Correction
23 Aug 2013: Devaux Y, Vausort M, McCann GP, Kelly D, Collignon O, et al. (2013) Correction: A Panel of 4 microRNAs Facilitates the Prediction of Left Ventricular Contractility after Acute Myocardial Infarction. PLOS ONE 8(8): 10.1371/annotation/458a1f6a-6327-429a-81cb-992c97f04bd6. https://doi.org/10.1371/annotation/458a1f6a-6327-429a-81cb-992c97f04bd6 View correction
Figures
Abstract
Background
Prediction of clinical outcome after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is challenging and would benefit from new biomarkers. We investigated the prognostic value of 4 circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) after AMI.
Methods
We enrolled 150 patients after AMI. Blood samples were obtained at discharge for determination of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP) and levels of miR-16, miR-27a, miR-101 and miR-150. Patients were assessed by echocardiography at 6 months follow-up and the wall motion index score (WMIS) was used as an indicator of left ventricular (LV) contractility. We assessed the added predictive value of miRNAs against a multi-parameter clinical model including Nt-proBNP.
Results
Patients with anterior AMI and elevated Nt-proBNP levels at discharge from the hospital were at high risk of subsequent impaired LV contractility (follow-up WMIS>1.2, n = 71). A combination of the 4 miRNAs (miR-16/27a/101/150) improved the prediction of LV contractility based on clinical variables (P = 0.005). Patients with low levels of miR-150 (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] 0.08 [0.01–0.48]) or miR-101 (0.19 [0.04–0.97]) and elevated levels of miR-16 (15.9 [2.63–95.91]) or miR-27a (4.18 [1.36–12.83]) were at high risk of impaired LV contractility. The 4 miRNA panel reclassified a significant proportion of patients with a net reclassification improvement of 66% (P = 0.00005) and an integrated discrimination improvement of 0.08 (P = 0.001).
Citation: Devaux Y, Vausort M, McCann GP, Kelly D, Collignon O, Ng LL, et al. (2013) A Panel of 4 microRNAs Facilitates the Prediction of Left Ventricular Contractility after Acute Myocardial Infarction. PLoS ONE 8(8): e70644. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070644
Editor: Philippe Rouet, I2MC INSERM UMR U1048, France
Received: April 25, 2013; Accepted: June 20, 2013; Published: August 13, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Devaux et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by the Society for Research on Cardiovascular Diseases, the Ministry of Culture, Health and Higher Education, and the National Fund for Research of Luxembourg. Profs. Ng and Squire and Drs. McCann and Razvi received support from the NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Left ventricular (LV) remodelling develops in a significant proportion of patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and is associated with a high mortality and morbidity [1]. Early identification of patients at risk of LV remodelling may facilitate prompt initiation and optimisation of evidence-based interventions and pharmacological therapies. A number of biomarkers are utilised in this context; the current gold-standard used to predict outcome after AMI, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP), has important limitations in clinical practice, as concentrations fluctuate after AMI [2]. However, in patients with AMI, Nt-proBNP correlates with wall motion index score (WMIS), a measure of LV remodelling and dysfunction [2].
Since the discovery of their stability in the bloodstream [3], [4], microRNAs (miRNAs), short oligonucleotides which down-regulate gene expression, have been the focus of numerous biomarker studies. While the potential utility of miRNAs in the diagnosis of AMI has been addressed in several reports [5] including ours [6], [7], their prognostic value in this setting has received less attention. Interestingly, the temporal profile of circulating miRNAs is related to the development of LV remodelling after AMI [8], which suggested their potential utility as prognostic biomarkers.
A study by Widera et al. reported that plasma levels of cardiac-enriched miR-133a and miR-208b were associated with mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome [9]. Nevertheless, this association lost its significance upon further adjustment with high-sensitivity troponin T. We observed an inverse correlation between initial levels of miR-208b and miR-499 and left ventricular ejection fraction at 4-months follow-up in patients with AMI [7]. However, neither miRNA was of independent prognostic value.
Using a systems-based approach and interaction network analysis, we previously identified 10 miRNAs likely to regulate the expression of genes associated with LV remodelling [10]. Based on the results of preliminary pilot studies, we sought to determine the prognostic value of a group of 4 miRNAs, miR-16/27a/101/150, in a prospective cohort of AMI patients.
Materials and Methods
Patients
We enrolled 150 patients with AMI (Table 1). The diagnosis of AMI was based on presentation with appropriate symptoms of myocardial ischemia, dynamic ST segment elevation, and increase in markers of myocyte necrosis (creatine kinase (CK) and troponin I (TnI)) to above twice the upper limit of the normal range. Venous blood samples for assay of miRNAs and Nt-proBNP were collected in EDTA-aprotinin tubes, immediately prior to discharge (day 3–4 after AMI). Samples were centrifuged within 30 minutes and plasma stored in aliquots at −80°C.
The protocol was approved by the Derbyshire Research Ethics Committee and written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. The conduct of the study was in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Patients were admitted to Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, between September 2004 and March 2005, and were enrolled in a prospective study of LV remodelling after AMI [11]. Half of these patients were treated by thrombolysis and few received primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI), which was not in routine use at this centre at this time. Clinically, no patient had unsuccessful reperfusion and none required transfer for rescue PPCI. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography, as described [11], conducted by a single operator (DK) at discharge and at a median of 176 days (range 138–262 days) after AMI. Left ventricular contractility was evaluated by the LV wall motion index score (WMIS), using a standard 16-segment model from parasternal long- and short-axis and apical two- and four-chamber views. Each LV segment was scored as 0, hyperkinetic; 1, normal; 2, hypokinetic; 3, akinetic; 4, dyskinetic. The total was divided by the number of segments analysed to give an overall score, with higher values indicating more impaired LV contractility. Using this methodology, WMIS = 1.2 is equivalent to LV ejection fraction of 40%, and this value was used to dichotomize patients into those with impaired (WMIS>1.2), and preserved (WMIS≤1.2) LV contractility at follow-up.
Plasma miRNAs determination
Total RNA was extracted from plasma using miRVana PARIS isolation kit (Applied Biosystems, Lennik, Belgium) without enrichment for small RNAs. A mix of 3 spiked-in synthetic C elegans miRNAs were added to plasma samples to correct for extraction efficiency. Potential contaminating genomic DNA was removed by DNase (Qiagen, Venlo, The Netherlands). Reverse transcription of RNA was achieved with the miScript reverse transcription kit (Qiagen). The resulting cDNA was diluted 10-fold before amplification by quantitative PCR with SYBR-green PCR kit and miRNA-specific miScript primer set (Qiagen). Expression levels were calculated with the formula [2 exp (mean Ct spiked-in controls - Ct target miRNA)].
Nt-proBNP assay
Plasma levels of Nt-proBNP at discharge were determined using a non-competitive assay, as described [12]. Detection limit of the assay was 14.4 fmol/mL. Intra- and inter- coefficients of variation were 2.3% 4.8%, respectively. No cross-reactivity with ANP, BNP, or CNP was detected.
Statistical analysis
Patient characteristics.
Comparisons of demographic features and echo parameters between groups of patients with (WMIS>1.2) and without (WMIS≤1.2) impaired LV contractility were performed by Chi-square test for categorical data. For continuous data, comparisons between two groups were performed with t-test for Gaussian data and the Mann-Whitney test on ranks for non-normally distributed data. Normality was assessed with the Shapiro-Wilk test. Analyses were carried out using SigmaPlot v 11.0. For all comparisons, a p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Prediction analyses.
Prediction analyses were performed with R version 2.13.1 with Hmisc, aod, lmtest and AER packages. A p-value was considered significant when lower than 0.05. Clinical features were coded as 1 for presence and 0 for absence. Male was chosen as the reference level for sex in regression models. No data were missing thus no imputation was required.
Model fitting.
WMIS was first dichotomized into two groups (WMIS≤1.2 and WMIS>1.2), which were analysed by logistic regression (models 1 and 2). A patient was classified as WMIS>1.2 when its probability was ≥0.5 and as WMIS≤1.2 otherwise. WMIS was then treated as a continuous variable (models 3 and 4). Since more than a third of the patients had a WMIS value of 1 (the remaining patients having greater values), a left censored tobit regression [13] was performed to model WMIS with different sets of predictors.
Model parameter estimates were tested for nullity using a Wald Chi-square test in logistic regression and a Z test in censored regression. Residuals were analysed graphically both to detect nonlinear relationships between each variable in a model and WMIS, and to check normality assumptions for tobit regression. For logistic regression, odd ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained by exponential transformation of the slope statistics.
Best model selection.
To determine which miRNA or combination of miRNAs had the maximal added value, all 15 possible combinations of miRNAs among the 4 miRNAs measured were generated and successively added to the reference model containing clinical parameters and Nt-proBNP. For each model, a Wald Chi-square test was used to assess the global effect of explanatory variables on WMIS. The added value of miRNAs was tested for significance using the likelihood ratio test (LRT). In the dichotomous case, the continuous net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) [14] were evaluated and tested for nullity. The final model was finally selected by minimizing the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) which is penalized by the number of variables added in the model to avoid over-fitting.
Model validation.
Bootstrap internal validation [15] was used to correct all measures of model performance for over-fitting. For each bootstrap sample (i.e. a random sample of individuals with the same size as the original sample where a given patient can appear several times), the whole model selection process was performed again to select the best model according to the AIC criterion; the original sample was then tested with this model. In order to evaluate over-fitting, NRI and IDI were computed with the test (i.e. original) set and subtracted to the same measures computed with the bootstrap sample to evaluate optimism. Afterwards over-fitting was averaged across 150 bootstrap replications and finally subtracted to the measures obtained with the original sample as a training set.
Borderline patients classification.
Borderline patients were defined as having 1<WMIS<1.4. To determine whether miRNAs improved the classification of these patients, cross-validation was performed by successively omitting these patients one by one during logistic regression. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were then computed and compared exclusively for those patients between both models.
Results
Patient characteristics
Table 1 shows the demographic features of the patients. The vast majority presented with ST-elevation AMI (STEMI). Among the 150 patients enrolled, LV contractility at follow-up was impaired (WMIS>1.2) in 71 (47%) and preserved (WMIS≤1.2) in 79 (53%). Compared to patients with preserved LV contractility, those with impaired contractility had higher levels of troponin I, creatine kinase and Nt-proBNP at discharge. Diuretics were more often prescribed during the index admission in these patients, who also had higher risk of developing congestive heart failure during follow-up (Table 1).
Table 2 shows echocardiographic parameters of LV function, at discharge and at 6-months follow-up. Patients with impaired LV contractility at follow-up had lower EF and higher LV volumes and diameters, both at discharge from the hospital and at 6 months, compared to patients with preserved LV contractility.
Prediction of LV contractility
Logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between miRNAs measured prior to discharge and the later development of impaired LV contractility. Two multivariable models were built. The first model ( = model 1) included the following parameters: age, gender, smoking habit, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, previous MI, infarct type (STEMI vs NSTEMI), infarct territory (anterior vs inferior), and Nt-proBNP level at discharge. The second model ( = model 2) included all the parameters of model 1 with the addition of expression values the 4 miRNAs.
Odds ratios for both models are shown in Figure 1. Patients with anterior STEMI, history of AMI and elevated Nt-proBNP were at high risk of impaired LV contractility (Figure 1A). Plasma levels of each of the 4 miRNAs were associated with the presence or absence of LV dysfunction. Patients with low levels of miR-150/101 or elevated levels of miR-16/27a were at increased risk of impaired LV contractility (Figure 1B).
Nt-proBNP and miRNAs were measured at discharge from the hospital and LV contractility was evaluated by WMIS at 6-months follow-up. Patients were dichotomized according to WMIS using a threshold value of 1.2. Patients with WMIS≤1.2 had preserved LV contractility (n = 79) and patients with WMIS>1.2 had impaired LV contractility (n = 71). Logistic regression models were built to determine the increased risk of impaired LV contractility. A. Model 1 is a multivariable model including indicated clinical parameters and Nt-proBNP. B. Model 2 is a multivariable model including the variables of model 1 and the expression values of miR-16/27a/101/150. CI: confidence interval; OR: odd ratio. Note: X axis is in log scale.
We next determined the added value of combinations of miRNAs. The AIC was used in this analysis since this criterion is adjusted by the number of variables, in contrast to AUC, the use of which involves the possibility of better prediction due to greater number of variables included in the model. Lower AIC is indicative of better model fit. As shown in Table 3, adding the 4 miRNAs to the model with clinical parameters and Nt-proBNP (model 1) resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the AIC from 188.269 to 181.432 (P = 0.005). miR-27a/150 was the smallest combination of miRNAs which generated added value (P = 0.046).
Bootstrap internal validation was used to evaluate the robustness of the models with miRNAs (Figure 2). The principle of this method is to calculate the predictive value of the model after re-sampling patients from the original sample. This approach was also used to evaluate the robustness of miRNAs selection process and confirmed that the 4 miRNA panel provided the optimal improvement of prediction (59% of bootstrap samples). Inclusion in the model of reperfusion therapy did not alter meaningfully the relationship between miRNA expression and LV function (data not shown).
Represented is the percentage of times a combination of miRNAs was selected as providing the best improvement of the prediction of model 1 over 150 bootstrap iterations.
Reclassification analyses
The continuous version of the NRI and the IDI were computed to determine the ability of miRNAs to correctly reclassify patients misclassified by model 1 (Table 4). These are indexes of the change in classification of patients from one category of WMIS to another category (≤1.2 or >1.2). The 4 miRNA panel was able to reclassify a significant proportion of patients, as attested by a NRI of 66% (P = 0.00005) and an IDI of 0.08 (P = 0.001). After bootstrap validation, NRI and IDI were 50% and 0.05, respectively. Several combinations of miRNAs also provided statistically significant reclassifications, such as miR-16/150, miR-27a/150, miR-16/27a/150, or miR-27a/101/150. However, no single miRNA had a statistically significant reclassification capability.
Classification of patients with ambiguous phenotype
To test the utility of the 4 miRNA panel to improve the classification of patients with ambiguous phenotype, we considered patients with 1<WMIS<1.4 (n = 49). At 6-months follow-up, 25 patients had moderate impairment of LV contractility (1.2<WMIS<1.4) and 24 had preserved LV contractility (1<WMIS≤1.2). Logistic regression and leave-one-out cross validation were used in these analyses. Two models were built, one with clinical variables and Nt-proBNP and one with clinical variables, Nt-proBNP and the 4 miRNA panel. The model with clinical variables and Nt-proBNP had a specificity of 75%, but poor sensitivity of 48%. The 4 miRNAs panel increased the sensitivity to 60%, while maintaining the specificity at 75%. With miRNAs, the positive predictive value was increased from 67% to 71%, and the negative predictive value was increased from 58% to 64%. Therefore, the 4 miRNAs panel improved the prognostication of patients with ambiguous phenotype.
Prediction of LV contractility
So far, WMIS was considered as a dichotomized variable and was predicted using logistic regression models. We then investigated whether miRNAs were predictors of WMIS considered as a continuous variable. Fifty five patients had WMIS = 1, indicating fully preserved LV contractility. Due to this left censoring of WMIS values at 1, censored regression (aka “Tobit regression”) was used for prediction analysis. As for logistic regression, two models were built: model 3 includes all clinical variables and Nt-proBNP, and model 4 includes all variables of model 3 and the 4 miRNAs panel. Figure 3A shows the rates of change in WMIS by each variable in model 3. Infarct type, infarct territory and Nt-proBNP were significant predictors of WMIS. Patients with anterior STEMI and elevated Nt-proBNP had increased impaired LV contractility. Figure 3B shows that miR-27a and miR-150 were significantly related to an increased WMIS when added to model 3. The slopes of miR-16 and miR-101 were of borderline significance.
Nt-proBNP and miRNAs were measured at discharge from the hospital and LV contractility was evaluated by WMIS at 6-months follow-up. Censored regression models were built to determine LV contractility. A. Model 3 is a multivariable model including indicated clinical parameters and Nt-proBNP. B. Model 4 is a multivariable model including the variables of model 3 and the expression values of miR-16/27a/101/150. CI: confidence interval.
We determined the ability of each miRNA and of combinations of several miRNAs to improve the predictive value of model 3 (Table 5). While addition of all 4 miRNAs added to the predictive value of model 3 (p = 0.047), no single miRNA did so.
Bootstrap internal validation confirmed that the model including the 4 miRNAs was the best combination in 29% of the 150 iterations performed (Figure 4). MiR-27a was selected solely as the best model in 12% of cases and was included in all top models, demonstrating its contribution to the prediction.
Represented is the percentage of times a combination of miRNAs was selected as providing the best improvement of the prediction of model 3 over 150 bootstrap iterations.
Discussion
In the present study, we evaluated the value of circulating miRNAs for the prediction of LV dysfunction after AMI. A panel of 4 miRNAs improved the prognostic value of a multi-variable clinical model including Nt-proBNP.
Improvement of prognostic value of traditional markers
When added to a model containing clinical variables and Nt-proBNP, the combination of 4 miRNAs, measured prior to discharge from the index admission, improved the identification of patients who subsequently manifested impaired LV contractility. All analyses confirmed that the optimal prognostic value was obtained by the panel of 4 miRNAs. Of these, miR-27a had the strongest individual association with the development of LV systolic dysfunction at 6-month follow-up, elevated levels being associated with 15.9-fold higher risk of dysfunction. However, in censored regression analyses, only the panel of 4 miRNAs added significant prognostic value.
While previous studies investigated the prognostic value of single miRNAs after MI [7], [9], this is the first report of a panel of miRNAs which may aid in prognostication in this setting. Panels of biomarkers, from the miRNA family or others, generate an enhanced predictive value compared to single markers. In this context, Zampetaki and colleagues recently reported an incremental association between baseline expression levels of a panel of 3 miRNAs and the risk of developing MI in the 10 following years in a population-based survey [16].
In addition to improving identification of patients destined to have impaired LV function after AMI, the 4 miRNA panel improved the classification of patients with intermediate phenotype at discharge. After exclusion of patients who at hospital discharge had fully preserved LV contractility (WMIS = 1) or severe contractile dysfunction (WMIS>1.4), the 4 miRNA panel improved the prediction of impaired LV contractility at 6-month follow-up, when added to Nt-proBNP and clinical parameters. The sensitivity of the prediction was improved, and the specificity was preserved. This observation is clinically relevant in view of the difficulty to classify patients with intermediate phenotype.
Functional roles of miRNAs in LV remodelling
It is now clear that miRNAs play active roles in multiple pathways leading to LV remodelling [17]. Three of the 4 miRNAs studied in the present study, miR-27a/101/150, were chosen from a systems-biology approach aimed at identifying miRNAs likely to regulate the expression of genes associated with LV remodelling [10]. The choice of these 3 miRNAs relies on their demonstrated association with LV remodelling [10]. miR-16 was also selected following our finding of its association with key players of LV remodelling [18]. We previously verified that miR-150 regulates LV remodelling, through inhibition of the expression of C-reactive protein and adrenergic receptor beta 1 [10]. Multiple miRNAs are dys-regulated after AMI and during cardiac hypertrophy [19], [20]. Among these, miR-27a is up-regulated and decreases expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, an inhibitor of cardiomyocytes hypertrophy [21], thereby resulting in activation of hypertrophic signals. While cardiac-enriched miR-1 and miR-133 are known to promote arrhythmogenesis [22], [23], few studies demonstrated the involvement of miRNAs in modulation of cardiac contractility [24]. A report showing that miR-27a up-regulates beta-myosin heavy chain expression in cardiac myocytes, through repression of the thyroid receptor beta 1 gene, suggested that miR-27a may stimulate LV contractility [25]. A recent report demonstrated that miR-101 inhibits fibrosis and thus may help preserve LV function after MI [26], conferring a cardioprotective role for this miRNA.
In the current report, Nt-proBNP, miR-16, and miR-27a were positively associated with development of LV dysfunction (odds-ratio>1), in contrast to miR-150 and miR-101 (odds-ratio<1). These observations are consistent with our previous observation that circulating levels of miR-150 are higher in AMI patients without LV dilatation [10], and with data from other groups showing that miR-27a is up-regulated during cardiac hypertrophy [21]. On the other hand, other groups suggested that miR-27a may stimulate contractility [25], [27]. Further studies are required to investigate the functional roles of miRNAs in the development of LV remodelling, as well as their potential as therapeutic target.
Methodological discussion
Our first analyses were performed by logistic regression after dichotomization of patients according to WMIS value. Although a common approach, dichotomization induces loss of information, which can be significant [28]. According to Fedorov et al., for normally distributed data, this loss of information is at least 36% as compared to a situation where the outcome variable is used in its continuous form [29].
Since WMIS is censored at 1 (i.e. 37% of patients were attributed a WMIS of 1, i.e. fully preserved LV contractility), we used censored regression instead of linear regression [13]. In this study, no nonlinear relationships or large deviations from normality were observed when plotting the models residuals. In a more general framework, restricted cubic splines or fractional polynomials could be used to account for these issues. Both censored and logistic regression confirmed the additive value of the 4 miRNAs panel to a multi-parameter clinical model including the gold-standard Nt-proBNP.
Finally, to avoid potential over-fitting due to inclusion of a large number of predictive variables, the AIC was used in statistical analyses as a criterion to select models, and the results were validated by bootstrap.
Limitations
Our study is observational and uses WMIS as a surrogate for prognosis. However, residual LV function is an important determinant of prognosis after AMI [30], and we have demonstrated the association of WMIS with adverse outcome in this cohort [11]. Moreover, our cohort of patients with impaired LV contractility, identified with our miRNA panel, did show elevated risk of developing heart failure after discharge. Coronary reperfusion therapy was utilised in a relatively small proportion of our historical cohort. However, even when included in multivariate model for prediction of WMIS, reperfusion therapy did not alter in any meaningful way the predictive value of miRNA expression. Since reperfusion rate was relatively low in this cohort, and was not included in predictive variables, the prognostic utility of the miRNA panel should be confirmed in a larger cohort of patients managed in the contemporary era of primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Of note, the prognostic value of miRNAs was evident only in combination, not when considered individually.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Christelle Nicolas, Laurent Quennery and Bernadette Leners for expert technical assistance. We thank Stephen Senn for advice on statistical analysis.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: YD IBS. Performed the experiments: MV DK. Analyzed the data: YD OC. Wrote the paper: YD OC IBS. Critically reviewed all sections of the text for important intellectual content: YD MV GPM DK OC LLN DRW IBS.
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