Figures
Abstract
In pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary glands (PASG) recurrent chromosomal rearrangements affecting either 8q12 or 12q14∼15 lead to an overexpression of the genes of the genuine transcription factor PLAG1 or the architectural transcription factor HMGA2, respectively. Both genes are also affected by recurrent chromosomal rearrangements in benign adipocytic tumors as e. g. lipomas and lipoblastomas. Herein, we observed a strong correlation between the expression of HMGA2 and PLAG1 in 14 benign and 23 malignant thyroid tumors. To address the question if PLAG1 can be activated by HMGA2, the expression of both genes was quantified in 32 uterine leiomyomas 17 of which exhibited an overexpression of HMGA2. All leiomyomas with HMGA2 overexpression also revealed an activation of PLAG1 in the absence of detectable chromosome 8 abnormalities affecting the PLAG1 locus. To further investigate if the overexpression of PLAG1 is inducible by HMGA2 alone, HMGA2 was transiently overexpressed in MCF-7 cells. An increased PLAG1 expression was observed 24 and 48 h after transfection. Likewise, stimulation of HMGA2 by FGF1 in adipose tissue-derived stem cells led to a simultaneous increase of PLAG1 mRNA. Altogether, these data suggest that HMGA2 is an upstream activator of PLAG1. Accordingly, this may explain the formation of tumors as similar as lipomas and lipoblastomas resulting from an activation of either of both genes by chromosomal rearrangements.
Citation: Klemke M, Müller MH, Wosniok W, Markowski DN, Nimzyk R, Helmke BM, et al. (2014) Correlated Expression of HMGA2 and PLAG1 in Thyroid Tumors, Uterine Leiomyomas and Experimental Models. PLoS ONE 9(2): e88126. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088126
Editor: Jacques Emile Dumont, Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
Received: August 23, 2013; Accepted: January 6, 2014; Published: February 7, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Klemke et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported in part by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). No additional external funding was received for this study. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
The DNA-binding protein high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) and the zinc finger protein PLAG1 share a common role in the molecular pathogenesis of certain benign tumors, e. g. of the salivary glands and of adipose tissue. Pleomorphic adenomas are benign tumors of myoepithelial origin most often located in the parotid glands. Based on the existence of clonal chromosomal aberrations cytogenetic subtypes of pleomorphic adenomas can be distinguished [1]–[3]. Of these, structural rearrangements involving chromosomal regions 8q12 and 12q14∼15 are most frequently observed. Both types of aberrations seem to occur mutually exclusive [2], [4]–[6] and appear to be causally linked to the development of the disease. Though independently related to the same histologic tumor entity, the target genes rearranged by these aberrations encode proteins with different functions. HMGA2 is located within the region 12q14∼15 which is frequently affected by chromosomal alterations [7]–[9] and encodes a DNA-binding non-histone protein mainly expressed during embryogenesis and in embryonic as well as in adult stem cells [10]–[16]. PLAG1 (Pleomorphic adenoma gene 1) mapping to 8q12 encodes a genuine transcription factor encompassing seven zinc finger domains and a carboxyterminal transactivation domain. PLAG1 is developmentally regulated and highly expressed in certain fetal tissues [17], [18]. Oncogenic activation of PLAG1 plays a key role in the development of lipoblastomas [19], hepatoblastomas [20], chronic lymphocytic leukemia [21] as well as in pediatric gastro-intestinal stromal tumors [22]. PLAG1 has been found to bind the insulin-like growth factor gene (IGF-II) promoter and to stimulate its activity [23]–[25].
Similar but not identical to what is seen in pleomorphic adenomas both genes participate in the genesis of benign adipose tissue tumors. Chromosomal translocations affecting 12q14∼15 and targeting HMGA2 are a common finding in lipomas often as a t(3;12)(q27;q14∼15) [26], [27]. In contrast, translocations of 8q12 are a recurrent cytogenetic deviation in lipoblastomas, i. e. rare benign adipose tissue tumors of early childhood [19], [28]–[30]. Interestingly, pleomorphic adenomas and lipoblastomas share the most frequent type of this rearrangement, i.e. a simple reciprocal translocation t(3;8)(p21;q12). Recently, an infantile lipoblastoma with rearrangements of the HMGA2 locus has been described as well [31]. These findings raise the question why transcriptional activation of either of these two genes leads to the formation of tumors as similar as lipomas and lipoblastomas. One likely explanation is that they both act as part of a common pathway. Besides pleomorphic adenomas and adipose tissue tumors, another link between these two genes has recently emerged: in thyroid tumors, the expression level of HMGA2 has been found to allow a good discrimination between benign and malignant thyroid lesions [32]–[35]. Likewise, Prasad et al. have recently studied the genome-wide mRNA expression patterns of benign and malignant thyroid tumors in a systematic approach aimed at the identification of those genes best suited to distinguish between both types of thyroid lesions. The expression of HMGA2 ranked at the first position followed by Kallikrein 7 (KLK7), Mannose receptor, C type 2 (MRC2), Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), and PLAG1 [36].
Because of the apparent relationship of HMGA2 and PLAG1 in the molecular pathogenesis of salivary gland adenomas and adipose tissue tumors, we also quantified and compared the expression of HMGA2 and PLAG1 mRNA in thyroid adenomas as well as in papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas. To further analyze the relationship between these two genes, we also quantified the PLAG1 expression in 32 uterine leiomyomas (UL) with as well as without 12q14 rearrangements. In addition, the PLAG1 expression was quantified in adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) upon a stimulation of HMGA2 by FGF1. Furthermore, the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, which has previously been used as a model in transfection experiments aiming at the functions of HMG proteins [37], [38], was transiently transfected with a eukaryotic expression vector encoding for wild-type HMGA2 to evaluate whether PLAG1 can be transcriptionally activated by HMGA2.
Methods
Tissue Samples
Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples of 37 thyroid tumors were classified histologically. Fourteen cases were classified as follicular adenomas (FA), eleven tumors were diagnosed as papillary carcinomas (PTC), and four of them were follicular variants (FV PTC). The remaining twelve tumors were follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTC). Cryopreserved tissue samples of 32 uterine leiomyomas that have been analyzed cytogenetically [16], [39]–[41], were also used for quantification of gene expression. The karyotypes of the leiomyomas are given in supplementary Table S1. Karyotype description followed ISCN 2009 [42].
RNA Isolation and Reverse Transcription
In case of thyroid tumors, RNA was isolated from six 5 µm sections of FFPE tissues with the RNeasy FFPE kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). RNA from cryopreserved leiomyoma tissues as well as from cultivated cells (ADSCs and MCF-7 cell line) was isolated with the RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen). Of each sample, 250 ng RNA was used for reverse transcription with M-MLV reverse transcriptase and random hexamers (Invitrogen, Darmstadt, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR)
Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was performed with the TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix on a 7300 Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems) as described elsewhere [32].
The relative quantification of the HMGA2 expression was performed with the HMGA2-specific TaqMan assay Hs00171569_m1 (Applied Biosystems, Darmstadt, Germany). For the detection of the endogenous control HPRT1, primers 5′-GGC AGT ATA ATC CAA AGA TGG TCA A-3′ and 5′-GTC TGG CTT ATA TCC AAC ACT TCG T-3′ were used in combination with the HPRT1-specific hydrolysis probe 6FAM-CAA GCT TGC TGG TGA AAA GGA CCC C-TAMRA. The PLAG1 expression was quantified with the TaqMan assay Hs00231236_m1 (Applied Biosystems). Reaction conditions were as follows: 2 min at 50°C and 10 min at 95°C followed by 50 cycles of 15 sec at 95°C and 1 min at 60°C.
Stimulation of HMGA2 Expression
Human adipose tissue-derived stem cells were obtained and treated as described previously [16]. For stimulation with fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1), cells were plated at a density of 3×105 cells/9.6-cm dish. After 24 hours the serum concentration was reduced to 1%. Another 24 hours later the medium was replaced by serum-free medium supplemented with 25 ng/ml of human recombinant FGF1 (Jena Bioscience, Jena, Germany). Twelve, 24, and 72 hours after growth factor addition, cells were harvested and total RNA was extracted. As controls cells were cultured in medium 199 supplemented with 1% fetal bovine serum (FBS) without FGF1.
Plasmid DNA Purification
Plasmid pCR3.1 containing the sequence coding for human wild type HMGA2 as well as the empty vector serving as a control (for generation of the vectors see [43]) were purified using the NucleoBond Maxi Plus EF Kit (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Cell Culture and Transfection of MCF-7 Cells
The cell line MCF-7 (breast cancer) was maintained in medium 199 (Life Technologies) supplemented with 20% FBS in an incubator at 37°C and 5% CO2. When grown till confluence, cells were passaged using TrypLE Express (Life Technologies). The day before transfection, 150,000 cells were seeded in 6-well plates (Nunc, Wiesbaden, Germany) in 2 ml medium 199 supplemented with 20% FBS and allowed to attach for 24 h. Transfection complexes were prepared in a total volume of 500 µl in serum free medium 199 without antibiotics, 2.5 µg of the respective plasmid DNA and 7 µl Lipofectamine LTX transfection reagent (Life Technologies). A mock control treated with transfection reagent only as well as a non-treated control were included for each incubation period. During the formation of transfection complexes (25 min at room temperature), old growth medium was replaced by 2 ml fresh medium. Transfection complexes were then pipetted drop-wise to the cells. After incubation for 24 h or 48 h, cells were harvested in 350 µl RLT buffer (Qiagen) containing β-mercaptoethanol for RNA isolation using the RNeasy Mini Kit and Qiacube (Qiagen). As a positive control, the expression of IGF2BP2 (synonym: IMP2), which is known to be regulated by HMGA2 [44], [45], was quantified by qRT-PCR as described above using the TaqMan Assay Hs00538956_m1 (Applied Biosystems).
Statistical Analysis
As a measure of association between the relative HMGA2 and PLAG1 expression levels, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was calculated using the data of all 37 thyroid tumor samples analyzed. In addition, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated using the relative expression values as well as the ΔCT values. In case of uterine leiomyomas, the expression levels of both HMGA2 and PLAG1 were classified as high or low based on the ΔCT values (HMGA2: <0/≥0, PLAG1: <3/≥3). The agreement between the HMGA2 and the PLAG1 classes was then quantified and tested by the kappa coefficient of agreement.
Ethics Statement
This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki [46] and the guidelines of the German National Ethics Council [47]. In case of uterine leiomyomas, the use of tissue samples taken from surgically removed tumors was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Ärztekammer Bremen. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. For the investigations on thyroid tumors, archival samples originally taken for diagnostic purposes were used. All thyroid tumor samples were used in previous studies [32], [48].
Results
Expression of HMGA2 and PLAG1 in Adenomas and Carcinomas of the Thyroid
The expression of HMGA2 and PLAG1 was quantified in 37 thyroid tumors. An adenoma with low expression of both genes was chosen as calibrator for the relative quantification. The highest relative HMGA2 expression observed in 14 follicular adenomas was 17.4, whereas the expression levels in four FV PTC ranged between 23.9 and 156.9. Even higher expression levels ranging between 128.2 and 1207.5 were observed in seven PTC (Fig. 1).
The calibrator sample for the quantification of both genes’ expression is a follicular adenoma. Open circle: follicular adenoma; full circle: follicular carcinoma; square: papillary carcinoma; triangle: follicular variant of papillary carcinoma.
Based on their HMGA2 expression, two groups of follicular thyroid carcinomas can be distinguished. Seven cases clearly overexpressed HMGA2 with expression levels ranging between 33.3 and 478.3, whereas in five FTCs the HMGA2 expression was within the range of adenomas (0.4 up to 5.73, Fig. 2).
Box-whisker-plot indicating the relative expression of HMGA2 (light gray) and PLAG1 (dark gray) in five groups of thyroid tumors. Group 1: follicular adenomas (n = 14), group 2: follicular variants of papillary carcinomas (n = 4), group 3: papillary carcinomas (n = 7), group 4: follicular thyroid carcinomas without HMGA2 over-expression (n = 5), group 5: follicular thyroid carcinomas with HMGA2 overexpression (n = 7). The asterisk marks an outlier.
The relative expression of PLAG1 ranged between 0.2 and 19.8 in follicular adenomas and was below ten in twelve of 14 cases (Figs. 1 and 2). In the follicular variants of papillary carcinomas, it ranged between 10.9 and 27.2, and in the classic variants of papillary carcinomas, the PLAG1 expression ranged between 21.3 and 72.2. Akin to HMGA2, PLAG1 is also expressed at higher levels in papillary carcinomas. In the subgroup of follicular carcinomas without or with only slight HMGA2 overexpression, the PLAG1 expression levels ranged between 0.3 and 0.6 in four cases while one case showed a slight overexpression (7.4). In contrast, PLAG1 was expressed at levels between 13.9 and 55.9 in six follicular carcinomas overexpressing HMGA2. No overexpression of PLAG1 (0.9) was detected in only one FTC with high HMGA2 expression.
Thus, as to the expression level of both genes a strong variation was noted even within the group of malignant tumors. If an alternative overexpression of either gene represents different pathways of tumorigenesis one would expect no or even an inverse correlation. On the other hand a correlation would indicate their involvement in just one pathway. Spearman’s correlation coefficient thus was calculated as a measure of association between the HMGA2 and PLAG1 expression for all 37 tumor samples and resulted in a high value (ρ = 0.82, p<0.0001) indicating that the expression of both genes is strongly correlated in thyroid tumors. For reasons of comparison, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated and also indicates a strong correlation when using the ΔCT values (r = 0.77, p<0.0001). Due to the exponential transformation, the linear relationship is less pronounced on the basis of relative gene expression values (r = 0.44, p<0.001).
Expression of HMGA2 and PLAG1 in Uterine Leiomyomas
Recurrent rearrangements affecting the chromosomal band 12q14 are known to cause an overexpression of HMGA2 in uterine leiomyomas. Therefore, UL (n = 32) were chosen to study a presumable effect of HMGA2 on the PLAG1 expression. One myoma with a normal 46,XX karyotype was chosen as calibrator for the qRT-PCR data obtained for both genes.
Of 17 UL with known 12q14 rearrangement including case 646 without cytogenetically visible breakpoint but rearranged HMGA2 locus according to FISH [40], an overexpression of HMGA2 was detected in 16 cases. In the remaining case without elevated HMGA2 expression despite a cytogenetically visible t(12;14)(q15;q24) (no. 503) FISH revealed no rearrangement of the HMGA2 locus [39].
Only 1/15 UL without cytogenetically detectable 12q14 aberration also showed an elevated HMGA2 expression. A hidden rearrangement of HMGA2 was suspected but no evidence for such a rearrangement was obtained by FISH (case 520).
The expression of PLAG1 was clearly elevated in all 17 UL which overexpress HMGA2. In 15 UL with low HMGA2 expression, elevated levels of PLAG1 were detected in only two cases (509 and 617, Fig. 3). Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was calculated for the expression of both genes and resulted in a high value (ρ = 0.75, p<0.0001). Pearson’s correlation coefficient also indicated a significant correlation when it was calculated based on the ΔCT values (r = 0.85, p<0.0001). Similarly a high and significant degree of agreement was found between the low/high expression classification of samples obtained by both parameters (kappa = 0.8735, 95% CI = (0.752, 1.000), see also Table 1).
Open circle: HMGA2, full circle: PLAG1, cross: calibrator sample. Green: the HMGA2 locus is not affected by rearrangement (n = 16), red: the HMGA2 locus is affected by rearrangement (n = 16). In two cases marked with an asterisk, cytogenetic and FISH results differ. A t(12;14)(q15;q24) was visible in case 503, but FISH excluded a rearrangement of HMGA2. In case 646 FISH revealed a hidden rearrangement of HMGA2 [40].
Stimulation of HMGA2 Expression in ADSCs
To stimulate the expression of HMGA2 in ADSCs, FGF1 was chosen because it is a known inducer of HMGA2 [49]. The relative quantification revealed a 3.9-fold increase of the HMGA2 mRNA level 24 h after the addition of FGF1. Simultaneously, the PLAG1 expression increased by 2-fold (Fig. 4). After 48 h, the HMGA2 level decreased only slightly, but a clear peak could not be identified, because the highest level was observed after 72 h with a 4.2-fold increase. The expression of PLAG1 increased continuously to a 2.9-fold expression 72 h after the addition of FGF1.
Light gray: HMGA2, dark grey: PLAG1. Expression levels were measured before and 24, 48 and 72 h after stimulation with the FGF1 protein.
Transient Transfection of the MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Line
The expression of HMGA2 in MCF-7 cells was quantified 24 and 48 h after transfection in mock transfected cells and in cells transfected either with the empty vector or with the vector containing an insert encoding for wild-type HMGA2. qRT-PCR revealed a strongly increased HMGA2 expression in the latter (Fig. 5) indicating successful transfection. In addition, the expression of IMP2 encoding for the insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2 was quantified, because it is a known target of HMGA2 [44], [45]. Whereas no effect was apparent upon transfection with the empty vector, IMP2 was clearly upregulated upon transfection with the vector encoding for HMGA2. Quantifications at both 24 and 48 h after transfection resulted in a similar value of at least 4-fold IMP2 overexpression (Fig. 6). Similar results were obtained for PLAG1, the expression of which remained unaltered by the addition of transfection reagent alone (“mock”) as well as after transfection with the empty vector. Cells transfected with the vector containing the HMGA2 insert, however, showed an approximately 2.8-fold increase in PLAG1 expression as compared to mock transfected cells 24 h as well as 48 h after transfection (Fig. 6).
The gene expression was measured 24(1) and 48 h (2) after transfection. U: untreated cells, M: mock-transfected cells (transfection reagent only), E: cells transfected with the empty expression vector, I: cells transfected with the HMGA2 expression vector.
Light gray: IMP2, dark grey: PLAG1. The gene expression was measured 24 h (1) and 48 h (2) after transfection. The expression level of mock-transfected cells 24 h after transfection was used as calibrator. U: untreated cells, M: mock-transfected cells (transfection reagent only), E: cells transfected with the empty expression vector, I: cells transfected with the expression vector containing the insert encoding for HMGA2.
Discussion
Previous studies on pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary glands have shown that PLAG1 is frequently overexpressed in PASG with normal karyotype as well as with 12q14∼15 abnormalities [50], [51].
Akin to what has been described for PASG, the results of the present study indicate that both genes are co-expressed in thyroid tumors as well as in leiomyomas. In papillary carcinomas (including follicular variants), both genes are expressed at higher levels than in follicular adenomas. Follicular carcinomas with high HMGA2 expression levels also express PLAG1 at elevated levels.
A correlation between chromosomal rearrangements affecting the HMGA2 locus and the HMGA2 protein expression has been shown in uterine leiomyomas [52]. Moreover, it has been shown that in thyroid carcinomas the increased expression of HMGA2 and PLAG1 is detectable on the mRNA as well as on the protein level [53]. Therefore, the correlation of HMGA2 and PLAG1 mRNA expression described herein is expected to reflect a correlation at the protein level as well.
Besides the typical rearrangements involving chromosomal band 8q12 including the most frequent t(3;8)(p21;q12), an activation of PLAG1 in pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary glands occurs also in tumors with 12q14∼15 abnormalities lacking 8q12 aberrations [50]. Besides 13/17 tumors with an apparently normal karyotype, 5/10 pleomorphic adenomas with 12q13∼15 abnormalities were found to overexpress PLAG1. In the same study, the PLAG1 expression was investigated in three UL, and two cases were also found to overexpress PLAG1, but no cytogenetic data were available for these three tumors.
These findings suggest alternative mechanisms of PLAG1 activation in tumorigenesis other than gene rearrangements. The results presented herein point to HMGA2 as an upstream regulator of PLAG1 and are additionally confirmed by the correlation between the expressions of both genes in uterine leiomyomas. An activation of HMGA2 in UL by 12q14 aberrations is well known [7], [39], [54]–[56]. Therefore, we chose 15 UL with an apparently normal karyotype or with chromosomal aberrations affecting regions other than 12q14 and 17 cases with 12q14 aberrations to quantify the expression of PLAG1 and HMGA2 simultaneously. Of the 15 UL showing low HMGA2 levels, 13 also showed low levels of PLAG1. The two remaining cases showed an elevated PLAG1 expression despite a low HMGA2 mRNA expression, thus pointing to mechanisms other than HMGA2 upregulation being responsible for PLAG1 activation. In pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary gland cryptic, intrachromosomal 8q rearrangements have been observed leading to a fusion of PLAG1 with CHCHD7 or TCEA1 [57]. Because the breakpoints are located in the 5′-noncoding regions of both fusion partners, these fusions lead to an activation of PLAG1 by promoter swapping. Similar events that escape detection by conventional cytogenetics may have caused the upregulation of PLAG1 observed in two UL without visible rearrangements affecting 8q12. In all 17 UL with elevated HMGA2 levels a concomitant overexpression of PLAG1 was noted. The fact that increased HMGA2 levels were always linked to elevated PLAG1 levels suggests HMGA2 as an activator of PLAG1. Because no chromosomal rearrangements affecting 8q12 were present in these 17 UL, we assumed that elevated HMGA2 levels caused by 12q14 abnormalities trigger the activation of PLAG1. In turn, HMGA2 may exert its stimulating effect on the growth of UL with 12q14 aberrations [54] at least in part by activating PLAG1, which was shown to possess transactivating capacity [18] and is able to activate downstream target genes like IGF-II.
The observation that FGF1-stimulated expression of HMGA2 is accompanied by increased PLAG1 expression levels (Fig. 4), further supports the hypothesis that HMGA2 exerts a PLAG1-activating function. Likewise, transient overexpression of HMGA2 using an appropriate vector is sufficient to trigger an upregulation of PLAG1. Although factors beside HMGA2 may be involved in the upregulation of PLAG1, comparable to the cooperation between HMGA2 and NF-κB in the transcriptional activation of the IFN-β gene IFNB1 [58], [59] or IMP2 [44], [45], the HMGA2 expression vector alone was sufficient to exert an activating effect not only on the known HMGA2 target IMP2 but also on PLAG1.
In conclusion, it has been shown that PLAG1 overexpression in thyroid carcinomas as well as in uterine leiomyomas with aberrations affecting the chromosomal region 12q14∼15 strongly correlates with the overexpression of HMGA2. The increased expression levels of both genes upon stimulation of ADSCs with FGF1 and particularly the upregulation of PLAG1 upon introduction of an HMGA2 expression vector into the MCF-7 cell line strongly suggest that PLAG1 is regulated by HMGA2 and that histologic similarities observed between benign tumors with either rearrangements of the HMGA2 or the PLAG1 locus result from activation within the same pathway.
Supporting Information
Table S1.
Karyotypes of all 32 uterine leiomyomas.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088126.s001
(DOC)
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: MK JB. Performed the experiments: MK MHM DNM. Analyzed the data: MK WW RN BMH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BMH. Wrote the paper: MK JB.
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