Figures
Abstract
Background
β-catenin plays a key role in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, its prognostic significance for patients with CRC remains controversial.
Methodology
Identical search strategies were used to search relevant literatures in the PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases. The correlation between β-catenin expression and clinicopathological features and prognosis was analyzed.
Principal Findings
A total of 18 studies met the inclusion criteria, which comprised 3665 cases. Meta-analysis suggested that β-catenin overexpression in the nucleus was significantly associated with disease free survival (DFS) (n = 541 in 3 studies; HR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.28–2.71; Z = 3.26; P = 0.001) and overall survival (OS) for CRC patients (n = 2630 in 10 studies; HR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.12–2.14; Z = 2.62; P = 0.009). However, there was no significant association between β-catenin expression in the cytoplasm and OS (n = 1327 in 3 studies; HR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.88–1.24, Z = 0.46, P = 0.643). The combined odds ratio (OR) of β-catenin in the nucleus indicated that β-catenin overexpression was associated with advanced stage CRC (n = 950 in 7 studies; OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.53–0.94; Z = 2.35; P = 0.019) and metastasis of CRC (n = 628 in 5 studies; OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.25–0.96, Z = 2.06, P = 0.039). β-catenin overexpression in the nucleus had no correlation with the tumor site (colon or rectum), differentiation grade, lymph node status or depth of invasion. The pooled ORs were 1.09 (95% CI: 0.41–2.91, Z = 0.18, P = 0.856), 1.27(95% CI: 0.76–2.10, Z = 0.92, P = 0.357), 0.71(95% CI: 0.46–1.09, Z = 1.58, P = 0.115) and 0.82(95% CI: 0.4–1.68, Z = 0.53, P = 0.594).
Citation: Chen Z, He X, Jia M, Liu Y, Qu D, Wu D, et al. (2013) β-catenin Overexpression in the Nucleus Predicts Progress Disease and Unfavourable Survival in Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE 8(5): e63854. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063854
Editor: Anthony W.I. Lo, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Received: January 22, 2013; Accepted: April 6, 2013; Published: May 24, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Chen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China (NO. 91019005 and 81272672). JH was sponsored by the Zhejiang Provincial Program for the Cultivation of High-level Innovative Health Talents, Zhejiang Provincial key subject of traditional Chinese medicine and Zhejiang Provincial medicine and health care innovation subject. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common human malignancy and the second highest cause of cancer-related death worldwide [1]. Despite the tremendous progress in treatment, the overall mortality of CRC is still approximately 40% [2]. Surgery is the fundamental treatment, but 30% to 50% of patients with stage II to III tumors relapse within 5 years following treatment [3]. Additionally, 5-FU or oxaliplatin, the most widely used anticancer agent, has become ineffective against CRC due to the development of intrinsic or acquired drug resistance. Therefore, it is important to uncover the biological mechanisms underlying the progression of the disease and develop strategies to intervene in this process.
Increasing evidence suggests that the existence of a small subset of bulk cancer cells, termed cancer initiating cells (CICs), are responsible for tumor progression, therapy resistance and disease relapse. Self-renewal and multilineage differentiation potential are two main traits of CICs. Since O’Brien and Ricci-Vitiani identified a CD133 positive subtype as colorectal cancer initiating cells (CCICs) in 2007, the molecular mechanisms sustaining CCICs have been slowly understood [4], [5]. The Wnt signaling pathway is one of the best-studied signaling cascades, and it has been suggested that this pathway plays an important role in maintaining the stemness and self-renewal capacity of CCICs [6]–[8]. Regulation of this pathway is realized through the level of β-catenin protein in the nucleus. β-catenin maintains a low cytoplasmic concentration through the destruction complex when the Wnt signaling pathway is unactivated. Otherwise, the destruction complex is dissolved and β-catenin accumulates in the cell and undergoes translocation to the nucleus, where it activates the expression of target genes, such as CyclinD1, c-Myc, CD44 and Survivin, in conjunction with the TcF/LEF transcription molecule family. Thus, the level of β-catenin in the nucleus is an indicator of an active Wnt signaling pathway or CCICs [9]. β-catenin in the nucleus is expected to be a useful biomarker associated with disease progression and poor prognosis in CRC. Moreover, some researchers suggest that the accumulation of cytoplasmic β-catenin serves as a predictor of metastasis of CRC [10]. However, the correlations between the expression of β-catenin detected by immunohistochemistry and patient survival are highly variable and contradictory. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the data on β-catenin and CRC to draw a reasonable conclusion about its prognostic significance.
In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate β-catenin expression and the prognosis of corresponding patients. The results showed that overexpression of β-catenin in the nucleus, rather than in the cytoplasm, was associated with progress disease and worse prognosis. The meta-analysis suggested that postoperative detection of β-catenin expression in CRC would help us develop better therapy strategies, distinguish high risk populations from the patients undergoing surgery and make better follow-up plans.
Methodology
Literature Search
We carried out a search of the PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases using the following terms and all possible combinations: “β-catenin,” “Axin Signaling Complex,” “Wnt Signaling Pathway,” “Colorectal Neoplasms,” “Colorectal Cancer” and “prognosis.” The citation lists associated with all the studies were used to identify additional eligible studies. The reviews and bibliographies were also manually inspected to find related articles.
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
The search results were included in our meta-analysis if they met the following inclusion criteria: (1) β-catenin expression evaluated in the human CRC tissues; (2) evaluation of the relationships between β-catenin expression and CRC pathological features or prognosis; (3) β-catenin expression examined by immunohistochemistry; (4) English language publications; and (5) sufficient information provided to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) or odds ratio (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
The following articles were excluded: (1) letters, case reports, reviews, and conference abstracts without original data; (2) non-English language articles; (3) articles from which the relevant data could not be extracted; and (4) overlapping articles or ones with duplicate data.
Data Extraction and Assessment of Study Quality
All data were extracted independently by two authors (HX and JMY). For each study, the following characteristics were extracted: first author’s name, publication date, number of patients, gender of patients, tumor site, tumor stage, research technique used, antibody source, definition of β-catenin positive, relationship between β-catenin and survival and adjuvant therapy condition of patients. Controversial problems were arbitrated by the third investigator (XJH). Study quality was assessed independently by two investigators (HX and JMY) according to the Newcastle–Ottawa quality assessment scale [11].
Statistical Analysis
We combined the data on β-catenin expression and pathological features into single categories: T1 and T2 stages, T3 and T4 stages, and well and moderate differentiation. ORs with 95% CIs were used to evaluate the association between β-catenin expression and clinicopathological factors, such as differentiation grade, Dukes’ stages, depth of invasion, lymph node status and metastasis. Survival data were extracted or calculated according to the methods described by Parmar [12]. Kaplan-Meier curves were read by Engauge Digitizer version4.1 (http://digitizer.sourceforge.net/). HR and its variance were used to estimate the impact of β-catenin expression on OS and DFS. Heterogeneity across studies was evaluated using a Chi-square-based Q statistical test [13]. The I2 statistic was also calculated to quantify the proportion of the total variation due to study heterogeneity [14]. A P>0.10 for the Q-test indicated a lack of heterogeneity among the studies. For studies with P>0.10, the pooled OR and HR estimates of each study were calculated by the fixed-effects model (the Mantel-Haenszel method). For studies with P≤0.10, the random-effects model (the DerSimonian and Laird method) was used [15], [16]. Egger’s test was used to examine the potential risk of publication bias. Publication bias was indicated when the P value from Egger’s test was <0.05. The statistical analyses were performed using STATA version 12.0 software (Stata Corporation, Collage Station, Texas, USA). All the P values were used for a two-sided test with significance at P<0.05.
Results
Description of Studies
We found 168 studies potentially eligible for inclusion based on the title (Figure 1). After scrutinizing the abstracts and full-text of these studies, 18 studies were ultimately chosen for this meta-analysis [10], [17]–[33]. Their characteristics are summarized in Table 1. The studies in our meta-analysis were published between 2000 and 2012. A total of 3703 CRC patients were enrolled and had the relationship between β-catenin expression and pathological features or disease free survival (DFS)/overall survival (OS) investigated. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect β-catenin expression in all the publications, but the sources of primary antibodies came from different companies.
Methodological Quality of the Studies
Each of the 18 eligible studies included in our meta-analysis was assessed for quality according to the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS). NOS assessed eight items of methodology, which were categorized into the three dimensions of selection, comparability, and outcome. A maximum score of 1 was awarded for each item with the exception of the item related to comparability that allowed for scores of 2. For quality, scores ranged from 0 (lowest) to 9 (highest), and studies with scores of 6 or more were rated as high quality. Fourteen of the included studies obtained scores of 6 or more in methodological assessment, indicating that they were of high quality (Table 1).
Impact of β-catenin Expression on Overall Survival and Disease-free Survival of Colorectal Cancer
The meta-analysis was performed on ten studies assessing the association of β-catenin expression in the nucleus with OS. The pooled HR was 1.55 (95% CI: 1.12–2.14; Z = 2.62; P = 0.009) (Figure 2A) with heterogeneity (I2 71.5% P = 0.000). Three studies assessed the association of β-catenin expression in the nucleus with DFS; the pooled HR was 1.87 (95% CI: 1.28–2.71; Z = 3.26; P = 0.001) (Figure 2B) without heterogeneity (I2 0% P = 0.412). These results suggested that β-catenin overexpression in the nucleus was significantly correlated with a worse prognosis of CRC and that β-catenin overexpression in the nucleus was an independent prognostic factor in CRC. We assessed three eligible studies and found that there was no significant association between β-catenin overexpression in the cytoplasm with OS; the combined HR was 1.04 (95% CI: 0.88–1.24, Z = 0.46, P = 0.643) without heterogeneity (I2 31.3% P = 0.233) (Figure 2C). These studies indicated that β-catenin overexpression in the cytoplasm had no relationship with prognosis of CRC.
A. HRs with corresponding 95% CIs of the β-catenin expression in the nucleus with OS. B. HRs with corresponding 95% CIs of the β-catenin expression in the nucleus with DFS. C. HRs with corresponding 95% CIs of the β-catenin expression in the cytoplasm with OS. This showed that β-catenin expression in the nucleus, rather than in the cytoplasm, was associated with unfavorable prognosis of CRC patients.
To explain the heterogeneity in OS, subgroup analysis was performed by the study location, source of primary antibodies, definition of β-catenin positive and adjuvant therapy condition. The results indicated that a significant relationship between β-catenin expression in the nucleus and OS was exhibited in Asian countries (HR 2.78, 95% CI: 1.49–5.19, Z = 3.21, P = 0.001) without heterogeneity (I2 0% P = 0.414) (Figure 3A). Additionally, heterogeneity was not detected (I2 0% P = 0.45) when the definition of β-catenin positive was a percentage (HR 2.36, 95% CI: 1.62–3.45, Z = 4.44, P = 0.000) (Figure 3B). When the analysis of OS was limited to studies with primary antibodies from the same company and with adjuvant therapy, heterogeneity still existed (I2 79.6% P = 0.008 and I2 56.4% P = 0.076). It indicated that the differences of patient ethnicity and evaluation standards contributed to heterogeneity in the results.
A. Subgroup analysis was performed by study location B. Subgroup analysis was performed by evaluation standards.
Taken together, these results suggested that β-catenin overexpression in the nucleus, rather than in the cytoplasm, influenced survival of CRC patients.
Correlation of β-catenin Expression with Clinicopathological Parameters
Seven studies evaluated the correlation of β-catenin expression in the nucleus with Dukes’ stages. The pooled OR was 0.71 (95% CI: 0.53–0.94, Z = 2.35, P = 0.019) (Figure 4A) without heterogeneity (I2 40.5% P = 0.121). This result suggested that β-catenin overexpression in the nucleus was associated with the progression of CRC. Five studies assessed the correlation of β-catenin overexpression in the nucleus with metastasis. The pooled OR was 0.49 (95% CI: 0.25–0.96, Z = 2.06, P = 0.039), indicating that β-catenin overexpression in the nucleus was associated with metastasis of CRC (Figure 4B). We also found that β-catenin overexpression in the nucleus had no relation with the tumor site (colon or rectum), differentiation grade, lymph node status or depth of invasion. The pooled ORs were 1.09 (95% CI: 0.41–2.91, Z = 0.18, P = 0.856), 1.27 (95% CI: 0.76–2.10, Z = 0.92, P = 0.357), 0.71(95% CI: 0.46–1.09, Z = 1.58, P = 0.115) and 0.82 (95% CI: 0.4–1.68, Z = 0.53, P = 0.594) (Table 2).
A. ORs with corresponding 95% CIs of the β-catenin expression in the nucleus with Dukes’ stages. OR<1 suggested that β-catenin in the nucleus was less in patients with Duke A/B than with Duke C/D and it was associated with advanced stage CRC. B. ORs with corresponding 95% CIs of the β-catenin expression in the nucleus with metastasis. OR<1 suggested that β-catenin in the nucleus was positively associated with metastasis of CRC.
There was no significant association between β-catenin overexpression in the cytoplasm and Dukes’ stages and lymph node status. The combined ORs were 0.87 (95% CI: 0.45–1.69, Z = 0.41, P = 0.685) and 0.78 (95% CI: 0.4–1.52, Z = 0.72, P = 0.469).
Discussion
Approximately 60–80% of CRCs develop on the basis of an aberrant activation of the Wnt signaling pathway in which β-catenin serves as a central hub [34], [35]. There are many reports about the prognostic significance of β-catenin in CRC [20], [24], [28], [29]. Surprisingly, correlations between an immunohistochemically detected expression of β-catenin in CRC and prognosis are highly variable and contradictory. Thus, a quantitative meta-analysis that systematically determines the association of β-catenin expression with CRC survival was warranted. Our analysis indicated that β-catenin overexpression in the nucleus was significantly associated with progress disease and worse prognosis of CRC.
β-catenin, a central molecule of the Wnt signaling pathway, is expressed in epithelial cells in three main forms: membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus localization. When it is located in the membrane, it is responsible for cell-to-cell adhesion through forming complexes with E-cadherin and actin filaments. The other two forms are mainly involved in regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Cytoplasmic β-catenin is usually degraded upon interaction with the destruction complex formed by the three proteins APC, Axin and GSK3β and maintained at a low level in the absence of a Wnt ligand. Once a Wnt ligand engages with receptors, Axin translocates to the transmembrane receptor complex, thereby inhibiting the destruction complex. Consequently, β-catenin accumulates in the cell and undergoes translocation to the nucleus, where it activates specific Wnt target genes in conjunction with the T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF) family of transcription factors. Under physiological conditions, Wnt activity is crucial for intestinal stem cells and crypt homeostasis. However, Wnt signaling also plays a key role in CCICs maintenance, which is the origin of tumor progression, therapy resistance and disease relapse.
It has been shown that migrating cancer stem cells (MCSCs), which play a crucial role in the metastasis of CRC, usually undergo nuclear β-catenin accumulation, cell-cycle arrest and epithelial–mesenchymal transitions (EMT). Notably, nuclear β-catenin was predominantly observed in the invasive front of CRC tissue. These observations concur with our finding that β-catenin overexpression in the nucleus was significantly associated with metastasis and worse prognosis of CRC. Some studies have also shown that the accumulation of β-catenin in the cytoplasm and nuclear translocation were inseparable processes and that some mechanisms were involved in the nuclear cytoplasmic shuttling of β-catenin [36]–[38]. In this meta-analysis, we analyzed all the eligible studies with β-catenin cytoplasmic data and found that β-catenin overexpression in the nucleus, rather than in the cytoplasm, influenced the survival of CRC patients. In fact, some investigators have argued that overexpression of β-catenin in the nucleus, rather than in the cytoplasm, might reflect β-catenin transactivating activity [39]. Some researchers have also suggested that increased cytoplasmic expression of β-catenin was not accompanied by nuclear accumulation [40]. This result may partially account for why the pooled results indicated that β-catenin overexpression in the cytoplasm had no relationship with the prognosis of CRC.
In this meta-analysis, we dealt with highly significant heterogeneity between the 18 studies. This heterogeneity could potentially affect the meta-analysis results. We only included studies that used immunohistochemistry to reduce heterogeneity as much as possible. However, the source and dilution of primary antibodies, evaluation standards, study location and adjuvant therapy conditions were quite different across studies, creating significant heterogeneity. Accordingly, we used random effects models to analyze the data, but the models did not identify the source of heterogeneity. To clarify the source of heterogeneity in this study, we performed stratified analysis according to study location, source of primary antibodies, evaluation standards and adjuvant therapy condition. When the analysis of OS was performed without consideration of these other factors, heterogeneity was detected (I2 71.5% P = 0.000). When the analysis was limited to studies of Asia, heterogeneity was not detected (I2 0% P = 0.414). Heterogeneity was also not detected (I2 0% P = 0.45) when the analysis was limited to studies that defined β-catenin positive using a percentage. However, when the analysis of OS was limited to studies with primary antibodies from the same company and with adjuvant therapy, heterogeneity still existed (I2 79.6% P = 0.008 and I2 56.4% P = 0.076). This finding suggested that primary antibodies and adjuvant therapy did not contribute to heterogeneity in the results. These results suggest that the heterogeneity in this study could be partially explained by patient ethnicity and evaluation standards. Although meta-analysis is robust, certain limitations exist in this study. First, the study included in our meta- analysis was restricted only to articles published in English, which probably provided additional bias. Second, methodological differences of immunohistochemistry may contribute to heterogeneity. We could not perform subgroup analysis to explore this influence because few studies offered the concrete data. Third, HRs calculated from data or extrapolated from survival curves might be less reliable than direct analysis of variance.
In this study, we showed that β-catenin overexpression in the nucleus was significantly correlated with progress disease and a worse prognosis of CRC. Large, well-designed prospective studies are required to investigate the precise prognostic significance of β-catenin overexpression in the nucleus.
Supporting Information
Figure S1.
Funnel plot to assess publication bias. Egger’s publication bias plot showed no publication bias for studies regarding β-catenin expression in the nucleus and disease free survival (DFS) in the meta-analysis: the relationship between the effect size of individual studies (HR, vertical axis) and the precision of the study estimate (standard error, horizontal axis).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063854.s001
(TIF)
Figure S2.
Funnel plot to assess publication bias. Egger’s publication bias plot showed no publication bias for studies regarding β-catenin expression in the nucleus and overall survival (OS) in the meta-analysis.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063854.s002
(TIF)
Figure S3.
Funnel plot to assess publication bias. Egger’s publication bias plot showed the presence of publication bias for studies regarding β-catenin expression in the nucleus and Dukes’ stages in the meta-analysis.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063854.s003
(TIF)
Figure S4.
Funnel plot to assess publication bias. Egger’s publication bias plot showed no publication bias for studies regarding β-catenin expression in the nucleus and metastasis in the meta-analysis.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063854.s004
(TIF)
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: XH MJ YL. Performed the experiments: JX DW DQ. Analyzed the data: PW CN ZZ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JY JH. Wrote the paper: ZC.
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