Figures
Abstract
Background
Recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide (rhBNP) is an important peptide-based therapeutic drug indicated for the treatment of acute heart failure. Accurate determination of the potency of therapeutic rhBNP is crucial for the safety and efficacy of the drug. The current bioassay involves use of rabbit aortic strips, with experiments being complicated and time-consuming and markedly variable in results. Animal-less methods with better precision and accuracy should be explored. We have therefore developed an alternative cell-based assay, which relies on the ability of BNP to induce cGMP production in HEK293 cells expressing BNP receptor guanylyl cyclase-A.
Methodology/Principal Findings
An alternative assay based on the measurement of BNP-induced cGMP production was developed. Specifically, the bioassay employs cells engineered to express BNP receptor guanylyl cyclase-A (GCA). Upon rhBNP stimulation, the levels of the second messager cGMP in these cells drastically increased and subsequently secreted into culture supernatants. The quantity of cGMP, which corresponds to the rhBNP activity, was determined using a competitive ELISA developed by us. Compared with the traditional assay, the novel cell-based assay demonstrated better reproducibility and precision.
Citation: Yu L, Rao C, Shi X, Li Y, Gao K, Li X, et al. (2012) A Novel Bioassay for the Activity Determination of Therapeutic Human Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP). PLoS ONE 7(11): e49934. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049934
Editor: Karl X. Chai, University of Central Florida, United States of America
Received: August 1, 2012; Accepted: October 17, 2012; Published: November 19, 2012
Copyright: © 2012 Yu et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The current study was sponsored by Chinese governmental grants (2009ZX09307-001 and 2012ZX09304-010). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have the following interests: The work presented in this report is the subject of a pending patent filed by National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China. There are no further patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed online in the guide for authors.
Introduction
The natriuretic peptides (NPs) are a family of ring shaped vasoactive hormones with considerable sequence homology among themselves. Three mammalian NPs have been identified and characterized, including A-, B- and C-type [1], [2]. Besides, several chimeric NPs have been reported [3], [4]. The B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), also called brain natriuretic peptide, a 32 amino acid polypeptide, is the most clinically potent type, which secrets from the ventricles in response to volume expansion and pressure overload [5]. It counterbalances actions of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and neurohormonal systems, and plays a central role in cardiovascular regulation [6]. There has been an explosion of clinical studies on the role and clinical application of BNP [7], [8]. It is well known that BNP is a useful plasma marker in heart failure [9]. Besides, Recombinant human B-type natriuretic peptide (rhBNP) has been demonstrated to have beneficial vasodilatory, natriuretic, diuretic and neurohormonal effects. Moreover, the use of it as an effective therapeutic intervention was well established in patients with acute decompensated heart failure [10]–[12]. RhBNP was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the intravenous treatment of patients with acute decompensated congestive heart failure in 2001, and obtained a China national new drug certificate and production licenses in 2005.
The determination of biological potency plays a key role in the development, registration, and quality control of biological and biotechnology-derived products [13].Accurate determination of the potency of therapeutic rhBNP is crucial to ensure the safety and efficacy of the drug. Its potency is currently determined by rabbit aortic strips test (RAST), for which the inhibitory activity of rhBNP on the tension of isolated aortic strips stimulated by phenylephrine is measured [14], [15]. It is dependent on isolated tissue, which is known to be rough, laborious, time-consuming and extremely variable. Although the potency of BNP in plasma was generally determined by immunological methods clinically, these methods could not reflect the bioactivity of BNP [16]. Therefore, we need to explore another animal-free bioassay with better precision and accuracy.
With respect to the development of cell-based bioassay, various aspects of cell effects were introduced, including receptor phosphorylation, ion concentration, second messenger, reporter gene expression [17], all of which are based on the pharmacological mechanism of drugs [18]. The biological action of BNP is mediated by its receptors, for which three have been reported, including natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPR-A/GCA), B (NPR-B/GCB), and C (NPR-C). Natriuretic peptide receptor-A is the main receptor and mediates the endocrine effects of BNP, regulating arterial blood pressure and volume homeostasis in addition to local antihypertrophic actions in the heart [19], [20]. It has an extracellular binding site, a transmembrane domain and an intracellular domain with a protein kinase-like region and a guanyl cyclase site [21], [22]. Activated GCA receptor could catalyze the conversion of guanosine triphos-phate (GTP) to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), a second messenger triggering potent vasodilatory actions. Specifically, cGMP activates cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) to regulate various pathways including ion channels, substrate protein phosphorylation, translocation to the nucleus, and expression of related genes, all of which attribute to ultimate biological outcome[23]–[25]. Therefore, we hypothesized that quantification of cGMP could be correlated to rhBNP bioactivity.
In this report, a novel cell-based assay is reported employing cell lines stably expressing the GCA receptor. In response to rhBNP, the GCA receptor- laden cells produce drastically high levels of cGMP, which were precisely determined by competitive immunoassay. We show that the assay is reproducible, precise and robust, representing a viable alternative method to replace the animal tissue-based traditional assay.
Materials and Methods
Materials
HEK293 was purchased from ATCC. Plasmid pCMV6-ENTRY-GCA( sc125506) and anti-DDK mAb were purchased from OriGene. CGMP monoclonal antibody (ab836) was purchased from AbCam, and cGMP-HRP conjugate (M01058) was manufactured by GenScript. IBMX (I5879) and phenylephrine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. GCA antibody (sc-137041) and Guanylin (sc-203066) were purchased from SantaCruz Protein G pre-coated microplates (15133) were purchased from Pierce. TMB (J644) and G418 sulfate (E859) were purchased from Amresco. RhBNP reference (0.1 mg/vial) was prepared by our department.
Cell Culture, Transfection and Colone Selection
Cell culture.
Human embryonic kidney 293 cells were grown in DMEM-high glucose supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 mg/mL streptomycin sulfate and 0.25 mg/mL amphotericin B (Gibco). Cell passaging is achieved by detaching the cells in 0.25 % Trypsin-EDTA (Gibco) and splitting the cells every 3 days.
Transfection.
6-well plate of cells (approximately 80% confluent) were transfected with the plasmid pCMV6-ENTRY-GCA using Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Invitrogen,#11668) according to the protocol. After cultured in growth media for 48 hours, cells were collected to next test.
Clone selection.
HEK293 cells were transfected with pCMV6-ENTRY-GCA and grown in growth media for 48 hours. Then the growth media was replaced with selective media containing 200 µg/mL of the antibiotic G418. After growth in selective media for 4 weeks, resistant clones were subcloned by limited dilution and screened for the induction of cGMP generation by treatment of cells with gradient concentrations of rhBNP. The clone exhibiting the highest responsiveness to BNP was further characterized.
Western Blot
HEK293 cells transfected with pCMV6-ENTRY-GCA were rinsed twice with cold Phosphate Buffer Solution (PBS), then homogenized in RIPA cell lysate and centrifuged. The resulting supernatant (solubilized proteins) was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) on 8% polyacrylamide gel. Proteins were transferred electrophoretically onto a polyvinylidene-difluoride (PVDF) membrane. After blocking in 5% skimmed milk, PVDF membranes were incubated with GCA or DDK antibody and then further incubated with HPR-conjugated anti-mouse secondary antibody. Proteins were visualized using the ECL Plus Western blot detection kit. Gel images were obtained with a ChemiDoc XRS imaging system.
Indirect Immunofluorescence Staining and Flow Cytometry
HEK293 and 293GCAC3 cells were harvested, rinsed once with PBS, and resuspended in 4% paraformaldehyde, incubating for 30 minutes at 4°C. Subsequently, fixed Cells were blocked in 1% BSA for 30 minutes at room temperature, and then incubated with DDK antibody for 60 minutes at 4°C. After rinsed once with PBS, the cells were incubated with FITC-labeled anti-mouse antibody for 60 minutes at 4°C. The cells were finally rinsed once, resuspended in 0.5 mL PBS, and analyzed using the flow cytometer.
293GCAC3-based Assay
96-well costar plates were seeded with 1.8 × 104 293GCAC3 cells in a total volume of 180 µL per well in DMEM without antibiotics and serum, and incubated at 37°C in a CO2 incubator for 16–18 hours. RhBNP reference was gradiently diluted by 4 times in PBS buffer containing 1 µM IBMX and 0.1% BSA, and 20 µL rhBNP serial dilutions were added to the cell plate, which was then incubated at 37°C in a CO2 incubator for 1.5 hours. Protein G pre-coated microtiter plate was incubated with 100 µL cGMP antibodies for 1 hour. 50 µL culture supernatant and 50 µL HRP-cGMP conjugate were mixed, and put to cGMP antibody coated plate, shaking at room temperature for 3 hours. Then the mixtures were discarded, and the plate was washed 4 times. 100 µL TMD substrates were put to the plate, reacting at room temperature for 10 minutes, and terminated by 100 µL stop buffer. OD450 values were then determined by reading on a SPECTRAmax plate reader and data analyzed using sigmaplot 11.0 (See below “Data analyses”).
Rabbit Aortic Strips Test
Aortic strips were isolated and prepared from New Zealand rabbits, and hanged in Magnus bath filled with Tyrode′s solution. We initially gave the aortic strips a pre-load, and washed them with Tyrode′s solution until they completely relaxed. Then phenylephrine solution (working concentration is 31.25 ng/mL) was added to stimulate the tension of aortic strips. When the tension got stable, rhBNP serial dilutions were added, and change of tension was recorded, which reflect the bioactivity of rhBNP. The study was approved by the Ethic Committee of National Institutes for Food and Drug Control.
Antibody Neutralization Test
Anti-rhBNP serum was prepared from a New Zealand rabbit immunized by purified rhBNP and negative serum was prepared from control rabbit. At first, rhBNP was diluted to 1.25 µg/mL (working concentration is 250 ng/mL), the dosage which could stimulate the maximum amount of cGMP production. Then the rhBNP dilution was incubated with a series of rhBNP anti-serum or negative serum diluted by 1∶102 to 1∶107 at 37°C for 60 minutes. The mixtures were added to cell plate in the assay.
Statistical Analyses
Analyses of the data consisted of statistical models used to calculate EC50 value as well as statistical techniques for method validation. In order to calculate the EC50 values, dose response and linear range, we used the 4-PL model. Statistical techniques for method validation employed summary statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and relative standard deviation as well as statistical techniques such as T-test and confidence intervals. All statistical tests were carried out at a 5 % significance level. Analyses were carried out using sigmaplot11.0 for EC50 calculations and GraphPad Prism 5 for method validation.
Results
1. CGMP is Elevated in HEK293 Cells Expressing GCA upon Exposure to rhBNP
As the initial step, we transiently transfected HEK293 cells with plasmid pCMV6-ENTRY-GCA and tested whether it could express exogenous GCA protein. To this end, we collected the transfected HEK 293 cells and detected the expression of GCA by western blot. The results indicated that exogenous GCA protein was over-expressed after transfection compared to the mock-transfected HEK293 cell control (Fig. 1A).
Panel A. GCA over-expression in transiently transfected cells. Western blot was used to detect the expression of GCA. The primary antibodies are GCA antibody and DDK antibody; GAPDH serves as internal control. Panel B. HEK293 cells were transiently transfected with pCMV6-ENTRY-GCA and stimulated with different concentrations of rhBNP for 2 hours. Then cGMP was quantified by competitive ELISA. Each point represents the mean of 3 replicates.
To compare the responsiveness of parental HEK293 cells and pCMV6-ENTRY-GCA transfected HEK293 cells, both of them were stimulated by rhBNP for 2 hours, followed by measuring the cGMP in culture supernatant by competitive ELISA. The results indicated that the pCMV6-ENTRY-GCA transfected HEK293 cells produced increased levels of cGMP in response to the ascending concentrations of rhBNP, while, clearly, the mock-transfected HEK293 failed to respond to rhBNP stimulation (Fig. 1B). Also noticeable is that the dose-response curve fitted 4-PL model, and demonstrating good linearity (R2 of 0.94). As the cells transiently transfected with pCMV6-ENTRY-GCA demonstrated excellent response to rhBNP treatment, we next set out to develop a stable cell line overexpressing the receptor.
2. Development of Stable rhBNP-responsive Cell Line
HEK293 was transfected with pCMV6-ENTRY-GCA, and cultured in media containing 200 µg/mL G418 for 4 weeks. Positive clones selected by G418 were subcloned to get monoclone cell lines by limited dilution. As shown in Figure S1, two clones (clone 3 and clone4) were found to produce high levels of cGMP in response to rhBNP treatment, with Clone 3 exhibiting stronger reactivity. This clone was then designated as 293GCAC3, which was later further characterized.
We next confirmed the expression of exogenous GCA in the selected cells by flow cytometry. DDK antibody was used as detection antibody. As the DDK tag is in the intracellular region of GCA, cells were treated with 0.1% triton X-100 to permeabilize the cell membrane. The results indicated that almost all of the 293GCAC3 cells over-expressed DDK-tagged GCA (Fig. 2).
GCA expression in 293GCAC3. The expression of DDK-tagged GCA in 293GCAC3 and parental HEK293 were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry. The results indicated that almost all of the 293GCAC3 cells over-expressed DDK-tagged GCA.
3. Optimization of the Assay
To improve the signal of the assay, we introduced protein G, an immunoglobulin-binding protein expressed in group C and G Streptococcal bacteria, which has binding capacity to the Fc region of antibody [26]. The microtiter plates pre-coated with protein G would bind cGMP antibody more efficiently than non-coated microtiter plates. As shown in Figure S2A, the use of protein-G to capture the cGMP-antibody in the assay resulted in stronger signal (OD450 values) than assay where antibody was directly absorbed to the ELISA plate, and 1∶6000 dilution of cGMP antibody with protein G-coated is sufficient for the assay.
We also tested the incubation time for the cells to be exposed to rhBNP. Figure S2B showed that following stimulation for 1.5 hours, the mount of cGMP had reached peak value. Therefore, all subsequent experiments were conducted using the 1.5 hours incubation time. Table 1 summarized the optimized conditions used in all subsequent experiments.
4. Specificity of the Assay
To study the specifity of the assay, we tested another peptide guanylin, which is known to activate guanylate cyclase and stimulate cGMP production [27]. As the receptor of guanylin is guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) [28], it is theoretically not expected to stimulate the increase of cGMP, and would represent a meaningful control to investigate the specificity of the assay.
To this end, 293GCAC3 cells were treated with rhBNP and guanylin dilutions respectively. As shown in Figure 3A, the levels of cGMP increased in response to rhBNP treatment, but not following guanylin treatment, revealing that the assay is specific for rhBNP.
Panel A. Effect of guanylin on 293GCAC3. Guanylin is also a little peptide which could stimulate the increase of cGMP by binding GC-C. The starting concentration of rhBNP and guanylin was 2 µg/mL, serially diluted by 4 times, with the effects of these two peptides on cGMP production tested simultaneously. The data showed the guanylin had no effect on 293GCAC3 compared with rhBNP. Each point illustrates the mean of 3 replicates. Panel B. The effects of neutralizing antibody on rhBNP-induced cGMP production. rhBNP (0.5 µg/mL) was pre-incubated with rhBNP anti-serum or negative serum of serial dilutions (1∶107−1:102) at 37°C for 60 minutes. Afterwards, the mixture was analyzed for its ability of stimulating cGMP production. The results indicated that rhBNP-induced cGMP production was inhibited by the neutralizing antibody in a dose-responsive fashion. Each point illustrates the mean of 3 replicates.
The specificity of the assay was further investigated by determining whether rhBNP antibody could block rhBNP-induced cGMP. To this end, rhBNP were pre-incubated with specific antisera and then analyzed its activity in the assay. As shown in Figure 3B, if not pre-incubated with the antisera, rhBNP increased cGMP production, yet its stimulatory effects on cGMP production were substantially attenuated after pre-incubation with the antisera for 1 hour; also of note is that the negative serum control showed no effects on rhBNP’s effects on cGMP production as expected.
5. Comparison of Cell-based Test with Rabbit Aortic Strips Test (RAST)
Therapeutic rhBNP references were tested by 293GCAC3-based assay and RAST for five separate runs to compare sensitivity, precision and variability. As it shown in Figure 4, the results showed that no significant difference in EC50 values was found between two assays (unpaired t test, p = 0.8582), but the relative standard deviation (RSD) values between the two assays were drastic. For the new assay, the RSD was just 12.5%, with the 95% CI being 5.387 ng/mL to 7.359 ng/mL while RAST has RSD of 65.9%, with the 95% CI falling between 1.098 ng/mL to 10.98 ng/mL. Other items including curve fitness, inter-assay RSD, intra-assay RSD, and linear detection range were also compared as listed in Table 2. As shown in Table 2, the new assay is better than the traditional assay in curve fitness, intra- and inter-assay variability. These results suggest that 293GCAC3-based assay is more precise and better suited for future routine analyses of rhBNP products.
The new 293GCAC3 assay and traditional RAST assay were conducted in five separate runs to compare sensitivity, precision and variability. The EC50 values determined by two assays were found to be similar (unpaired t test, p = 0.8582). However, For the new assay, the RSD was just 13.1%, with the 95% CI being 5.387 ng/mL to 7.359 ng/mL, while for RAST, RSD was 65.9%, with the 95% CI falling between 1.098 ng/mL to 10.98 ng/mL.
6. The Stability of the Cell Lines
To test the stability of 293GCAC3 cells, cells at three different stages (passage # 5, 18, 65) were evaluated by testing their responsiveness to rhBNP stimulation. The comparison experiments involved 3 replicates for each dose. As shown in Table 3, the results revealed no significant difference among the EC50 means from cells derived from three different passages (One-way analysis of variance, p = 0.3788); the RSD values are found to be below 20%. Collectively these results further confirm that cell-based assay is robust.
Discussion
Recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide(rhBNP) have been prescribed in the last few decades for the treatment of decompensated acute heart failure [11]. Accurate determination of the potency of therapeutic rhBNP is crucial for the safety and efficacy of the drug. The potency of this peptide drug is currently determined by rabbit aortic strips test (RAST), in which the inhibitory activity of rhBNPs on tension of rabbit aortic strip stimulated by phenylephrine is measured [15], [29]. RAST is known to be laborious and time-consuming, with poor reproducibility and isolation of fresh aortic strip from sacrificed rabbit. Numerous attempts have been made over the last years to develop alternative assays aimed at reduced use of animals and improved precision and robustness.
Given the well-characterized pathways activated by rhBNP, quantification of cGMP in cells exposed to rhBNP has been explored as attractive alternative assay. Indeed, several types of cGMP-involved assays for rhBNPs have been reported in recent years, including the measurement of cGMP in HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) or PC12 cells by radioimmunoassay [22], [30], [31]. However, both HUVEC and PC12 cells are not stable in culture as one would expect, given that HUVEC are primary cells and PC12 tends to differentiate. Moreover, the measurement of intracellular cGMP is very tedious, requiring preparation of cell lysates and determination of cGMP concentration depending on cGMP standard curve by radioimmunoassay. Furthermore, data generated from these aforementioned systems are limited in terms of reproducibility, precision and accuracy in addition to appropriate comparison with the traditional RAST. The disadvantages associated with these assays prompted us to develop a stable cell-based assay for the potency determination of therapeutic rhBNP, based on studies on GC-A receptor using HEK293 cells [32]. There are several advantages in our assay: 1) a single high-responsiveness clone was isolated with stability confirmed even a in culture for 65 passages; 2) the operation is drastically simplified with detection of cGMP in culture supernatants and use of non-radioactive materials in immunoassays in a high through-put manner; 3) the new assay has demonstrated defined specificity, greater precision and reproducibility in validation studies compared with RAST, for which no previous studies have reported. Given the superiority of the new assay over RAST and advantage of elimination of use of animals, it could be envisaged that such robust cell-based assays could be increasingly used in critical analyses of human therapeutics. As the scope of this study is focused on the development of an alternative assay for the potency determination of the pharmaceutical rhBNP to replace the traditional animal-dependent assay (RAST), we did not attempt to explore its application to the measurement of endogenous BNP activities in patients with cardiac conditions. While it would be of significant interest to employ this current assay to monitor endogenous activities, given that various forms of BNP in patients with cardiac condition [16], the assay would require additional strenuous validation studies including the assay specificity using patient samples collected at various clinical stages. This is a future endeavor which we are considering with the aim at expanding the assay to clinical application.
Supporting Information
Figure S1.
Colone selection. Uncloned cells selected by G418 and 4 monoclones subsequently obtained by limited dilution were tested to verify their responsiveness to rhBNP. Clone 1 and 2 hardly responsed to rhBNP, and clone 3 had the strongest responsibility to rhBNP.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049934.s001
(TIF)
Figure S2.
Optimization of the assay. Panel A. Optimization of competitive ELISA. Protein G-coated microtiter plates were introduced. The figure shows that the use of protein-G to capture the cGMP-antibody in the assay resulted in stronger signal(OD450 values) than assay where antibody was directly absorbed to the ELISA plate. Panel B. Determination of optimal rhBNP stimulation time. 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 hours were tested. Following rhBNP stimulation for 1.5 hours, the level of cGMP reached the maximum, suggesting that incubation beyond 1.5 hr of the cells with rhBNP was unnecessary.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049934.s002
(TIF)
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. Wenhong Fan and Ningsheng Shao for technical assistance and consultations, Lan Wang, Hua Bi, Xi Qin, Dening Pei, Lei Tao and Zhihao Fu for helpful discussions.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: JW. Performed the experiments: LY. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CR. Wrote the paper: LY. Participated in the experiments (Rabbit aortic strips test): XS. Guided the experiments: YL KG. Data analysis (Indirect immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry): YL. Data analysis (competitive ELISA): KG. Guided the writing and revised the manuscript: XL.
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