Figures
Abstract
Background
Filaggrin is a major protein in the epidermis. Several mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) have been associated with a number of conditions. Filaggrin is expressed in the tympanic membrane and could alter its mechanical properties, but the relationship between genetic variation in FLG and hearing has not yet been tested.
Methodology/Principal Findings
We examined whether loss-of function mutations R501X and 2282del4 in the FLG gene affected hearing in children. Twenty eight hearing variables representing five different aspects of hearing at age nine years in 5,377 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort were tested for association with these mutations. No evidence of association was found between R501X or 2282del4 (or overall FLG mutation carrier status) and any of the hearing phenotypes analysed.
Citation: Rodriguez S, Hall AJ, Granell R, McLean WHI, Irvine AD, Palmer CNA, et al. (2009) Carrier Status for the Common R501X and 2282del4 Filaggrin Mutations Is Not Associated with Hearing Phenotypes in 5377 Children from the ALSPAC Cohort. PLoS ONE 4(6): e5784. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005784
Editor: Iris Schrijver, Stanford University, United States of America
Received: January 26, 2009; Accepted: May 8, 2009; Published: June 3, 2009
Copyright: © 2009 Rodriguez et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The UK Medical Research Council, the Wellcome Trust and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. Measurements of hearing ability were supported by the core support for ALSPAC. The genotyping was supported by a grant from Tenovus (Tayside) to CP. CP is supported by the Chief Scientists Office of the Scottish Executive Generation Scotland Initiative. The McLean laboratory is supported by grants from British Skin Foundation/National Eczema Association, The Pachyonychia Congenita Project and The Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa Research Association. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: WHIM has patents related to potential therapeutic manipulation of filaggrin and to diagnostic applications of filaggrin screening. ADI has acted as a consultant to Novartis Pharmaceuticals. The remaining authors stipulate no conflicts of interests.
Introduction
Filaggrin (filament aggregation protein) is a major protein in the cornified envelope of the epidermis and is involved in maintaining the skin barrier [1], [2]. The filaggrin gene (FLG) in humans encodes a polyprotein precursor (profilaggrin) which, after post-translational processing, results in several individual filaggrin polypeptides [3]. Filaggrin has been linked to several clinical phenotypes, with filaggrin mutations being directly associated with the cause, susceptibility to, or modification of the clinical expression of several diseases including dermatological disorders [2]. Common mutations in FLG have been implicated in the causation of ichthyosis vulgaris and appear to be a major risk factor for atopic dermatitis, asthma associated with atopic dermatitis, eczema, sensitization to grass, house dust mite and cat dander, and sensitization to multiple allergens [2], [4], [5]. Two of the most studied mutations (R501X and 2282del4) are common in populations of European ancestry [6]. Both R501X and 2282del4 are loss-of function mutations leading to truncation of filaggrin translation by creating premature termination codons [7]. Both mutations have a complex role both in Mendelian disease and in complex diseases. An example is ichthyosis vulgaris. R501X and 2282del4 have been suggested to be the cause of ichthyosis vulgaris in 15 families and isolated cases, acting in a semidominant fashion with incomplete penetrance [7]. Homozygotes for either mutation or compound heterozygous are severely affected, with heterozygotes only mildy affected [7]. Additional reports confirmed the role of R501X and 2282del4 on ichthyosis vulgaris ([8] for review). One of these studies [9] showed that heterozygous individuals were also severely affected, suggesting that additional mutations might be present in these patients.
It has been shown that loss or reduction of filaggrin leads to impaired keratinization and defective skin barrier [7]. In fact, although it has not been pursued in the context of filaggrin mutations, filaggrin is also expressed in the tympanic membrane, where it is involved in the soft keratinization of the epidermal layer [10]. Therefore, FLG mutations could affect hearing. In addition, filaggrin has been localised immunohistochemically in middle ear cholesteatoma in humans [11], this condition leading to an alteration of epidermal differentiation in middle ear [12]. Expression of FLG in these locations affecting the cornified envelope of the tympanic epidermis has the potential to influence hearing. The high prevalence of FLG mutations could reflect chance, but selective advantage through a trait such as hearing is another possibility. We hypothesized that such changes would affect air but not bone conduction as they affect tympanic membrane and not neural mechanisms.
Clinical evidence available relates impaired keratinization to the filaggrin mutations R501X and 2282del4. To date, there has been no consideration of the possible effects with respect to filaggrin expression in the tympanic membrane. Based on this evidence we tested whether carrier status for a single copy of these mutations is a risk or protective factor for hearing loss/enhanced hearing in an epidemiological survey of 5,377 UK children with detailed phenotypic information for a range of hearing phenotypes.
Materials and Methods
Participants
ALSPAC is a longitudinal, population-based birth cohort study that recruited 14,541 pregnant women residing in Avon, United Kingdom, with expected dates of delivery between April 1, 1991, and December 31, 1992. There were 14,062 liveborn children. The study protocol has been described previously [13], [14] and further details are available on the ALSPAC Web site (http://www.bris.ac.uk/alspac). Ethical approval for all aspects of data collection was obtained from the ALSPAC Law and Ethics Committee (institutional review board 00003312). Written informed consent for the study was obtained.
Genotyping
Genotyping was done as previously described [4]. In brief, R501X and 2282del4 were genotyped with the TaqMan allelic discrimination assays (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California) in 384-well plates. Double-checking with other technical approaches was performed in a substantial fraction of the samples, including all the identified homozygotes of both variants and all 2282del4 carriers.
Hearing variables
All study participants were invited to a research clinic at 9 years of age where five different hearing phenotypes were measured: hearing thresholds, transient evoked (TE) otoacoustic emission (OAE) amplitude, middle ear compliance and pressure.
For these phenotypes, a total of 28 variables were analysed: hearing thresholds at five frequencies (0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 kHz) for air conduction and three frequencies (0.5, 1, 2 kHz) for bone conduction were measured.
Tympanometry was used to measure middle ear compliance and middle ear pressure. TEOAE were evoked using a click stimulus of approximately 70 dB SPL (linear mode), and the response amplitude obtained for the total response and at frequency bands 1–4 kHz. All measures (except bone conduction thresholds) were obtained for both left and right ears.
Since both mutations are inactivating mutations likely to have similar or identical effects and homozygotes and compound heterozygotes are rare, we also undertook a combined analysis (one degree of freedom) for each variable for FLG mutation carrier vs FLG mutation non-carrier.
In addition to the analysis of each variable in all individuals, we tested whether each of the two mutations was associated with better versus worse hearing, using a cut off of < = 0 dB, both for hearing thresholds (right and left), and for bone conduction acute hearing thresholds. The effect of both mutations was also analysed by testing the association between each of the mutations and better versus worse cochlear function/middle ear transmission (worse cochlear function defined as the bottom quartile of the TEOAE amplitude distribution).
We tested whether R501X or 2282del4 associated with bilateral middle ear effusion. Finally, we tested whether the filaggrin mutations associated with better hearing thresholds/TEOAE in cases with type A tympanograms (i.e. no middle ear effusion).
Statistical analyses
The associations between each of the two mutations and continuous variables were tested by means of one-way ANOVA analyses. Analyses involving the discrete variable bilateral middle ear effusion were performed by means of a Pearson χ2 contingency test. All analyses were performed in SPSS ver. 15.0.
Results
Complete data on genotypic data and at least one hearing variable were available for 5,377 children.
There were no significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the mutations analysed (data not shown). The allele frequencies observed for R501X (0.021) and 2282del4 (0.023) are consistent with the allele frequencies observed in other studies (ranging from 0,021 to 0.041 for R501X, and from 0.005 to 0.019 for 2282del4) [9].
Tables 1 and 2 show the results from the association tests between each of the 28 variables analysed and R501X and 2282del4 respectively. There was no single nominal association between any of the 28 variables and R501X. For 2282del4, we found a nominal association (P = 0.0057) with air conduction hearing threshold level at 2 kHz on the right ear, but no association with the same hearing threshold for the left ear (P = 0.6855). The audiograms for two children homozygous for 2282del4 (who averaged right ear 2 kHz data which was significant; P = 0.0057) indicated an isolated right ear high threshold (35 dB) for one subject, whereas the other subject and both left ear values were near the population average. No association was found between the 28 variables and overall FLG mutation carrier vs non-carrier status (Table 3). The results observed when considering the combined homozygote status association (compound heterozygous for both mutations plus homozygotes for 2282del4) were not remarkable (data not shown).
There was no association with better versus worse hearing in either of the two mutations (data not shown). The analyses involving enhanced or diminished bone conduction did not show evidence of association with R501X (data not shown). A nominal association (P = 0.013) was found between the average bone conduction better versus worse hearing and 2282del4 but there was neither association nor evidence of any magnitude of difference by genotype for R501X. The analyses involving better versus worse cochlear function/middle ear transmission did not show evidence of association with R501X or 2282del4 (data not shown).
Table 4 shows the contingency tables for the phenotype bilateral middle ear effusion for both R501X and 2282del4. There was no relationship between FLG mutations and middle ear effusion. The analysis of association between cases with type A tympanograms (i.e. no middle ear effusion) and the hearing variables showed no evidence of association with either mutation.
Discussion
This work is the first analysis of two common filaggrin mutations (R501X and 2282del4) for possible effect on hearing phenotypes. It was undertaken in a large (N = 5,377) cohort of UK children. These children were analysed in detail for a large number of hearing variables when they were nine years old. We did not find any support for the hypothesis that FLG mutation carrier status, via known expression in the tympanic membrane, might affect hearing. Two instances of nominal association were found in our study. However, both instances may be the result of type-I error, since we conducted 140 tests. The correction for multiple testing results in a limit of P = 0.0004 to reject the null hypothesis for an α = 0.05, a limit well below the minimum P value observed in our study. Furthermore, these nominal associations were not consistent between the two different FLG mutations.
Our study was well powered (N = 5,377). This reduces the chance of false negatives. Therefore, our conclusions of no effect of R501X and 2282del4 on hearing thresholds or on otoacoustic emissions are robust. The same applies to our results indicating no effect of FLG mutations on tympanic membrane compliance, middle ear pressure or incidence of middle ear effusion. However, our results derive from a UK sample of nine year old children. It remains possible that there might be genotype-dependent effects in other age ranges and populations.
Acknowledgments
We are extremely grateful to all the families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them, and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists and nurses.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: SR AJH JH INMD. Performed the experiments: WHIM ADI CNAP JH. Analyzed the data: SR AJH RG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: WHIM ADI CNAP GDS JH. Wrote the paper: SR INMD.
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