Figures
Abstract
Background
MDM2 is a major negative regulator of p53, and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the MDM2 promoter region SNP309 has been demonstrated to be associated with an increased MDM2 expression and a significantly earlier age of onset of several tumors, including gastric cancer. Several studies were published to evaluate the association between SNP309 and gastric cancer risk. However, the results remain conflicting rather than conclusive.
Objective
The aim of this study was to assess the association between the MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism and gastric risk.
Methods
We performed a meta-analysis to investigate this relationship. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of the association. The pooled ORs were performed for codominant model, dominant model, and recessive model, respectively.
Results
Five published case-control studies, including 1,621 gastric cancer cases and 2,639 controls were identified. We found that the MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism was associated with a significantly increased risk of gastric cancer risk when all studies were pooled into the meta-analysis (GG versus TT, OR = 1.54; 95%CI = 1.04–2.29, and GG versus GT/TT, OR = 1.49, 95%CI = 1.30–1.72). Furthermore, Egger's test did not show any evidence of publication bias (P = 0.799 for GG versus TT).
Citation: Ma Y, Bian J, Cao H (2013) MDM2 SNP309 rs2279744 Polymorphism and Gastric Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE 8(2): e56918. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056918
Editor: Hiromu Suzuki, Sapporo Medical University, Japan
Received: November 14, 2012; Accepted: January 15, 2013; Published: February 25, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Ma et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The authors have no funding or support to report.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Gastric cancer is the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide [1]. As other complex diseases, gastric cancer is a complex trait caused by both genetic and environmental factors [2]. A large number of epidemiological studies have confirmed the effects of low consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables, high consumption of salty food, smoking, and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection on the development of gastric cancer [3]. In addition to above exogenous factors, genetic polymorphisms in the carcinogen detoxification, antioxidant protection, DNA repair and cell proliferation processes are also crucial in the development of gastric cancer [4], [5]. The tumor suppressor p53 is a principal mediator of many cellular functions, including cell cycle, apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis and cellular senescence [6]. Somatic mutations that inactivate the p53 gene have been found in at least half of all human solid tumors, highlighting a crucial role of the p53 protein in carcinogenesis [7]. MDM2 is a crucial negative regulator of p53 through several mechanisms. MDM2 directly binds to p53, resulting in the inhibition of p53 transactivation activity [8]. MDM2 also acts as an ubiquitin protein ligase and controls p53 by targeting it for proteasomal degradation [9].
A single nucleotide polymorphism in the MDM2 promoter, SNP309 T>G (rs2279744), was identified [10], and shown to result in overexpression of MDM2 RNA and protein. It was further demonstrated that the heightened level of MDM2 was mediated by and dependent on transcription factor Sp1. Interestingly, amplification of MDM2 alone can enhance tumorigenesis [11], raising the possibility that the G allele of SNP309 may represent a cancer predisposing allele in its own right.
Recently, a number of studies have reported the role of MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism in gastric cancer risk, but the results are inconclusive, partially because of the possible small effect of the polymorphism on gastric cancer and the relatively small size in each of the published studies. Therefore, we carried out a meta-analysis on all eligible case-control studies to estimate the overall gastric cancer risk of MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism as well as to quantify the between-study heterogeneity and potential bias.
Materials and Methods
Identification and eligibility of relevant studies
We searched the electronic literature PubMed and Embase for all relevant articles (the last search update was Aug 10, 2012, using the search terms “MDM2,” “polymorphism,” and “gastric cancer”). The search was limited to English-language papers. Additional studies were identified by a hand search of the references of original studies. Of the studies with the same or overlapping data published by the same investigators, we selected the most recent ones with the largest number of subjects. Studies included in our meta-analysis have to meet the following criteria: (a) evaluation of MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism and gastric cancer risk, (b) use a case-control design, and (c) have available genotype frequencies for both patients and control populations.
Data extraction
Two investigators independently extracted the data and reached consensus on all items. For each study, the following data were considered: author name, year of publication, country of the study, ethnicity, and numbers of genotyped cases and controls. Different ethnic descents were categorized as European and Asian.
Statistical Analysis
Crude odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of association between the MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism and gastric cancer risk. The pooled ORs were performed for codominant model (GG versus TT, GT versus TT), dominant model (GG/GT versus TT), and recessive model (GG vs. GT/TT), respectively. In consideration of the possibility of heterogeneity across the studies, a statistical test for heterogeneity was performed based on the Q statistic [12]. If the P>0.05 of the Q-test which indicates a lack of heterogeneity among studies, the summary OR estimate of each study was calculated by the fixed-effects model (the Mantel-Haenszel method). Otherwise, the random-effects model (the DerSimonian and Laird method) was used. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the stability of the results, namely, a single study in the meta-analysis was deleted each time to reflect the influence of the individual data set to the pooled OR. Funnel plots and Egger's linear regression test were used to provide diagnosis of the potential publication bias. All analyses were done with Stata software (version 8.2; StataCorp LP, College Station, TX), using two-sided P values.
Results
Characteristics of Studies
There were 47 published papers relevant to the search terms (Fig. 1). Through the step of screening the title, 37 of these literatures were excluded (7 were not on gastric cancer, 2 were reviews, and 28 were not polymorphisms). Abstracts from 10 papers were reviewed and an additional three studies were excluded, leaving seven studies for full publication review. Of these, two articles were excluded (one was review, and one was not case-control study). A total of five eligible studies involving 1,621 cases and 2,639 controls were included in the pooled analyses [13], [14], [15], [16], [17]. The characteristics of eligible studies are summarized in Table 1. These five studies were all Asian descendants. Gastric cancers were confirmed histologically or pathologically in most studies. A classic polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay was performed in all studies. The distribution of genotypes in the controls of each study was in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium except for one study [13].
Main results
As shown in Table 2, the variant homozygote GG was associated with a significantly increased risk of gastric cancer, compared with wild-type homozygote TT (OR = 1.54; 95%CI = 1.04–2.29, Fig. 2). Furthermore, the MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism was associated with a significantly increased risk of gastric cancer in recessive model (GG versus GT/TT, OR = 1.49, 95%CI = 1.30–1.72), but not in dominant model (GG/GT versus TT, OR = 1.18, 95%CI = 0.84–1.65).
The squares and horizontal lines correspond to the study-specific OR and 95% CI. The area of the squares reflects the study-specific weight (inverse of the variance). The diamond represents the summary OR and 95% CI.
Heterogeneity and sensitivity analyses
Significant heterogeneity between studies was observed in overall comparisons except for recessive model (Pheterogeneity = 0.073 for GG versus GT/TT). Influence analysis was performed to assess the influence of each individual study on the pooled OR by sequential removal of individual studies. The results suggested that no individual study significantly affect the pooled ORs (Fig. 3).
This figure shows the influence of individual studies on the summary OR. The middle vertical axis indicates the overall OR and the two vertical axes indicate the pooled OR when the left study is omitted in this meta-analysis. The two ends of the dotted lines represent the 95% CI.
Publication bias
Begg's funnel plot and Egger's test were performed to assess the publication bias of literatures. The shapes of the funnel plots did not reveal any evidence of obvious asymmetry in all comparison models. Then, the Egger's test was used to provide statistical evidence of funnel plot symmetry. The results still did not show any evidence of publication bias (t = −0.28, P = 0.799 for GG versus TT, Fig. 4).
Each point represents a separate study for the indicated association. Log[or], natural logarithm of odds ratio. Horizontal line, mean effect size.
Discussion
The previous study has conflicting results about the association between the MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism and the risk of gastric cancer, which might be influenced by relatively small sample size and different genetic background. Ohmiya et al. [13] and Yang et al. [14] reported that subjects with variant G allele in the MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism had an increased risk of gastric cancer. Given the important roles of MDM2 in the regulation of p53, it is biologically plausible that MDM2 polymorphism may modulate the risk of gastric cancer. The MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism increases the affinity of Sp1 for the MDM2 promoter and causes overexpression of MDM2. Accordingly, the cell lines with the SNP309 GG and TG genotypes expressed higher levels of MDM2 than those with the TT genotypes [10]. However, Cho et al. indicated that there was no association between the MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism and gastric cancer risk [15]. Meta-analysis is a powerful method for resolving inconsistent finding with a relatively large number of subjects. In order to resolve this conflict, a meta-analysis of five studies involving 1,621 cases and 2,639 controls was conducted to derive a more precise estimation of the association. Our results suggest that the MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism is associated with a significantly increased risk of gastric cancer.
Some limitations of this meta-analysis should be addressed. First, misclassifications on disease status and genotypes may influence the results, because cases in several studies were not confirmed by pathology or other gold standard method, and the quality control of genotyping was also not well-documented in some studies. Second, selection bias could have played a role because the genotype distribution of this polymorphism among control subjects deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in one study [13], and all of the controls were from hospital which may not be representative of the general population. Third, our results were based on unadjusted estimates, while a more precise analysis should be conducted if individual data were available, which would allow for the adjustment by other co-variants, including environmental factors and other lifestyle.
In spite of these, our meta-analysis also had some advantages. First, although the number of studies involved in the meta-analysis was relatively small, the number of total cases and controls were substantial, which significantly increased the statistical power of the analysis. Second, the quality of case-control studies included in current meta-analysis was satisfactory and met our inclusion criterion. Third, we did not detect any publication bias indicating that the whole pooled result should be unbiased.
In summary, this meta-analysis provided evidence of the association between MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism and gastric cancer risk, supporting the hypothesis that the SNP309 polymorphism may be a low-penetrance susceptibility marker of gastric cancer. However, large sample studies are warranted to validate our findings. Moreover, more gene-gene and gene-environment interactions should also be considered in future analysis, which should lead to better, comprehensive understanding of the association between the MDM2 SNP309 polymorphism and gastric cancer risk.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: YM JB HC. Performed the experiments: YM JB. Analyzed the data: YM JB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YM JB HC. Wrote the paper: YM.
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