Figures
Abstract
The With No lysine (K) family of serine/threonine kinase (WNK) defines a small family of kinases with significant roles in ion homeostasis. WNK1 has been shown to have different isoforms due to what seems to be largely tissue specific splicing. Here, we used two distinct in situ hybridization riboprobes on developing and adult mouse tissues to make a comparative analysis of Wnk1 and its sensory associated splice isoform, Wnk1/Hsn2. The hybridization signals in developing mouse tissues, which were prepared at embryonic day e10.5 and e12.5, revealed a homogenous expression profile with both probes. At e15.5 and in the newborn mouse, the two probes revealed different expression profiles with prominent signals in nervous system tissues and also other tissues such as kidney, thymus and testis. In adult mouse tissues, the two expression profiles appeared even more restricted to the nervous tissues, kidney, thymus and testis, with no detectable signal in the other tissues. Throughout the nervous system, sensory tissues, as well as in Cornu Ammonis 1 (CA1), CA2 and CA3 areas of the hippocampus, were strongly labeled with both probes. Hybridization signals were also strongly detected in Schwann and supporting satellite cells. Our results show that the expression profiles of Wnk1 isoforms change during the development, and that the expression of the Wnk1 splice variant containing the Hsn2 exon is prominent during developing and in adult mouse tissues, suggesting its important role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system.
Citation: Shekarabi M, Lafrenière RG, Gaudet R, Laganière J, Marcinkiewicz MM, Dion PA, et al. (2013) Comparative Analysis of the Expression Profile of Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 Splice Variants in Developing and Adult Mouse Tissues. PLoS ONE 8(2): e57807. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057807
Editor: Didier Auboeuf, INSERM, France
Received: August 29, 2012; Accepted: January 26, 2013; Published: February 25, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Shekarabi et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by a research grant (IG1-78904) from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research to GAR and the Fondation de Jumelle Coude. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: MMM is employed by Cytochem Inc. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Introduction
The With No K (lysine) kinase (WNK) family of serine/threonine protein kinases includes four members, WNK1 to WNK4, which are expressed in mammalian tissues. WNK kinases regulate the activities of ion channels and cotransporters by modulating their trafficking and surface expression, as well as by influencing their signaling pathways [1], [2]. Therefore, the WNKs indirectly regulate salt retention in the kidney and ion balance in nervous tissues, suggesting diverse functional roles in the organism. It is also proposed that the members of the WNK kinase family interact with each other and influence each other's function [2].
Tissue–specific distribution patterns of WNK's splice variants have been reported. A kidney specific, but kinase deficient variant of Wnk1 was proposed to have a tissue–specific promoter displaying tissue–specific expression [3]. In addition, alternative skipping of exons 9, 11, 12, 26, 26a, 26b and Hsn2 of Wnk1 in a tissue–specific fashion and isoforms lacking exon 18 and 22 of Wnk3 were also reported, but the physiological roles of these variants remain to be investigated [3]–[7].
The detailed expression profile of each WNK kinase is not fully determined. However, their expression appears to be ubiquitous in developing and adult rodents as well as in human tissues [6], [8]. Wnk1 expression was shown to be high in adult mouse tissues such as heart, testis, and kidney by a BAC reporter assay in vivo [9]. RT-PCR analysis has also shown a predominant expression for Wnk2 in heart, brain, and colon in human [8]. In addition, RT-PCR analysis of Wnk3 splice variants in mouse has shown low expression of exon 18a containing isoforms in the adult mouse brain, kidney, liver, lung and pancreas, while isoforms with exon 18b are only detected in brain [6], [10]. Wnk1 and Wnk4 mRNA and protein are also highly expressed in secretory epithelia [7], [11], [12].
The WNKs are responsible for at least two disorders in humans. Large deletions in the first intron of WNK1 leads to an elevation in WNK1 expression causing an autosomal dominant disease called pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHA II; OMIM #145260) or Gordon's syndrome [13], [14]. However, WNK4 missense mutations abolish the protein's inhibitory activity on the Na+/Cl− cotransporter (NCC) and this leads to the same phenotype observed with the elevated expression of WNK1. Patients with PHA II show increased sodium retention, hypertension and hyperkalemia. In addition, our group recently reported mutations in a WNK1 isoform deemed to contain a nervous system–specific exon (formally referred to as the HSN2 gene in hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type II (HSANII; OMIM #201300) disorder [4]. HSAN II is associated with loss of sensation to pain, heat, and touch in distal areas of limbs, but no hypertension associated with pseudohypoaldosteronism has ever been reported in these patients. We previously noted that Wnk1/Hsn2 protein and mRNA were expressed in the nervous tissues of adult mice; expression was substantially stronger in dorsal root ganglia, satellite, and Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) [4]. Our results confirmed that Wnk1 is ubiquitously expressed in all mouse tissues, with a higher expression in kidney and testis, but the Wnk1/Hsn2 splice variant was proposed to be predominantly expressed in nervous tissues from the adult mouse [4].
Although the expression of Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 isoforms were predominantly detected in tissues of the cardiovascular and nervous systems of the adult mouse, respectively, their expression profiles in most adult mouse tissues during mouse development remained unknown. In the present report, we used in situ hybridization (ISH) to explore and compare the expression profile of the Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 mRNA isoforms in developing and adult mouse tissues. We used a mouse specific Wnk1 riboprobe which hybridizes with all known Wnk1 mRNA isoforms, including nervous tissues and kidney specific variants. However, our Wnk1/Hsn2 riboprobe hybridizes only to the Hsn2 exon containing isoforms. Our results revealed that the Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 mRNA isoforms expression patterns change as development advances. Furthermore, we show that Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 mRNA isoforms are ubiquitously detected in the embryonic days e10.5 and e12.5, and heterogeneously in e15.5, newborn (p1), postnatal (p10), and adult mouse stages. The distribution patterns of the mRNAs suggest spatial overlapping with regional differences in mRNA transcript concentrations. Predominant Wnk1 mRNA expression was noted in kidney, brain, olfactory neuroepithelium, thymus and spleen of the adult mouse.Moreover, Wnk1 mRNA isoforms' distribution pattern was noted in the heart, testis, cranial and spinal ganglia with predominant Wnk1/Hsn2 mRNA expression in nervous tissues, testis, and kidney.
Materials and Methods
Ethics Statement
Animal care, euthanasia and necropsy assays were performed in accordance with guidelines of the Canadian Council on Animal Care. The protocol for the frozen tissue bank of embryonic, postnatal and adult rat and mouse tissues was approved on October 25, 2007 and re-approved on March 20, 2012 by Cytochem's internal Ethics Committee presided by Dr. Marius Gangal, MD, PhD.'
cRNA probe preparation
Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 radioactive cRNA probes were prepared from cloned RT-PCR fragments of 805 bp and 435 bp, previously amplified from mouse brain cDNA, with specific activities of approximately 1,060 and 640 Ci/mmol, respectively. All RT-PCR was performed as previously described (Shekarabi et al., 2008) except that in the present report, Superscript III (Invitrogen) was used to synthesize the cDNA using the following primers: for Wnk1: 5′-TGACATCGAAATCGGCAGAGGCT-3′ and 5′-GGGTACGGGTAGAATTAGCAGAAG-3′; for the Wnk1/Hsn2 specific probe: 5′-CAAGGAACCACATCTCAGCAGGTCT-3′ and 5′-CATACTGTTCTGCCACCCGGGCCTGGTAATG-3′; for KS-Wnk1 amplifications 5′- CTCATTGCTGCTGCTGTTCTC -3′ (forward, exon 4A specific) and 5′- GAAACTGGACGTTCATGAATAG -3′ (reverse, exon Hsn2 specific) were used. The Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 fragments were then cloned into pGEM-9Zf (–) Vector (Promega) with the SP6 or T7 promoter on either side, respectively. The Wnk1 template spans from the 3′ end of exon one to the 3′ end of exon 6 of Wnk1 (accession number: NM_001199083.1, 1693–2497 bp) (Shekarabi et al., 2008) and the Wnk1/Hsn2 template was amplified from the 5′ end of the Hsn2 exon to a Bgl I site in its ORF (4192–4626 bp). cRNAs were then produced in vitro from the DNA templates after linearization with Xba I or Sal I in the presence of T7 or SP6 RNA polymerase enzymes, generating sense or antisense products, respectively. The assay proved that the DNA templates were functional and, hence, were used to synthesize the radioactive probes. Both sense and antisense radio-labeled riboprobes were synthesized according to the manufacturer's specifications (Ambion) and labeled with 35S-UTP (>1,000 Ci/mmol; Cat. # NEG039H, PerkinElmer LAS Canada, Inc.).
Tissue preparation and in Situ Hybridization
The tissue preparation was essentially performed as described previously [15]. Tissues examined in this assay included whole-body sections of embryonic, newborn, postnatal and adult mice. The tissues were frozen in isopentane, cooled to −35°C and conserved at −80°C in tightly-closed plastic bags. Then, 10 µm sections were cut on a cryostat and mounted on glass microscope slides. The sections were treated with triethanolamine/acetic anhydride, washed and dehydrated through a gradient of ethanol solutions. The sections were then hybridized with 35SUTP -labeled cRNA antisense and sense probes generating positive and negative (control) signals, respectively. Subsequently, sections were hybridized overnight at 55°C in 50% deionized formamide, 0.3 M NaCl, 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 5 mM EDTA, 10 mM NaPO4, 10% dextran sulfate, 1×Denhardt's, 50 µg/ml total yeast RNA, and a 50–80,000 cpm/µl 35S-labeled cRNA probe. The tissues were subjected to stringent washing at 65°C in 50% formamide, 2×SSC (saline-sodium citrate, 20×stock solution consists of 3 M sodium chloride and 300 mM tri-sodium citrate which is adjusted to pH 7.0 with HCl), and 10 mM DTT (dithiothreitol), followed by washing with PBS (phosphate buffered saline) before treatment with 20 µg/ml RNAse A at 37°C for 30 minutes. After washes in 2×SSC and 0.1×SSC for 10 minutes at 37°C, the slides were dehydrated, exposed to X-ray film for 4 days, then dipped in Kodak NTB nuclear track emulsion. Gene expression patterns were analyzed by both x-ray film autoradiography (3- or 4-day exposure time) and emulsion autoradiography (6- to 12-day exposure time) in light-proof boxes containing desiccant at 4°C. Prior to our Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 ISH experiments, the mouse tissues used here were all validated using riboprobes of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) receptor mRNA.
Immunohistochemistry
The immunohistochemistry experiments were performed using co-labeling with anti-Wnk1/Hsn2 (1∶4000) on 10 µm frozen sections of e10.5 embryos as previously described[4] and using anti-chicken Nestin (Neuromics; 1∶400) antibody or fluorescein-lycopersicon esculentum lectin (tomato lectin, Vector; 1∶1000); on 7 µm frozen sections of the adult mouse kidney using anti-mouse parvalbumin (Sigma; 1∶250) and on 10 µm frozen sections of the adult mouse trigeminal ganglion using anti-glutamate synthetase (Chemicon; 1∶150) antibodies. Alexa Fluor 555 secondary anti-rabbit, Alexa Fluor 488 secondary anti-mouse and Alexa Fluor 488 secondary anti-chicken antibodies (Molecular Probes; Invitrogen), respectively, were used (1∶1,000) to visualize rabbit, mouse and chicken primary antibodies. The slides were then analyzed as described previously[4].
Imaging
Photographic development of emulsion autoradiography was carried out at 17°C using Kodak D-19 developer solution diluted 1∶1 with water and Kodak fixer (Cat # 1971746) as indicated by the manufacturer. After development, the slides were air-dried in a dust-free environment and then lightly counterstained with cresyl violet to visualize cell nuclei. The results were analyzed under a Reichert Polyvar microscope equipped with Darklite and Nomarski attachments, under both bright- and dark-field illumination. All images were adjusted as to brightness and contrast to clearly display their details. Hybridization with antisense cRNA probes revealed silver labeling within the sites of gene expression, whereas control hybridization with sense cRNA probes displayed non-specific labeling at the background level.
Results
Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 isoforms are expressed in developing mouse tissues
Wnk1 knockout mice die of cardiovascular abnormalities before embryonic day 13 (e13) [16]. This underscores the crucial role of embryonic Wnk1 expression during development. To test the expression profiles of Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 mRNA isoforms in developing and adult mouse tissues, we employed the in situ hybridization (ISH) technique. To prepare the vector encoding the sense and anti-sense Wnk1 ripoprobes, we used a mouse brain cDNA library and oligonucleotide primers that were designed to PCR amplify the 805 bp region located between the end of exon 1 to exon 6 of Wnk1. For the vector encoding the Wnk1/Hsn2 cRNA probes, we used a 435 base pair fragment derived from the 5′ end to the Bgl I site in Hsn2 exon. The integrity and size of the templates, as well as the riboprobes, were confirmed on a DNA agarose gel using non-radioactive probes (data not shown). The specificity of these probes was previously shown by our group using Northern blot experiments [4].
Parallel to the ISH detections, we prepared reference sections using cresyl violet on cuts adjacent to those hybridized (Fig. 1A). We then used the Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 anti-sense riboprobes independently (Fig. 1B, 1C); a Wnk1/Hsn2 sense riboprobe was used as a negative control probe (Fig. 1D). At both e10.5 and e12.5, a ubiquitous hybridization signal was observed for Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2, presumably because of the developing vasculature and nervous system. To confirm the expression of Wnk1/Hsn2 in these regions, the Wnk1/Hsn2 antibody and fluorescein-lycopersicon esculentum lectin (tomato lectin) were used to co-label endothelial cells lining blood vessels. While the vasculature appeared to express Wnk1/Hsn2 at this stage, many areas remained strongly Wnk1/Hsn2 positive and excluded tomato lectin labeling. To further identify the excluded Wnk1/Hsn2 positive cells, we co-immunostained the sections with anti-Wnk1/Hsn2 and anti-Nestin antibodies. These later immunohistochemistry experiments revealed that neuronal crest cells and proliferative endothelial cells are strongly positive for Wnk1/Hsn2 antibody, suggesting the expression of this splice variant in the developing nervous system (Fig. S1).
Whole body sections of mouse embryos at e10.5 and e12.5 days of embryonic development were used in ISH detections with specific riboprobes. (A) Cresyl violet stained body sections of sections hybridized with the riboprobes in the panels below. (B–D) Sections respectively hybridized with anti-sense Wnk1, anti-sense Wnk1/Hsn2, sense Wnk1/Hsn2 (negative control) riboprobes. Arrows in B and C respectively indicate the Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 signals in lateral brain ventricles and spinal cord. Arrowheads in B and C respectively indicate the increased Wnk1 signal, in comparison to the Wnk1/Hsn2 signal in the heart. IV = 4th ventricle; Br = brain; H = heart; Li = liver; LV = lateral ventricle; MB = midbrain; SC = spinal cord; St = stomach; T = tail; TV = telencephalic vesicle.
At both stages, e10.5 and e12.5, Wnk1 expression was evident in the lateral brain ventricle and spinal cord, an observation suggestive of a contribution to nervous system development (Fig. 1B, 1C; Table 1). From e10.5 to e12.5, the expression of Wnk1/Hsn2 appeared to become stronger in the spinal cord in comparison to Wnk1. In fact, it seemed that the expression of Wnk1/Hsn2 was greater in that specific area than the rest of the developing embryo. Another difference between Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 was visible at e10.5 as the Wnk1 hybridization signals appeared to be stronger than the Wnk1/Hsn2 signal in the developing heart (Fig. 1B, arrowheads). However, this observation is consistent with the cardiovascular developmental defects in the Wnk1 null mouse at this age, with death before e13.5 [16]. A stronger Wnk1 signal could possibly be detected because of the longer size of the Wnk1 probe. In all e12.5 developing tissues a low to moderate, but ubiquitous, mRNA expression profile was observed for both Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2.
We used the same riboprobes to examine expression in the e15.5 and postnatal one (p1) sagittal sections at later embryonic stages (Fig. 2). At e15.5, hybridization with the Wnk1/Hsn2 riboprobe revealed a stronger signal than the Wnk1 riboprobe in nervous system tissues; the highest expression being in sensory tissues such as dorsal root ganglia (DRG), spinal cord (SC), trigeminal ganglia (TG) and olfactory turbinates (OT) (Fig. 2B, 2C, arrows). As for the e10.5 and e12.5 stages, a relatively uniform expression profile for both probes was still observed in all tissues at both e15.5 and p1. However, a possibly stronger Wnk1 signal was visible in the developing lung and heart at p1 (Fig. 2F, 2G, arrowheads). In p1 animals, the expression of Wnk1/Hsn2 was also increased in the olfactory neuroepithelium, brain, spinal cord, DRG, kidney and thymus (Fig. 2G, Table 1). Overall, at both e15.5 and p1, the brain and the spinal cord displayed more intense signal for Wnk1/Hsn2 than Wnk1. Intervertebral discs were also strongly labeled with both riboprobes, but a stronger signal was detected with the Wnk1/Hsn2 probe (Fig. 2G). No hybridization signals were detected when the Wnk1/Hsn2 sense probe was used (Fig. 2D, 2H).
Whole body sections of mouse embryos at e15.5 days and p1 of embryonic development were used in ISH detections with specific riboprobes. (A, E) Whole body sections of e15.5 and p1 mouse were stained with cresyl violet. (B, F; C, G; and D, H) Sections respectively hybridized with anti-sense Wnk1, anti-sense Wnk1/Hsn2, and sense Wnk1/Hsn2 (negative control) riboprobes. Arrows in B indicate the spinal cord and olfactory neuroepithelium. Arrows in C and G indicate the increased Wnk1/Hsn2 signal detected in the nervous tissues and intervertebral discs. Arrowheads in F and G indicate the increased Wnk1 signals in the heart and lung. Br = brain; CP = cortical plate; DIV = intervertebral disc; DRG = dorsal root ganglion; E = eye; FL = forelimb; H = heart; HL = hindlimb; In = intestine; K = kidney; Li = liver; Lu = lung; MO = medulla oblongata; ONE = olfactory neuroepithelium; OT = olfactory turbinates; SC = spinal cord; St = stomach; TG = trigeminal ganglion; TO = tectum opticum; Th = thymus; UB = urinary bladder.
In spinal cord transverse sections prepared from p1 animals, both Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 signals could be observed in the ventral, ventromedial, medial nuclei and DRGs (Fig. 3A, 3C). However, the Wnk1/Hsn2 signal appeared stronger. The early expression of Wnk1 in the dorsal roots suggests that Wnk1 might also be important for the development of sensory roots. The DRG neurons and dorsal root, which consist of nerve roots connecting the spinal ganglia with the spinal cord, showed hybridization signals for both Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 in the adult mouse (Fig. 4A–F). In the enteric nervous system, the myenteric plexus, which includes a few neuronal ganglia (seen within the intestinal smooth muscle layer), displayed much less intense Wnk1 labeling than Wnk1/Hsn2 at p1 (Fig. 5A, 5B, respectively). A possibly stronger Wnk1 labeling was also detected in the choroid plexus of the third ventricle, as well as the habenula commissure (Fig. 5D, 5E). This finding is consistent with the high expression of the potassium/chloride cotransporter 3 (KCC3), a phosphorylation substrate of Wnk1, in the choroid plexus [17], [18].
(A, C and E) Cross sections from the cervical spinal cord of p1 mice were respectively used in ISH detections with anti-sense Wnk1, anti-sense Wnk1/Hsn2 and sense Wnk1/Hsn2 (negative control) ribobrobes. (B, D and F) Matching cross sections were stained with cresyl violet. (E) Hybridization with the sense cRNA probe recognizing Wnk1/Hsn2 did not show any signal. DH = dorsal horn; DR = dorsal root; DRG = dorsal root ganglion; Es = esophagus; SC = spinal cord; Tr = trachea; V = ventral horn; VB = vertebrae body.
DRG (A, C, and E) and dorsal root (B, D, and F) sections of adult mice were used in ISH detections using anti-sense Wnk1, anti-sense Wnk1/Hsn2 and sense Wnk1/Hsn2 (negative control) riboprobes. Emulsion autoradiographies revealed intense Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 signals in the neuronal somata and in DR (dorsal root) areas (arrows in A–D). (E and F) No hybridation signal was detected with the sense Wnk1/Hsn2 probe. DRG = dorsal root ganglia; DR = dorsal root.
(A–C) Neuronal ganglia of the myenteric plexus (mice at p1 stage) were examined in ISH detections with riboprobes against anti-sense Wnk1, anti-sense Wnk1/Hsn2 and sense Wnk1/Hsn2 (negative control) riboprobes. X-ray autoradiography of the plexus showed a weaker signal for the Wnk1 riboprobe (arrow in A) than the one for Wnk1/Hsn2 (arrow in B). Arrows in A and B indicate the intestine wall musculature. (D–E) Further examination using emulsion autoradiography revealed strong Wnk1 labeling in the choroid plexus and habenula of the adult mouse (arrows in D). (F) The sense Wnk1/Hsn2 riboprobe did not display any signal in a corresponding section. III = the third ventricle; CP = choroid plexus; Ha = habenula; In = intestine; St = stomach.
Expression of Wnk1 and Wnk/Hsn2 mRNA isoforms in postnatal and adult mouse tissues
At later postnatal stages, the mRNA expression of both Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 continued to become even more restricted to certain tissues. At p10, Wnk1 mRNA expression displayed a similar distribution to the one observed earlier (p1) with more prominent expression in the kidney and immune system (thymus, spleen and lymph nodes); albeit the distribution of expression at p10 does not become drastically different in adult mice (Fig. 6B, 6F; Tables 2, 3). The heart showed a possible prevalent Wnk1 labeling and very weak Wnk1/Hsn2 mRNA at stage p10 with almost no Wnk1/Hsn2 mRNA signal in the adult heart (Fig. 6F, 6G, arrowheads). In adult mice, most of the other tissues had signals of almost equal intensity for both riboprobes, except for testis where the Wnk1 probe appeared to be stronger (Fig. 6F, arrow). Vibrissae are sensory organs in the mouse and they are the center for odor detection. A strong, but distinct pattern of distribution of Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 mRNAs was observed in p10 vibrissae (Fig. 7A, 7B). A much stronger Wnk1/Hsn2 isoform was detected in the medulla when compared with the Wnk1 signal which appeared to be stronger in the matrix (Fig. 7; Table 4).
Whole body sections were used in ISH detections with specific riboprobes. (B, F; C, G, and D, H) Whole-body sagittal sections of p10 (A–D) and the adult mouse (E–H) were respectively hybridized with anti-sense Wnk1 (B and F), anti-sense Wnk1/Hsn2 (C and G) and sense (negative control) riboprobes (D and H). Corresponding sections were also stained with cresyl violet (A and E). At these stages, most of the hybridized signal was observed in the nervous tissues, testis, kidney, and spleen. The heart showed greater Wnk1 labeling than Wnk1/Hsn2 (arrowheads in F and G). The asterisks (*) indicate nonspecific labeling in the dorsal aorta. Adr = adrenal gland; Br = brain; Cb = cerebellum; DA = dorsal aorta; DRG = dorsal root ganglion; Ep = epididymis; H = heart; K = kidney; Is = incisor; Li = liver; Lin = large intestine; LN = lymph node; Lu = lung; NC = nasal cavity; OL = olfactory lobe; ONE = olfactory neuroepithelium; SC = spinal cord; Sin = small intestine; Sk = skin; SM = submaxillary gland; Spl = spleen; St = stomach; Te = testis; Th = thymus; UB = urinary bladder; V = vertebrae.
(A, and B) Cross sections of sensory vibrissae (hair follicles) of p10 mouse mice were prepared and used in ISH detections with anti-sense Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 riboprobes, respectively. (C) A negative control hybridization was prepared using the sense Wnk1/Hsn2 riboprobe. Arrowheads in A indicate increased Wnk1 signal in the vibrissa matrix and outer root sheath. The arrow in B indicates an increased Wnk1/Hsn2 signal in the medulla. (D) A corresponding section was stained with cresyl violet. IRS = inner root sheath; Ma = matrix; Me = medulla; ORS = outer root sheath.
The presence of Wnk1 mRNA signals in the DRGs prompted us to examine peripheral nervous tissues in more detail. Consistent with our previous findings using immunohistochemistry and the anti-HSN2 antibody in adult mouse DRGs [4], we observed Wnk1 labeling in Schwann cells of postnatal p10 mice of spinal motor nerves that traverse dorsal ganglia (Fig. 8A, arrowhead). Much less Wnk1/Hsn2 mRNA expression was found in the corresponding nerve region (Fig. 8C, arrowhead). Overall, the Wnk1 probe displayed a more evenly distributed signal in the nerve region, but the Wnk1/Hsn2 signal predominated in spinal ganglia neuronal cells (Fig. 8C, arrow). Signals were detected inside as well as around the somata of trigeminal and DRG neurons which we confirmed to be from the supporting satellite cells (Fig. 9A–L and Fig. S2).
(A, C and E) Cross sections of postnatal mouse DRG with exposed ventral root were respectively used in ISH detections with anti-sense Wnk1, anti-sense Wnk1/Hsn2 and sense Wnk1/Hsn2 (negative control) riboprobes. (B, D and F) Corresponding sections were stained with cresyl violet. Arrows in A and C indicate the signals from both probes in neuronal somata. Arrowheads in A and C identify the motor root region signal which shows increased Wnk1 expression in comparison to the Wnk1/Hsn2 expression. NS = neuronal somata; SC = Schwann cells.
(A–C) Tissue preparations from adult mouse trigeminal ganglion were stained with cresyl violet. (D–I) Corresponding sections were used in ISH detections with anti-sense Wnk1, anti-sense Wnk1/Hsn2 and sense Wnk1/Hsn2 (negative control) riboprobes; hybridization signals were detected by emulsion autoradiographies. Some sections were also co-immunolabeled (J–L) using anti-Wnk1/Hsn2 (red) and anti-glutamine synthetase (green) antibodies. Arrows in D and E show the expression of the Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 probes in trigeminal neurons. Arrows in G and H indicate the expression of Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2, respectively, and in K shows Wnk1/Hsn2 expression in the neuronal somata. Arrowheads in G and H point to the high labeling of the Wnk1/Hsn2 riboprobe, and in K shows the high expression of Wnk1/Hsn2 in the supporting satellite cells. Dotted circles in G and H delineate the boundaries of neuronal somata and their supporting satellite cells.
Both the Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 probes revealed signals in the brain from early embryonic stages. In adult mice, the expression of both Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 appeared to be more restricted, as it was essentially seen in neurons of the adult mouse hippocampus (Cornu Ammonis 1, CA2, and CA3 areas) (Fig. 10A, 10C). The Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 patterns of mRNA expression in the hippocampus of adult mice brain appeared very similar to the one previously reported for Wnk3 [10].
(A–F) Coronal sections of adult mouse hippocampus were examined using ISH detection with anti-sense Wnk1, anti-sense Wnk1/Hsn2 and sense Wnk1/Hsn2 (negative control) riboprobes, respectively. (B, D, and F) Corresponding sections were stained with cresyl violet. Arrows in A and C indicate increased signal in the CA2 and CA3 hippocampal areas with both probes. Asterisks indicate non-specific labeling in the corpus callosum (*), fimbria (**) and limitans (***).CA1–CA3 = Cornu Ammonis area 1 to 3; DG = dentate gyrus; Ha = habenula; CP = choroid plexus.
Surprisingly, some Wnk1/Hsn2 labeling was also observed in the kidney, thymus, and testis, whereas previous RT-PCR experiments failed to detect any band in two of the tissues: kidney and testis [4]. A more detailed examination of adult mouse kidney sections revealed strong labeling with Wnk1 or Wnk1/Hsn2 riboprobes in distal convoluted tubules (DCT) adjacent to glomeruli (Fig. 11A, 11B, 11D and 11E arrows) within the renal cortical region, with little to no labeling detected in the glomeruli (Fig. 11D, 11E arrowheads). Co-immunolabeling of kidney with anti-parvalbumine, which is highly expressed in DCT and anti-Wnk1/Hsn2 antibodies, confirmed the above (Fig. 11G–I). This latter observation is consistent with a previous ISH performed on the adult mouse kidney using a the kidney specific Wnk1 (KS-Wnk1) probe [19]. It also suggests a similar expression pattern for Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2. In line with previous findings [3], [7], [19], [20], we sought to address the expression of a KS-Wnk1 variant consisting of the Hsn2 exon in the mouse kidney. Using kidney specific exon 4A and Hsn2 primers, RT-PCR experiments revealed KS-Wnk1 variants consisting of the Hsn2 exon only in kidney. This further confirmed our results on the detection of Hsn2 containing variants in kidney (Fig. S3). Taken together, these results indicate that the Wnk1/Hsn2 mRNA isoform may be coexpressed with the full length Wnk1 mRNA in certain non-nervous tissues such as kidney. In testis, the wall of seminiferous tubules (SfT) and the spermatogonia (Sg) cell layer displayed hybridization labeling. A greater intensity of hybridization was detected with the Wnk1 riboprobe, whereas very low-level labeling was observed with the Wnk1/Hsn2 riboprobe in the adult mouse (Fig. 12A, 12C, arrows).
(A–F) Tissue sections from the kidney cortex were prepared and used in ISH detections with anti-sense Wnk1, anti-sense Wnk1/Hsn2 and sense Wnk1/Hsn2 (negative control) riboprobes, respectively. Arrows in A and B indicate the increased expression of both Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 in tubules. (D–F) Arrows in D and E indicate, on corresponding emulsion autoradiographies, that the expression of Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 are more predominant in the tubules than the glomeruli (arrowheads in D and E). (G–I) Corresponding sections were co-immunolabeled using anti-parvalbumin (green) and anti-Wnk1/Hsn2 (red) antibodies. The arrow and the arrowhead show cytoplasmic and apical expression of Wnk1/Hsn2 in DCT and convoluted tubules, respectively. Cx = cortex; Gl = glomerulus; Tu = tubule; PA = parvalbumin.
(A, C and E) Tissue sections prepared from mouse testis were used in ISH detections with anti-sense Wnk1, anti-sense Wnk1/Hsn2 and sense Wnk1/Hsn2 (negative control) riboprobes, respectively. (B, D and F) Corresponding sections were stained with cresyl violet. Arrows in A and C indicate the increased expression of Wnk1 in the wall of the seminiferous tubule spermatogonia cell layers, in comparision to Wnk1/Hsn2. Sc = spermatocyte; SfT = seminiferous tubule; Sg = spermatogonia; Sz = spermatozoa.
Discussion
To establish a comparative analysis of the expression profiles of Wnk1 and its sensory associated splice isoform, Wnk1/Hsn2, whole body and tissue sections of developing and adult mice were examined using ISH. Recent work on the WNK1 gene structure suggests the presence of tissue-specific promoters in exons 1 and 4A as well as the presence of multiple splice variants. Therefore, it can be surmised that multiple WNK1 protein variants are expressed and interact with a number of substrates, including other WNK kinases in a tissue-specific fashion. The observation of ubiquitous expression of Wnk1 at e10.5 in the mouse is consistent with a previous report in which a riboprobe corresponding to exon 6–9 of Wnk1 showed ubiquitous expression at e10 [16]. Here, we found subtle differences in the signals detected for Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 at e10 and e12.5. Ubiquitous expression suggests that Wnk1 isoforms may be expressed in the developing cardiovascular system as well as the developing secretory epithelia. Furthermore, it was previously shown that extrarenal Wnk1 expression is restricted to polarized epithelia playing important roles in Cl− flux [11].
In the brain, Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 mRNAs appeared very early, which suggests a role in brain development. In addition, both riboprobes displayed strong hippocampal signals in the adult mouse indicating some postnatal roles for Wnk1 in hippocampal function. Recently, a Wnk1 and Wnk3 interaction through their C-terminal was shown to be required for Wnk1 activity [21]. In addition, a similar Wnk1 and Wnk3 distribution pattern in the hippocampus may suggest a coexpression in hippocampal neurons [10].
Because of the role of Wnk1 in HSAN II, we carefully evaluated Wnk1/Hsn2 isoform expression in cells of the dorsal root. Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 mRNAs were detected in mouse dorsal roots at all ages studied, suggesting that Wnk1 has an important role in development and function of the dorsal root neurons. Weak signals were observed throughout the sections of different tissues using both probes during development. This could be an indication of low Wnk1 expression in the epithelia of small vessels, capillaries, and arteries as well as in migrating neurons. Although it is difficult to demonstrate the coexpression of Wnk1/Hsn2 and Wnk1 specific mRNAs in the same cells, the detection of the same mRNA signal intensity could be an indication of co-expression of multiple WNK1 isoforms in the same tissue and possibly in the same type of cells. This is plausible, since the WNKs' family members were shown to be coexpressed and to interact with each other in vitro. Our results suggest that the Wnk1/Hsn2 isoform may be expressed in some adult mouse non nervous tissues such as kidney and testis. This was further confirmed by the detection of Wnk1/Hsn2 variants containing the Hsn2 exon in kidney. This latter finding is contrary to previous observations. The differences could be partly explained by poor synthesis of cDNA in the RT-PCR experiments. Furthermore, detection of some presumably non-specific low molecular weight bands on our Western blots in kidney and liver tissue lysates of adult mouse may also suggest the existence of shorter splice variants containing the Hsn2 domain [4]. Recent work has also suggested that Wnk1/Hsn2 transcripts are expressed in non-nervous tissue [7].
It will be interesting to explore whether or not Wnk1 is involved in epithelial development. Our results also confirm that the expression of the Wnk1/Hsn2 isoform starts at early embryonic stages, inferring the possibility of a role during the development of mouse nervous tissues.
The present study has provided evidence of comparable, but not identical distribution of the two Wnk1 isoforms in mouse development. Whereas Wnk1 had a relatively wide distribution pattern, the Wnk1/Hsn2 isoform showed more restricted mRNA distribution, primarily in neuronal cells of the peripheral ganglia (trigeminal ganglion, dorsal root ganglion, sympathetic pre-aortic ganglion and myenteric plexus's ganglion) as well as hippocampal neurons.
Supporting Information
Figure S1.
Wnk1/Hsn2 is highly expressed in vessels, neuronal crest cells and proliferative endothelial cells. (A–C) Illustrate immunohistochemistry of e10.5 mouse sections co-labeled with anti-Wnk1/Hsn2 and anti-nestin antibodies. Arrows in A and B indicate that epithelial areas are strongly labeled with both antibodies. (D–F) Illustrate e10.5 mouse sections which were co-labeled with fluorescein-tomato lectin and anti-Wnk1/Hsn2 to reveal blood vessels and Wnk1/Hsn2, respectively. (G–I) show higher magnification of blood vessels co-labeled in D–F. TL = tomato lectin.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057807.s001
(TIF)
Figure S2.
Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 expression in the peripheral nervous system of adult mice. (A–C) Tissue preparations from adult mice cervical DRG were stained with cresyl violet. (D–I) Corresponding sections were used in ISH detections with anti-sense Wnk1, anti-sense Wnk1/Hsn2 and sense Wnk1/Hsn2 (negative control) riboprobes; hybridization signals were detected by emulsion autoradiographies. Arrows in D and E show the expression of Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 probe in DRG neurons. Arrows in G and H indicate the expression of both Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 in the neuronal somata. Arrowheads in G and H point to the high labeling of Wnk1/Hsn2 riboprobe in the supporting satellite cells. Dotted circles delineate the boundaries of neuronal somata and their supporting satellite cells.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057807.s002
(TIF)
Figure S3.
Schematic presentation of the position of Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 probes and two primers designed to amplify the kidney specific Wnk1 isoform (KS-Wnk1). (A) Presentation of exons 1–10 of Wnk1 cDNA and position of Wnk1 and Wnk1/Hsn2 probes. (B) Presentation of KS-Wnk1 and the position of two primers (1 and 2). (C) RT-PCR of mouse tissues revealed strong expression of KS-Wnk1 only in kidney.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057807.s003
(TIF)
Acknowledgments
G.A.R. holds the Canada Research Chair and the Jeanne-et-J.-Louis-Levesque Chair for Genetics of Brain Diseases.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: MS RGL GAR PD. Performed the experiments: MS RG MMM JL. Analyzed the data: MS RGL MMM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MS RG MMM. Wrote the paper: MS.
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