dengue is a subject underexplored in the scientific literature. Furthermore, most of the clinical data are not recorded as risk factors and thus retrieving this information becomes difficult in databases. The studies retrieved were heterogeneous for exposures and outcomes, making it difficult to extrapolate results. The problems were addressed by including all studies related to the research question in the analysis, and not excluding because of lack of quality—as a result, the analysis permitted only for a descriptive analysis.
Conclusion
The results presented highlight that comorbidities might influence the development of severe forms of dengue. Further research including standardised prospective cohort studies in regions with high prevalence of DENV infection would contribute to a better understanding of the relevance of comorbidities in severe dengue.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: OH JT LG. Performed the experiments: JT LG. Analyzed the data: OH JT LG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: OH JT LG. Wrote the paper: JT LG EM AL WWH GEC SRR OH.
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