Figures
Abstract
Objective
Two recent studies, in a Spanish and a Chinese population, point to an association between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) risk and the deletion of the Late Cornified Envelope (LCE) 3B and 3C genes (LCE3C_LCE3B-del), a known risk factor for psoriasis. We aimed to replicate these studies in a large Dutch cohort.
Methods
1039 RA cases and 759 controls were genotyped for LCE3C_LCE3B-del. Association analysis was performed for the complete cohort and after stratification for the serologic markers anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide and rheumatoid factor. A meta-analysis was performed combining our data with the Spanish and Chinese datasets, resulting in an analysis including 2466 RA cases and 2438 controls.
Results
In the Dutch cohort we did not observe a significant association of LCE3C_LCE3B-del (p = 0.093) with RA risk. A stratified analysis for the serologic positive and negative group did not show an association between the genetic variant and disease risk, either. The meta-analysis, however, confirmed a significant association (p<0.0001, OR = 1.31, 95% confidence interval 1.16–1.47).
Citation: Bergboer JGM, Umićević-Mirkov M, Fransen J, den Heijer M, Franke B, van Riel PLCM, et al. (2012) A Replication Study of the Association between Rheumatoid Arthritis and Deletion of the Late Cornified Envelope Genes LCE3B and LCE3C. PLoS ONE 7(2): e32045. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032045
Editor: Keith A. Crandall, Brigham Young University, United States of America
Received: November 16, 2011; Accepted: January 18, 2012; Published: February 23, 2012
Copyright: © 2012 Bergboer et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by a personal grant to MC from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (grant 916.76.020, www.nwo.nl/nwohome.nsf/pages/SPPD_5R2QE7_Eng). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disease affecting approximately 1% of the population. Although the causes of the disease are largely unknown, both genetic and environmental factors seem to contribute. Thus far, genome-wide association studies have revealed more than 30 risk loci explaining 16% of the disease variance.
The copy number of DNA segments in the human genome varies in normal individuals and most likely this diversity is responsible for a significant proportion of phenotypic variation. Not much is known about the role of copy number variation (CNV) in the etiology of RA, but relevance of these common genetic variants is expected. A small number of candidate gene studies have indicated that CNVs in Chemokine ligand 3-like 1 (CCL3L1), Fc gamma receptor 3B (FCGR3B) and pre-B lymphocyte 1 (VPREB1) are associated with RA disease susceptibility [1], [2], [3]. Using a genome-wide approach the Welcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) reported that CNVs in the HLA region are significantly associated with the development of RA [4]. More recently using the WTCCC dataset, 11 rare copy number variable regions associated with RA were identified [5]. These regions included genes that could be directly linked to the development of RA. Another potential candidate CNV is the deletion of two genes of the Late Cornified Envelope gene cluster, LCE3B and LCE3C (LCE3C_LCE3B-del), which was recently found associated with psoriasis in several populations [6], as was rs4112788, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in high linkage disequilibrium with the deletion [7]. The observation that the risk of RA is increased in the offspring of individuals affected with other autoimmune disorders, including psoriasis, prompted Docampo and colleagues [8] to investigate the association between the LCE3C_LCE3B-del and RA in two independent Spanish cohorts. In their study an association was found between RA and homozygosity for LCE3C_LCE3B-del. Recently it has been demonstrated that the deletion is also associated with RA susceptibility in a non-Caucasian (Chinese-Han) population [9]. However, they were unable to confirm the Spanish results that the association between LCE3C_LCE3B-del and RA risk was restricted to anti-CCP-positive patients. We sought to replicate these studies in a similarly powered Dutch cohort. A total of 1039 RA cases and 759 controls were genotyped for LCE3C_LCE3B-del, and we investigated whether this genetic variant is associated with RA. Additionally, we combined the Spanish, Chinese and Dutch data in a meta-analysis.
Results
An overview of the demographics of the patients and controls used in this study are presented in Table 1. Table 2 provides the results of the association analysis for the LCE3C_LCE3B-del and RA risk in the Dutch cohort. There were 1039 RA patients and 779 controls successfully genotyped for LCE3C_LCE3B-del. The LCE3C_LCE3B-del and the linked SNP rs4112788 were in near-perfect linkage disequilibrium (LD) with each other (r2 = 0.928 and D′ = 0.984), confirming that LCE3C_LCE3B-del was genotyped accurately.
In the Dutch cohort, we did not find evidence for an association between LCE3C_LCE3B-del and RA, at the genotypic (p = 0.093, OR 1.18, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.97–1.43 (Table 2)) nor the allelic level (p = 0.147, OR 1.11 95%CI: 0.97–1.27 (data not shown)). It has been hypothesized that the LCE3C_LCE3B-del might result in a defective skin barrier repair leading to an abnormal or increased exposure to environmental antigens. This could lead to an earlier age of disease onset in carriers of LCE3C_LCE3B-del compared to non-carriers. An analysis for age of onset, however, did not show association with the LCE3C_LCE3B-del status (p = 0.25, t-test).
Docampo et al. [8] demonstrated that LCE3C_LCE3B-del showed the strongest association with RA in anti-CCP and rheumatoid factor (RF) positive patients. In the study of Lu et al. [9] no associations were found in the different RA subsets, these analyses were corrected for age and gender. We performed association analyses of the anti-CCP and RF patient subsets separately, for those patients with information available. We did not find an association between LCE3C_LCE3B-del and RA in any of the subsets analyzed (Table 2).
We performed an overall meta-analysis, using a recessive logistic regression model unadjusted for age and gender, on the combined data from this study and the studies of Docampo et al. [8] and Lu et al. [9] (Table 3). Despite the lack of significance of the association in the Dutch cohort, in the meta-analysis a significant association between LCE3C_LCE3B-del and RA was found (p<0.0001, OR 1.31 95%CI: 1.16–1.47). Next to the overall analysis, we performed also a meta-analysis on the anti-CCP and RF subgroups combining the Spanish, Chinese and our data (Table 3), unfortunately not for all patients these data were available. In this subgroup analysis all previously found associations [8] between LCE3C_LCE3B-del and RA were significant, with the association apparently strongest in RF positive subset of patients (p = 0.0007, OR 1.27, 95%CI: 1.11–1.45) (Table 3).
Discussion
Although a previously reported association of the LCE3C_LCE3B-del with RA risk did not reach significance in our Dutch cohort, a meta-analysis combining our data and the previously reported Spanish and Chinese data [8], [9] confirmed the association of LCE3C_LCE3B-del with RA.
Our study had a power of over 95% to find an association, although we based this calculation on the previously found OR of 1.45. When we recalculate the power using the OR of the meta-analysis (OR = 1.31), the power of our study drops to 73%. A study population of 1256 samples will be needed to reach 80% power. The ORs observed in the Dutch population are in the same direction as seen in the previous studies [8], [9] and our meta-analysis showed a statistically significant association of the deletion with RA. This suggests that a larger population is necessary to prove whether the deletion is associated with RA. The contradictory findings from this study and the previous RA studies [8], [9] could also be caused by differences in the study population, e.g. disease phenotype or ethnicity. In addition, there is a discrepancy between the allele frequency of the deletion in the controls from Spain (55%) and China (54%) compared to The Netherlands (61%). This heterogeneity of LCE3C_LCE3B-del allele frequency in control groups from different ethnic backgrounds was already known from previous studies [6], [10]. Indeed, a recent meta-analysis confirming an association between LCE3C_LCE3B-del and psoriatic arthritis showed that the OR of the Spanish population was much higher than observed in an Italian population (1.66 versus 1.23) [10].
In our meta-analysis we used a recessive model, because this model fitted the LCE data in the psoriasis study best, based on the Akaike Information Criteria [11] which is in line with the two previous studies on LCE3 in patients with RA [8], [9]. Although we could not identify an association between the deletion and RA in the Dutch cohort, addition of the data to the other studies resulted in lower p-values than without this dataset, showing a significant contribution of the Dutch population to the overall results. The addition of our Dutch samples leads to a lower OR and a smaller CI than previously reported. The other two studies may have significantly overestimated the magnitude of the odds ratio, the so-called winner's curse [12]. Due to publication bias it might be possible that some studies investigating the same subject have not been published, this information will be important to confirm the association between RA and the deletion as shown in this study.
In our subgroup analysis, we observed the strongest association in the RF positive patients. Larger datasets will be necessary to clarify whether the observed association is patient subset specific. In contrast to the results from our meta-analysis, genome-wide CNV analyses using the WTCCC RA dataset did not identify association with the LCE3 region [4], [5]. One study only assessed rare CNVs (population frequency <5%) which excludes the LCE3C_LCE3B-del [5]. The other study included a probe covering the region that passed QC in their analysis (probe CNVR358.1, chr1:150,822,234–150,856,715 (UCSC genome browser hg18) [4]). It might be possible that the region is associated with RA in the WTCCC dataset at lower significance level than their genome-wide significance threshold.
Until now, LCE3C_LCE3B-del was found to be associated with psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and RA in several populations [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [13], [14], whereas no association was found for atopic dermatitis [15]. Also in one study an association with systemic lupus erythematosus was found [9], implying that LCE3C_LCE3B-del may be a common risk factor for (auto)immune diseases. The function of the LCE genes has only been studied in skin in general [16], [17] and in relation to psoriasis [18]. From these studies it is known that the LCE proteins are likely to be incorporated in the cornified cell envelope, which is an important structure in the barrier function of skin. When comparing normal and psoriasis skin, the genes of the LCE1, 2, 5 and 6 groups are mainly expressed in normal skin, whereas the LCE3 genes are predominantly expressed in psoriasis skin. Moreover, upon barrier disruption of normal skin the LCE1, 2, 5 and 6 gene-groups are downregulated, while the expression of the LCE3 genes is upregulated. Altogether, these data imply a role in barrier repair for the LCE3 proteins and a role in barrier maintenance for the other LCEs. As hypothesized by Docampo et al. [8], the absence of LCE3B and LCE3C could compromise barrier function of the epithelia and possibly facilitate the entrance of environmental antigens or pathogens. Since the LCE genes are mainly expressed in skin and oral epithelia, these would be relevant tissues that could facilitate the entrance of antigens or pathogens, like the Epstein-Barr virus and the cytomegalovirus, thereby triggering RA. We reasoned that if this would be the case patients with LCE3C_LCE3B-del might be exposed more readily to common antigens and therefore would have an earlier age of onset due to easy access of pathogens/triggers through the skin. However, we did not observe such an association between the genotype and age of RA onset.
Our meta-analysis showed that the LCE3B and LCE3C deletion is associated with RA, though the contribution of our large Dutch sample is small. Therefore it will be necessary to test even larger patient cohorts to shed more light on the possible association of the deletion in specific RA patient subsets. An interesting next step would be to perform functional studies to unravel the mechanisms underlying this association.
Materials and Methods
Ethics statement
The ethical committee of the Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre (“Commissie Mensgebonden Onderzoek (CMO) Regio Arnhem Nijmegen”) approved the study (CMO number 2004/014); all patients and controls gave written informed consent.
DNA samples
All patients met the American College of Rheumatology 1987 revised criteria for RA. The patients were part of the Dutch Rheumatoid Arthritis Monitoring registry (www.dreamregistry.nl) (n = 1039) [19], [20]. The controls (n = 779) were participating in the Nijmegen Biomedical Study [21]. For cohort characteristics see Table 1.
Genotyping
DNA was extracted from blood using salt extraction. For the LCE3C_LCE3B-del genotyping a polymerase chain reaction was performed as earlier described [11]. 112 samples were genotyped in duplicate; error rate was 2.9% and assay failure rate was 0.3%. To validate the LCE3C-LCE3B-del genotype, we also genotyped the linked SNP rs4112788, which was performed using a Taqman® SNP genotyping assay (assay ID C__31910050_10) according to manufacturer's recommendations (Applied Biosystems, Nieuwerkerk aan den IJssel, The Netherlands). Five percent of the samples were analyzed in duplicate; all genotypes were concordant. The assay failure rate was 2.6%.
Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics for quantitative values are given as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Both variants showed no deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for either patients or controls. Co-dominant and recessive logistic regression models were used to assess the genetic effect of LCE3C_LCE3B-del on RA risk, using homozygosity for the allele without deletion as a reference category. These models were similar to those used in the previous studies [8], [9]. The statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, U.S.A.). A meta-analysis was performed in Review Manager 5 (Review Manager (RevMan) Version 5.0. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2008) using the aggregated data from this studies, Docampo et al. [8] and Lu et al. [9]. Heterogeneity of odds ratios (ORs) among cohorts was calculated using the Breslow-Day method, and pooled ORs were calculated under a fixed effects model (Mantel-Haenszel meta-analysis). A power calculation was performed using the Genetic Power Calculator [22] with input values derived from Docampo et al. [8] (significance level 0.05, OR = 1.45, allele frequency 0.62, recessive model).
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank all the volunteers who participated in this study. Principal investigators of the Nijmegen Biomedical Study are L.A.L.M. Kiemeney, M. den Heijer, A.L.M. Verbeek, D.W. Swinkels en B. Franke.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: JB MU JF JS MC. Performed the experiments: JB MU. Analyzed the data: JB MU JF MC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MH BF PR JS MC. Wrote the paper: JB MU MC JS. Revised the paper: JF MH BF PR. Final approval: JB MU JF MH BF PR JS MC.
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