Figures
Abstract
Background
Bone is an uncommon site of metastasis in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, there are few studies concerning the natural history of bone metastasis in patients with HCC.
Patients and Methods
Data on clinicopathology, survival, skeletal-related events (SREs), and bone-directed therapies for 211 deceased HCC patients with evidence of bone metastasis were statistically analyzed.
Results
The median age was 70 years; 172 patients were male (81.5%). The median overall survival was 19 months. The median time to the onset of bone metastasis was 13 months (22.2% at HCC diagnosis); 64.9% patients had multiple bone metastases. Spine was the most common site of bone metastasis (59.7%). Most of these lesions were osteolytic (82.4%); 88.5% of them were treated with zoledronic acid. At multivariate analysis, only the Child Score was significantly correlated with a shorter time to diagnosis of bone metastases (p = 0.001, HR = 1.819). The median survival from bone metastasis was 7 months. At multivariate analysis, HCC etiology (p = 0.005), ECOG performance status (p = 0.002) and treatment with bisphosphonate (p = 0.024) were associated with shorter survival after bone disease occurrence. The site of bone metastasis but not the number of bone lesions was associated with the survival from first skeletal related event (SRE) (p = 0.021) and OS (p = 0.001).
Citation: Santini D, Pantano F, Riccardi F, Di Costanzo GG, Addeo R, Guida FM, et al. (2014) Natural History of Malignant Bone Disease in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Final Results of a Multicenter Bone Metastasis Survey. PLoS ONE 9(8): e105268. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105268
Editor: Antonio Moschetta, IRCCS Istituto Oncologico Giovanni Paolo II, Italy
Received: April 25, 2014; Accepted: July 20, 2014; Published: August 29, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Santini et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most prevalent cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer-related death, although its geographical distribution is heterogeneous with the highest incidence in sub-Saharan Africa and Eastern Asia [1]. The choice of its therapy is related to the stage of the disease, severity of the underlying liver disease, and clinical expertise. Unfortunately, two thirds of patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, when prognosis is poor with 5-year survival rates of less than 20% [2].
HCC is less likely to develop distant metastases, even in the inoperable stage, compared to other solid tumors with the lung as the most common site of localization [3]. Although bone involvement is reported as uncommon in HCC, its incidence has significantly increased in the last decade due to the improvement of overall survival of these patients [4], [5]. One recent study considering 342 HCC patients reported skeletal invasion in approximately 25% of extrahepatic metastases [6].
Axial skeleton is the most frequent localization of bone metastases with a prognostic correlation of the time between the primary HCC occurrence and bone metastases detection [7]. They are mainly osteolytic resulting in significant morbidity and reduced quality of life for patients from the associated skeletal-related events (SRE; defined as pathological fracture, the need for radiotherapy or surgery to bone, spinal cord compression, and hypercalcemia) [8]. Radiotherapy is the most common SRE, playing a role in bone pain palliation, mostly for patients whose liver failure can be associated with a reduced patients’ opioid tolerance. In most of cases, higher radiotherapy doses are required due to the presence of soft tissue masses in addition to bone involvement [9]. Indeed, few retrospective studies evaluated the use of biphosphonates in HCC-bone metastases [4]. Low doses of sorafenib have been associated to long term progression free survival in some patients [10].
Finally, herein we report the results of the largest multicenter study investigating the natural history (and their clinical management) of bone metastases from HCC.
Patients and Methods
Ethics Statement
This multicentre retrospective observational study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the coordinator centre (National Cancer Institute of Bari). According to our Ethics Committee, a written consent was not needed. In fact, this is a retrospective observational study considering only died patients whose recruitment in the survey did not influenced their treatment.
Study design
This retrospective, observational multicentre study aimed at defining the natural history of HCC patients with bone metastasis was conducted in 23 Italian hospital centres in which these patients received diagnosis and treatment of disease from January 1993 to May 2013. Data were collected from HCC patients of all ages who received standard treatments in accordance with each own treating physician’s practice and were not included neither in clinical trials nor experimental protocols. Moreover, patients had at least one bone metastasis during the course of their disease and died of HCC or HCC-related complications. In details, patients were identified as having bone metastasis if two of the following criteria were satisfied: physician reported bone metastasis; bone metastasis identified by bone scan; record of radiotherapy to bone as a palliative therapy; identification of bone metastasis by other imaging assessment (e.g. standard x-rays, computed tomography scans, or magnetic resonance imaging of the skeleton). Data were collected throughout the disease course and during all cancer treatments, including surgery, radiation therapy, locaregional therapies, chemotherapy, and biological therapies. Variables assessed included age, sex, aetiology, grading, Child score at diagnosis, presence and type of locoregional treatment, the median value of Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) at diagnosis, number and sites of bone metastasis, visceral metastases, ECOG performance status (PS) at the moment of bone metastases diagnosis, time to appearance of bone metastasis, times to first and subsequent SREs (from diagnosis of bone metastasis), SRE types, survival after bone metastases diagnosis and after first SRE, systemic therapy with Sorafenib and type and time of bisphosphonate therapy.
Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics were used for patient demographics and incidence of SREs. All survival intervals were determined by the Kaplan-Meier method. The differences in survival according to clinical parameters or treatment were evaluated by the log-rank test and described by the Kaplan–Meier method unless otherwise specified. In the univariate model, all the clinical variables were evaluated as predictors for shorter time to bone metastasis, shorter time from bone metastases to SRE and shorter time from bone metastases to death. Patients who did not have a recorded date for a specific event were censored at the date of death. Finally, the Cox proportional hazards model was applied to the multivariate survival analysis. All the significant variables in the univariate model were used to build the multivariate model of survival, and median values were derived from whole-month values rather than fractions. SPSS software (version 20.00; SPSS, Chicago, IL) was used for statistical analysis. A p value<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Patient characteristics
We retrospectively enrolled 211 patients died from HCC with bone metastasis. Of them, 172 patients were male (81.5%). The median age was 70 years (SD +/−9). Tumor etiology of HCC was HBV related in 35/211 (16.5%) patients, HCV related in 110/211 (52.1%) patients, alcohol related in 20/211 (9.4%) patients and other causes-related in 46/211 (21.8%) patients. The subgroup with Child A was the largest (69.8%) patients, followed by the subgroup with Child B (22.0%) and Child C (8.2%) patients. The majority of patients (132/211; 62.6%) was treated with Sorafenib. The remaining baseline characteristics as grading, presence and type of locoregional treatment, presence of visceral metastases and the median value of AFP at diagnosis were summarized in Table 1.
Skeletal metastases
The ECOG PS at the moment of bone metastasis diagnosis was 0 for 51/194 patients (26.3%), 1 for 78/194 (40.2%), 2 for 50/194 (25.8%), 3 for 15/194 (7.7%) and unknown in 17 patients (8%). One hundred and sixty one patients (77.8%) developed bone metastasis after HCC diagnosis while 46 patients (22.2%) showed bone metastasis at the time of HCC diagnosis; 137 of 211 patients (64.9%) had multiple bone metastases and the remaining 74/211 patients (35.1%) showed single lesion. Spine were the most common site of bone metastasis (126/211; 59.7%) followed by hip (74/211; 35.1%) and long bones (41/211; 19.4%) and are consistent with previous reports. Osteolytic lesions (169/205; 82.4%) were far more prevalent in this group than the mixed ones (20/205; 9.8%) and osteoblastic lesions (16/205; 7.8%). More than half of the patients (127/211; 60.1%) experienced at least one SRE while, two and three SREs have been reported in 18.9% (40/211) and 2.8% (6/211) of patients, respectively (Table 2). Considering only the first SRE, radiotherapy to bone is the most common (70/127 patients; 55.1%), followed by pathologic fracture (31/127; 24.4%), spinal cord compression (12/127; 9.4%), surgery to bone (7/127; 5.5%) and hypercalcemia (7/127; 5.5%) while for second and third SRE, radiotherapy to bone also had the greater incidence with 47.5% (19/40) and 66.6% (4/6) respectively. Equally, considering all the different SREs, radiotherapy to bone is the most common SRE (53.7% of all events), followed by pathologic fracture (20.8%), spinal cord compression (9.8%), surgery to bone (8%) and hypercalcemia (7.5%). Among the 211 patients with bone metastasis, 105/211 (49.7%) patients received therapy with bisphosphonate: 93 patients (88.5%) were treated with Zoledronic Acid, 6 patients (5.6%) with Pamidronate and 7 patients (6.6%) with other agents, respectively. No patient developed osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) (Table 2).
Predictive factors of onset of bone metastasis
The median time to the onset of bone metastasis was 13 months (CI 95% 9.29–16.71 months). At univariate analysis (Table 3), the median time to the onset of skeletal disease was significantly shorter according to type of locoregional treatment (17 months for interventional radiology vs. 10 months for surgery; CI 95% 8.41−11.58 and 10.82−23.17, respectively; p = 0.037), Child Score (p<0.001) and in patients with higher median AFP at diagnosis (p = 0.040). At multivariate analysis, only the Child Score was confirmed and independently correlated with a shorter time to diagnosis of bone metastases (Table 3) (p = 0.001; HR: 1.819).
Predictive factors of survival after bone metastases diagnosis
The median survival from the diagnosis of bone metastasis was 7 months (CI 95% 5.36–8.64 months). The univariate analysis, reported in Table 4, demonstrates that the median survival after diagnosis of bone metastases was significantly shorter according to HCC etiology (4 months for HBV, 7 months for HCV, 9 months for alcohol related and 8 months for other causes; CI 95% 2.18−5.81, 5.61−8.38, 4.73−13.26 and 5.10−10.89 months, respectively; p = 0.003), ECOG PS (p = 0.002), in patients with bone metastasis localized to spine (p = 0.006) and did not receive any bisphosphonate treatment (p = 0.001). Notably, at multivariate analysis (Table 4) all these parameters were confirmed and independently correlated with a shorter survival after bone disease occurrence (p = 0.005 with HR: 0.785 for etiology; p = 0.002 with HR: 1.341 for ECOG PS and p = 0.024 with HR: 0.669 for bisphosphonate treatment, respectively), excluding bone metastasis to spine (p = 0.075 with HR: 1.339).
Predictive factors of survival after HCC diagnosis
Considering all patients included in this study (N = 211) the median overall survival time from diagnosis of HCC was 19 months (CI 95%, 15.62–22.38) while the median survival from the start of Sorafenib was 9 months (CI 95%, 7.44–10.56 months) and median time to progression was 5 months (CI 95%: 3.70–6.30 months). The univariate analysis, reported in Table 5, demonstrates that the median overall survival was significantly correlated to Grading (p = 0.019), Child score at diagnosis (p = 0.001), presence of bone metastasis localized to spine (p = 0.018) and absence of any locoregional treatment (p<0.001). At multivariate analysis, absence of locoregional treatment (p<0.001; HR: 0.265), Child score at diagnosis (p = 0.049; HR: 1.572) and presence of bone metastasis to spine (p = 0.001; HR = 2.281) were confirmed and independently correlated with a shorter overall survival (Table 5).
Skeletal outcomes and SREs in the overall population
The median number of SREs experienced by patients was one (range 0–3). Median survival after development of the first SRE was 8 months (CI 95% 7.17–8.20 months). The univariate analysis, reported in Table 6, demonstrates that the median survival after development of the first SRE was significantly shorter according to the type of first SRE (2 months for spinal cord compression, 3 months for surgery to bone, 4 months for pathological fracture, 5 months for hypercalcemia and for radiation to bone; CI 95%: 0.32–3.67, 0.00–7.80, 2.24–5.75, 0.00–10.13 and 3.79–6.20 months respectively; p = 0.024) and in patients that did not receive any locoregional treatment (p<0.001), bisphosphonate therapy (p = 0.001) and with presence of bone metastasis localized to spine (p = 0.027). At multivariate analysis, locoregional treatment and presence of bone metastastasis localizated to spine were confirmed and independently correlated with a shorter survival after development of the first SRE (p = 0.030; HR: 4.709 and p<0.001; HR: 12.280, respectively) (Table 6). The median time to first SRE after confirmed diagnosis of bone metastasis was 3 months (CI 95%, 2.27–3.73 months), indicative of the severity of bone metastasis in HCC. The median time to second SRE was 6 months and to third SRE was 9 months. At univariate analysis (Table 7), the median time to first SRE after confirmed diagnosis of bone metastasis was significantly shorter according to Child Score (p<0.001), ECOG PS (p = 0.014) and in patients with presence of bone metastasis localized to Spine (p = 0.021) and in other site excluding hip, long bones and the same spine (p = 0.021). At multivariate analysis, only bone metastasis localized in other site which are not spine, hip and long bones were confirmed and independently correlated with a shorter time to first SRE after confirmed diagnosis of bone metastasis (p = 0.025; HR: 0.570). All data described are reported in Table 7.
Skeletal outcomes and SREs according to time of bone metastases appearance
The entire population was divided in three subpopulations (synchronous bone metastases, metachronous bone metastases and patients with only bone metastases) and each subgroups was characterised for the following parameters: clinical, pathological and bone metastases characteristics, SREs and skeletal outcomes.
The three groups were homogeneous for age, gender, visceral metastases, type, site and number of bone lesions and type and number of SRE. Interestingly, median survival after bone metastases diagnosis resulted the same (7 months) in the three groups of patients, indicative of the poor prognosis strictly related to the presence of bone disease in HCC patients.
Discussion
Bone is an uncommon site of metastasis in HCC, with the incidence ranging from 3% to 20% [11]–[14]. Anyway bone involvement in patients with HCC is increased in the last decades probably due to the longer survival of HCC patients related to recent progresses made both in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease [14], [15]. Some retrospective studies with a limited number of patients have described the characteristics of bone metastasis from HCC [11]–[16]. To our knowledge, this study is the recent largest multicentre survey investigating the natural history of metastatic bone disease in patients with HCC. Approximately less than one third presented bone metastasis at the time of initial HCC diagnosis, whereas the others developed bone metastasis during disease progression. Interestingly, median survival after bone metastases diagnosis resulted the same in both groups (7 months). Moreover, these two populations of bone metastatic HCC patients did not show any significant difference in terms of clinical, pathological and bone metastases characteristics, SREs and skeletal outcomes. The lack of differences could be indicative of the poor prognosis associated with the presence of bone disease in HCC patients. Among all the clinical and pathological parameters predicting the appearance of metastasis, only the Child Score resulted independently correlated early bone progression. This is the first report that indicates the Child Score not only as a predictor of overall survival, but also of a greater tendency to bone metastatization and biological osteotropism of HCC. The most common site (spine) and type (osteolytic) of bone metastasis are consistent with previous smaller reports and were confirmed in this study [14], [16]. Moreover, we found in the multivariate analysis that the localization of bone metastasis to spine is correlated with a shorter survival after development of first SRE and, in addition, a shorter overall survival from HCC diagnosis. This is quite different from the analysis of other bone metastasic hystotypes and from the previous reports in HCC [17]. Thus, we have found that the site of metastasis is correlated with survival, whereas the number of bone lesions do not.
Prospective data on the efficacy of bisphosphonates in bone metastatic HCC are lacking in literature [18]. This study revealed also that the bisphosphonate treatment impact on survival from the diagnosis of bone metastasis but, surprisingly, not on time to first SRE. It is possible that this result may be influeced by a selection bias exposed in the limitations of this study. Limitations of this study include its retrospective design and inclusion of an unselected heterogeneous cohort of patients with all types of aetiologic variants of HCC, liver function variants (Child score) as well as only approximately more than half of patients have been treated with Sorafenib. However, the types of patients included in this study represent the typical scenario of a real clinical practice. Another limitation is the heterogeneity of standardized methods used for detecting bone metastases, with each methodology having its own limit of detection. In summary, the results presented in this multicenter survey represent a significant improvement in the understanding the natural history of skeletal disease in HCC patients. In particular, we showed that the presence of bone metastases should always be considered in patients with a worst Child Score, even in the absence of clear symptoms, due to associated greater biological osteotropism. Second, the site of bone metastasis but not the number of the lesions is an important prognostic factor of survival from first SRE and, surprisingly, of overall survival. With impact on clinical practice, our results showed also that the use of bisphosphonates has an impact on survival from the diagnosis of bone metastasis in this population and, even if the study was unpowered to demonstrate that, bisphosphonates therapy should be considered.
The major limitation of this study is the absence of the control group. In fact, this study was designed as a retrospective observational study, aimed to describe only the natural history of HCC patients with bone metastases.
Finally, we found a significantly longer median survival after bone metastases diagnosis (7 months) compared to previous reports [14], [17]. This is extremely important since longer survival means augmented risk of SRE e subsequent worsening in quality of life (QOL).
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: DS FP NS. Performed the experiments: FR GGDC RA FMG MSC SB PB SM PM AR M. Scartozzi LF M. Santoni EM FS MT TI GM AG A. Comandone NF A. Conti II SP EG S. Cinieri S. Cascinu VC VOP GI MA CDG AT VL AEB. Analyzed the data: DS FP FR NS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: FR GGDC RA FMG MSC SB PB SM PM AR M. Scartozzi LF M. Santoni EM FS MT TI GM AG A. Comandone NF A. Conti II SP EG S. Cinieri VC VOP GI MA AT VL AEB. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: DS NS.
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