Figures
Abstract
Background
The meiotic program initiation pathway genes (CYP26B1, NANOS1 and STRA8) have been proposed to play key roles in spermatogenesis.
Objective
To elucidate the exact role of the genetic variants of the meiosis initiation genes in spermatogenesis, we genotyped the potential functional genetic variants of CYP26B1, NANOS1 and STRA8 genes, and evaluated their effects on spermatogenesis in our study population.
Design, Setting, and Participants
In this study, all subjects were volunteers from the affiliated hospitals of Nanjing Medical University between March 2004 and July 2009 (NJMU Infertile Study). Total 719 idiopathic infertile cases were recruited and divided into three groups according to WHO semen parameters: 201 azoospermia patients (no sperm in the ejaculate even after centrifugation), 155 oligozoospermia patients (sperm counts <20×106/ml) and 363 infertility/normozoospermia subjects (sperm counts >20×106/ml). The control group consisted of 383 subjects with normal semen parameters, all of which had fathered at least one child without assisted reproductive technologies.
Measurements
Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CYP26B1, NANOS1 and STRA8 genes were determined by TaqMan allelic discrimination assay in 719 idiopathic infertile men and 383 healthy controls.
Results and Limitations
The genetic variant rs10269148 of STRA8 gene showed higher risk of spermatogenic impairment in the groups of abnormospermia (including azoospermia subgroup and oligozoospermia subgroup) and azoospermia than the controls with odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of 2.52 (1.29–4.94) and 2.92 (1.41–6.06), respectively (P = 0.006, 0.002 respective). Notably, larger sample size studies and in vivo or in vitro functional studies are needed to substantiate the biological roles of these variants.
Citation: Lu C, Xu M, Wang Y, Qin Y, Du G, Wu W, et al. (2013) Genetic Variants in Meiotic Program Initiation Pathway Genes Are Associated with Spermatogenic Impairment in a Han Chinese Population. PLoS ONE 8(1): e53443. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053443
Editor: Balraj Mittal, Sanjay Gandhi Medical Institute, India
Received: October 5, 2012; Accepted: November 28, 2012; Published: January 8, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Lu et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: Funding was provided by grants from National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (2009CB941703), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30930079, 81100461, 810701297 and 30671894), the Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation (BK2011774), Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (RFDP) (20113234120001), University natural science research project in Jiangsu Province (11KJB330001) and the Priority Academic Program for the Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (Public Health and Preventive Medicine). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Infertility was reported affecting 10–15% of couples, and roughly half of which are due to the man’s problem [1], [2]. Spermatogenic impairment is the most common form of male infertility, which is closely related with impaired preimplantation development, low fertilization rate, increased abortion and elevated incidence of disease in the offspring, and as well as child cancer [3]. Spermatogenesis is a highly regulated process which can be subdivided into three main phases: mitotic proliferation, meiosis and sperm morphogenesis, among which, the meiosis is an important event in the process of sexual reproduction of biology gametes (including male gametes and female gametes) generation, and its smooth start is key to the final completion of meiosis. But we still lack a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanism for the initiation of germ cell meiosis [4], [5], [6], [7]. Recently, a series of studies have shown that several genes (CYP26B1, NANOS1, STRA8 et al) co-modify the process of meiotic program initiation [5], [6], [8], [9].
Of these genes, the STRA8, stimulated by retinoic acid gene 8, was activated by retinoic acid (RA), which can directly enter the nucleus and bind to the corresponding retinoic acid receptor (RAR) to regulate the expression of specific genes. RA plays an important role in the process of cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis, and is catabolized by a family of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, CYP26A1, CYP26B1 and CYP26C1 [10], [11], [12]. CYP26B1 is expressed in not the embryonic ovary but the embryonic testis, implying that the CYP26B1 is closely associated with male germ cell development. The expression of CYP26B1 in the testis of wild-type mouse is increased at embryonic day (E) 11.5, prior to mitotic arrest, and then reduced at E13.5 [13]. The degradation effect of CYP26B1 on RA concentration may inactivate STRA8, thus ensuring the normal development of spermatogonia. Previous study reports that genetic deletion of CYP26B1 leads to increased RA levels and activation of STRA8 in the embryonic testes. As a consequence, male germ cells are prematurely entering into meiosis, arrested at pachytene stage, causing a rapid increase in apoptosis and a lack of spermatogonia of male mice after birth [13], [14], [15], [16]. If no other STRA8 inhibitory factors exist, the concentration of RA will be increased, and the STRA8 will be re-activated. To ensure the process of meiosis initiation go normally, other inhibitory factors are required.
The NANOS (human NANOS1, mice Nanos2 and Nanos3) is one of the evolutionarily conserved proteins implicated in germ cell development and closely related with somite and germ cell development [17]. It was reported the phenotype of Nanos2 knockout mice’s testis during the embryonic period was similar to that of Cyp26b1 functional defects [18]. It was interesting that Stra8 expression in these two gene knockout mice showed certain period difference. In the testis of Cyp26b1 knockout mice, it begins to express highly in embryonic E13.5, but appears at E14.5 and continues until after birth in Nanos2 knockout mice’s testis. It seems that the Nanos2 begins to play an inhibitory effect on Stra8 when the Cyp26b1 expression decreases [6], [18]. The synergy of these three regulating factors avoids the early meiosis initiation of spermatogonial cells, which ensures the normal development of sperm [19]. Thus, STRA8, CYP26B1, and NANOS1 were chosen as the typical meiotic program initiation pathway genes in this study.
Considering the essential role of meiotic program initiation pathway genes in spermatogenesis, we speculate that genetic variants of these genes have the potential to affect normal spermatogenesis. To test our hypothesis, we performed genotyping analyses for eight SNPs (rs2241057, rs707718, rs1422627, rs9304651, rs2015728, rs10269148, rs17168319 and rs17168337) in these genes, and investigated the association between these genetic variants and idiopathic infertility in a Chinese population. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to investigate the associations between these meiotic program initiation pathway gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to spermatogenic impairment.
Materials and Methods
Subject Recruitment and Sample Collection
The study was approved by the Ethics review board of Nanjing medical university. The protocol and consent form were approved by the Institutional Review Board of Nanjing Medical University prior to the study. All participants provided their written informed consent to join in this study. And all the subjects were genetically unrelated ethnic Han-Chinese from East China. Every participant received complete medical history questionnaire, physical examinations and semen analysis. All infertility patients were examined, among which, those with a history of Y chromosome microdeletions, cytogenetic abnormalities, congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens, cryptorchidism and orchitis were excluded [20]. Additionally, subjects having special occupational exposure which may be suspected to affect semen quality were precluded. After completing the questionnaire, each subject donated 5 ml of blood used for genomic DNA extraction.
SNP Selection and Genotype Analyses
Through information gained from PubMed and Hapmap searches, we identified the potential functional polymorphisms in CYP26B1, NANOS1 and STRA8. All selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have reported minor allele frequencies (MAF) of >0.05 in Pubmed and are located in exons and UTRs. In the case of multiple SNPs in the same haplotype block (linkage coefficient r2>0.8), only one was selected. Finally, we identified eight potential functional polymorphisms (rs2241057, rs707718, rs1422627, rs9304651, rs2015728, rs10269148, rs17168319 and rs17168337) in three genes involved in the meiotic program initiation (Table 1).
Genomic DNA of the subjects was isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes. These SNPs were genotyped by using TaqMan SNP allelic discrimination. For quality control, 10% of the samples were randomly genotyped again, and the reproducibility was 100%.
Statictical Analysis
Statistical analyses were carried out using the Stata 10.0 statistical package (StataCorp LP, USA). The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) tests were performed on online software, SHEsis (http://analysis.bio-x.cn/myAnalysis.php). The subjects with idiopathic infertility were first divided into two groups according to semen parameters: the abnormospermia group with sperm count below the WHO reference value and the normozoospermia group with the normal sperm count at or above the WHO reference value. And then the abnormospermia group was further divided into two subgroups: the azoospermia group and the oligozoospermia group. The semen analysis was described previously [20]. Values for semen parameters were the mean of at least two analyses.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the mean age, tea consumption, Body Mass Index (BMI) between the case and control groups. The chi-squared test was used to evaluate the differences in smoking status and drinking status of each SNP in the three genes between the case and control groups. Estimated infertility risks with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated by multivariate logistic regression with adjustment for age, smoking status and BMI, where it was appropriate. Two-sided tests were used and the Bonferroni adjustment for multiple testing was applied. The applied p-value for a truly significant result is calculated as 0.05/n.
Results
Characteristics of the Study Populations
The final population consisted of 1102 Han Chinese subjects, composed of 383 fertile controls, 201 azoospermia, 155 oligozoospermia and 363 infertility/normozoospermia. The distributions of selected characteristics among the case and control subjects were presented in Table 2. All groups had similar patterns of drinking and tea consumption (p>0.05). The mean ages were higher in the groups of all infertility, azoospermia and oligozoospermia than the control group (all p<0.05). BMI levels in the group of all infertility were significantly higher than those in the control subjects. Smoking prevalence was higher in the azoospermia group than the control group (p<0.05).
Associations between Polymorphisms and Spermatogenic Impairment
The position and minor allele frequency of the 8 potential functional SNPs, were presented in Table 1. All SNPs frequencies were in accordance with HWE, except rs1422627 which had a p value <0.01 for deviation from HWE. The associations between meiosis initiation genes SNPs and the risks of male infertility were shown in Table 3. According to the Table 2, 95% CI was adjusted for the age, BMI and smoking in cases and controls because of its significant distribution differences.
Initially, we overviewed the frequency distribution between the total case group and the control group, and no significant difference was found. To investigate the possible role of the meiotic program initiation pathway genes in spermatogenesis, we subdivided the case group into two subgroups on the basis of sperm concentration: infertility/abnormospermia and infertility/normozoospermia. The genotype frequencies of rs10269148 in STRA8 were significantly different existed between the infertility/abnormospermia group and the control group. Then the subgroup of infertility/abnormospermia was further stratified into two subgroups: the azoospermia group and the oligozoospermia group. Compared to the control group, statistically significant increased risk of idiopathic spermatogenic impairment was found for carriers of rs10269148CG genotype of STRA8, when compared with homozygous carriers of the C allele in the infertility/abnormospermia group and azoospermia subgroup respectively [ORs and 95% CIs being 2.52 (1.29–4.94), 2.92 (1.41–6.06)], while in the oligozoospermia group, the frequency distribution showed no significant difference. These results suggested that the G allele of rs10269148(C>G) may contribute to the severe idiopathic spermatogenic impairment.
To the rs2241057 of CYP26B1, although the distribution frequencies were lower in the total infertility group [12.52% (CT+CC)] than that in the control group [16.98% (CT+CC)], the distribution difference was not statistically significant after Bonferroni correction (p = 0.04>0.05/7 OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.48–0.97). And to the rs707718, logistic regression analysis revealed that compared with the rs707718 AA genotype, subjects in oligozoospermia group carrying the heterozygous rs707718 AC genotype had a significantly 39% decreased risk of spermatogenic impairment (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.40–0.95). When we combined the rs707718 AC and CC genotype, assuming a co-dominant allele effect, the combined rs707718 AC+CC variant genotypes were associated with a 41% (OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.40–0.89) reduced risk of spermatogenic impairment. The OR values suggested that the variants rs2241057T>C, rs707718A>C may be protective factors against the risk of idiopathic male infertility with abnormal and/or normal semen parameters.
As to the other SNPs, no significant differences of distribution frequencies were identified among the case and control groups. In our study, due to the low occurrence frequency in Asians, we didn’t analyse homozygous mutant separately.
Discussion
Although meiosis initiation genes have been recognized as key regulators in sperm function and male fertility [14], [18], [21], there have been few studies concerning the potential role of genetic variants of meiosis initiation genes in infertility, particularly idiopathic male infertility. STRA8 is required for premeiotic DNA replication, while CYP26B1 is decreased. By preventing STRA8’s expression, CYP26B1 and NANOS1 play critical roles in the differentiation of male germ cells [9], [13], [14], [22]. In all, the entry of testicular germ cells into meiotic program may be partly controlled by the stage-specific expression of CYP26B1and NANOS1 expression in the germ cells [9], [13]. To investigate the exact role of meiotic initiation pathway genes, key downstream antagonists (CYP26B1, NANOS1) and effectors (STRA8) of the meiosis-inducing action of RA were analyzed in this study. Through information gained from PubMed and Hapmap searches, eight potential functional polymorphisms in meiosis initiation genes were examined.
Vivo studies have demonstrated that male mice lacking STRA8 function produce no sperm [8], [23] mainly by hampering the homologous-chromosome pairing way [24]. But the exact functional genetic variants of this gene remain unclear. In this study, we found the rs10269148 significantly increased the risk of spermatogenic impairment associated with abnormal semen parameters (p = 0.006). In the following stratified analysis, compared with homozygous type CC, the rs10269148 C>G increased the risk of azoospermia and displayed 2.92 fold increased risk of spermatogenic impairment, which was consistent with the phenotypes in STRA8−/− mice [8]. While in male mutant mice, the premeiotic DNA replication was conserved [8] and the germ cells could partly condense chromosomes, and initiate meiotic recombination until the leptotene stage of prophase I [24]. SNP rs10269148 is located in 5′-untranslated region of the STRA8 gene, and may affect gene function by altering transcription factor-binding sites, or the location, level and timing of gene expression [8], [24]. To clarify the precise mechanism, functional research should be conducted in the future. In fetal testis, the expression of STRA8 is suppressed by a retinoid-degrading enzyme, which is mainly coded by CYP26B1. The CYP26B1, an important member of CYP family, is expressed in sertoli cells, and has a crucial role in the formation of sperm [9], [15], [16]. We found that individuals carrying rs2241057 genotype in the coding region of CYP26B1, which causes Leu to Ser substitution at position 264 (rs2241057 T>C) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=2241057), may lower the risk of spermatogenic impairment in our study population. As to the rs707718, comparing with homozygous type AA, the A>C mutation significantly reduced the risk of spermatogenic impairment, displaying 0.59 fold decreased risk of spermatogenic impairment (OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.40, 0.89, p = 0.012). However this difference disappeared after the Bonferroni correction. The statistical power of our study may be limited by the small sample size.
Our results were consistent with that the substitution of CYP26B1 (rs2241057 T>C) enhanced the catabolicing activity of CYP26B1 substantially, both in a cell free system and in cell culture. The actual catabolic rates in vivo depend on the local tissue concentration of atRA and many other factors, which cannot be accurately predicted from the data. But it is plausible that the differences between variants of CYP enzyme alter the equilibrium of etinoid synthesis and catabolism [25], [26]. Considering the function of CYP26B1 in biogenesis and postnatal growth, we speculate that the genetic variation may affect the capacity of CYP26B1 enzyme, then the meiotic program of germ cell, which might tightly associates with male infertility.
Although CYP26B1 has an important inhibitory effect during the early initiation of meiosis in testicular germ cells, when it comes to E13.5, the expression begins to decrease [13], [15], which results in subsequent increase of RA concentration, thus producing the possibility of re-activation of STRA8. So the other STRA8 inhibitory factors- NANOS1 are required before the spermatogonial cells initiating meiosis. Given that NANOS1 is an RNA-binding protein localized in the cytoplasm, we suspected the regulation of STRA8 transcription may be an indirect effect of NANOS1 [19]. In our study, we did not find any functional genetic variant of this gene. Thus, we speculated that the effect of the NANOS1 gene on the STRA8 gene might be moderate and other macromolecules might participate in the initiation of meiosis. The precise mechanism of the variants of NANOS1 in male infertility needs further investigation.
In conclusion, the results of our study demonstrated for the first time that some representative genetic variants in the meiosis initiation genes might regulate the risk of male infertility. Although the statistical power of our study was limited by the small sample size in the subgroups, our findings might be helpful to understand the mechanism of male infertility. Larger sample size studies and in vivo or in vitro functional studies will be needed to substantiate the biological roles of these variants.
Acknowledgments
We thank all the study participants, research staff and students who took part in this work. We thank Dr. Q. Wei, Department of Epidemiology, the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center for English-language editing.
Author Contributions
Study supervision: XW. Conceived and designed the experiments: XW. Performed the experiments: CL MX. Analyzed the data: CL YQ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GD WW XH CJ YY AG YX LS SW. Wrote the paper: CL YW.
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