Changes in Membrane Plasmalogens of Clostridium pasteurianum during Butanol Fermentation as Determined by Lipidomic Analysis

Jan Kolek; Petra Patáková; Karel Melzoch; Karel Sigler; Tomáš Řezanka

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122058

Abstract

Changes in membrane lipid composition of Clostridium pasteurianum NRRL B-598 were studied during butanol fermentation by lipidomic analysis, performed by high resolution electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The highest content of plasmalogen phospholipids correlated with the highest butanol productivity, which indicated a probable role of these compounds in the complex responses of cells toward butanol stress. A difference in the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids was found between the effect of butanol produced by the cells and butanol added to the medium. A decrease in the proportion of saturated fatty acids during conventional butanol production was observed while a rise in the content of these acids appeared when butanol was added to the culture. The largest change in total plasmalogen content was observed one hour after butanol addition i.e. at the 7th hour of cultivation. When butanol is produced by bacterial cells, then the cells are not subjected to severe stress and responded to it by relatively slowly changing the content of fatty acids and plasmalogens, while after a pulse addition of external butanol (to a final non-lethal concentration of 0.5 % v/v) the cells reacted relatively quickly (within a time span of tens of minutes) by increasing the total plasmalogen content.

Citation: Kolek J, Patáková P, Melzoch K, Sigler K, Řezanka T (2015) Changes in Membrane Plasmalogens of Clostridium pasteurianum during Butanol Fermentation as Determined by Lipidomic Analysis. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0122058. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122058

Academic Editor: Ing-Feng Chang, National Taiwan University, TAIWAN

Received: October 8, 2014; Accepted: February 10, 2015; Published: March 25, 2015

Copyright: © 2015 Kolek et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

Funding: Support was provided by: the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, project No. MSM 6046137305, (http://www.msmt.cz/) to KM PP (this funder had a role in data collection and preparation of the manuscript); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Specific University Research MSMT No. 20/2014, (http://www.msmt.cz/) to JK (this funder had a role in data collection); the Grant Agency of Czech Republic, GACR P503/11/0215, (http://www.gacr.cz/) to TŘ (this funder had a role in data collection and analysis); Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institutional Internal Project RVO61388971, (http://www.biomed.cas.cz/mbu) to TŘ (this funder had a role in publication fee payment).

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Introduction

Renewable butanol, which currently attracts the attention of many researchers, might become a prized fuel extender or a valued chemical substance if obstacles to its fermentative production, namely low final concentration, yield and process productivity, could be overcome. The most typical solventogenic species, Clostridium acetobutylicum, forms butanol by acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation of sugars. In batch culture, exponentially growing cells produce organic acids, which lower the pH of the medium. As the culture enters stationary phase, metabolism of the organism changes, carbohydrates and a proportion of preformed organic acids are converted into organic solvents, mainly butanol and acetone, and the cells sporulate [1]. However, some solventogenic clostridia, e.g. Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium pasteurianum, and others, may convert substrates into butanol by an ABE process that differs from the classical pattern and in which acidogenic and solventogenic phases overlap; butanol production starts during exponential growth, produced acids need not be completely transformed into solvents and the ratio between produced solvents (butanol:acetone:ethanol) differs from the typical one (6:3:1) [2,3]. The strain used for this study, Clostridium pasteurianum NRRL B-598, excels in oxygen tolerance, is not prone to degeneration (loss of solvent production), its physiology has been described [4–7] and its genome has been published recently [8].

The mechanism of butanol toxicity is related to the hydrophobic-hydrophilic nature of this compound. The primary effects of this molecule, studied in C. acetobutylicum, appears to be disruption of the phospholipid component of the cell membrane [9], variations in membrane composition and fluidity [10] and an increase in the proportion of saturated fatty acids and the mean acyl chain length of fatty acids in the cell membrane. Changes in membrane fluidity in the presence of butanol results in destabilization of the membrane and disruption of membrane-linked functions.

Several mechanisms of membrane adaptation to a high concentration of butanol are possible—a change in the degree of saturation of fatty acids, cis/trans isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids, including changes of a double bond to a cyclopropane ring, and changes in the composition and dynamics of phospholipids [10,11,12]. The most important of these mechanisms is the composition and turnover of phospholipids, which have only been studied in detail in aerobic bacteria [12,13].

Fatty acids in complex lipids of the obligate anaerobe genus Clostridium have been thoroughly described [14]. The species C. pasteurianum has been studied much less than the important butanol producer C. acetobutylicum or the pathogenic C. tetani. The major fatty acid found in C. pasteurianum was palmitic acid. Also, changes in membrane fatty acid content during ABE fermentation and butanol-chalenge cultivation were measured previously in type strain C. pasteurianum ATCC 6013 [15]. The most abundant alk-1-enyl chain commonly found in position sn-1 of plasmalogens was c-17:0 (cis-9,10-methylene-hexadecanoic acid) [16]. However, it should be noted that out of the many studies on lipids found in this genus, only Johnston and Goldfine [16] have identified alkenyl chains in C. pasteurianum.

A similar situation occurs with complex lipids. The most thoroughly studied strains are pathogens such as C. tetani [17], C. botulinum [18], some other strains such as C. novyi [19] and C. psychrophilum [20], and the butanol producer C. acetobutylicum [21]. The content of polar lipids in C. pasteurianum was studied several decades ago [16] and thus the data cannot be easily compared with results obtained by modern methods, especially by soft ionization mass spectrometry (see the above references). Based on published data [1], we can assume that the major polar lipids in C. pasteurianum are likely to include phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), phosphatidyl glycerol (PG), phosphatidyl serine (PS), and cardiolipin (CL, i.e. bis-phosphatidyl glycerol) in both diacyl and plasmalogen forms, since the species belongs to “related organisms in cluster 1, and many of these organisms are capable of producing alcohols and solvents”[14]. The main goal of this study is to describe changes in membrane phospholipid (plasmalogen) composition and concentrations in C. pasteurianum NRRL B-598, elicited by both solvent formation and sporulation (cell cycle), using lipidomic analysis by high resolution electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) on an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. In addition, changes in cell fatty acids and plasmalogen contents after butanol addition to solvent non-producing cells of this strain are described for the first time.

Material and Methods

Microorganism and culture conditions

The solvent-producing strain C. pasteurianum NRRL B-598 (for its draft DNA sequence see http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/231609), maintained as a spore suspension, was used throughout this study. The strain was grown at 37°C in a 7 l laboratory BIOSTAT B bioreactor (B. Braun Biotech Int., Germany) with 4 l modified TYA medium [22] (containing g/l: glucose 20; yeast extract 2; tryptone 6; KH₂PO₄ 0.5; ammonium acetate 3; MgSO₄.7H₂O 0.3; FeSO₄.7H₂O 0.01), at 200 rpm agitation and without pH control. The bioreactor was inoculated with 10% v/v of a 18-h culture grown from spores. Two liquid samples were taken during fermentation for substrate, biomass and product analyses, and for lipid extraction and isolation. For extraction of lipids, biomass samples from cultivation broth (500 ml) were harvested by centrifugation (8.000 x g for 10 min. at 4°C). After washing with deionized water, biomass was resuspended in 20 ml of deionized water and lyophilized using a Modulyo freeze dryer (Thermo Electron Corporation, USA).

Cultivation with butanol challenge

Cultivation with butanol addition was carried out under the same conditions as described above. Six hours after the beginning of culture, pure 1-butanol (Sigma-Aldrich, Prague, Czech Republic) was added to the bioreactor, to a final concentration of 0.5% (v/v).

Growth measurement

Cell concentration was gravimetrically determined as biomass dry weight. The dry weight of biomass was measured from 2ml samples taken during fermentation, centrifuged (10.000 x g for 5 min.), washed with deionized water, and dried at 105°C for two hours. Dry cell biomass was weighed after cooling to room temperature in a desiccator and the remaining supernatant was used for substrate and product analyses. Results represent average values of three measurements.

Substrate and product analyses

The concentrations of glucose, butyric acid, acetic acid, acetoin, butanol, acetone and ethanol were measured in the microfiltered (0.2 μm nitrocellulose membrane) supernatant of culture broth by HPLC (Agilent Series 1200 HPLC; Agilent, Spain) using a Polymer IEX H⁺ column (Watrex, Czech Republic) and refractive index (RID) detection (Agilent Series 1200 Refractive Index Detector; Agilent, Spain). Isocratic elution with a mobile phase of 5mM H₂SO₄ used the following parameters: stable column temperature 60°C; mobile phase flow rate 0.5 ml/min; injection sample volume 20 μl.

Measurement of fermentation gases

During fermentation, gases from the headspace of the bioreactor were collected in 80 l gas-tight Tedlar^® bags with a valve, and the total gas volume was measured at the end of fermentation using a gas pump. Gas composition was determined by the gas chromatograph (HP 6890 Series GC System) equipped with an Agilent CHROMPACK CP capillary column (column parameters: 50m×0.53mm; film thickness 15μm) and a thermal conductivity detector. GC parameters were the following: amount of sample, 500 μl; inlet temperature, 150°C; pressure, 60 kPa; flow in the column, 7.8 ml/min; carrier gas, nitrogen.

Lipid extraction and isolation

All chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Prague, Czech Republic). The extraction procedure was based on the method of Bligh and Dyer [23], except that 2-propanol was substituted for methanol, since isopropanol does not serve as a substrate for phospholipases [24]. The alcohol-water mixture of the frozen cells was cooled, one part of chloroform was added and the lipids were extracted for 30 min. Insoluble material was sedimented by centrifugation and the supernatant was separated into two phases. The aqueous phase was aspirated and the chloroform phase was washed three times with two parts 1 M KCl each. The resulting chloroform phase was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure.

LiAlH₄ reduction and separation of 1-alkenyl-sn-glycerols by TLC

Total lipids were reduced with lithium aluminium hydride (LiAIH₄) by a modified procedure described by Wood and Snyder [25]. Briefly, LiAlH₄ (15 mg in 3 ml of diethyl ether) was added to 3 mg of total lipids in 1 ml of ether. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 1 hour and 3 ml of distilled water, 3 ml of 4% acetic acid, and 3 ml of diethyl ether were added. The diethyl ether phase was then removed, evaporated to dryness and separated by TLC (PLC Silica gel 60, glass plates 20 x 20 cm x 2 mm, Merck, Prague, Czech Republic) using a mixture of diethyl ether-30% aqueous ammonium hydroxide (99.75:0.25 v/v). Band visualization was carried out with 0.2% 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein in ethanol and the appropriate band (R_f 0.5, i.e. 1-alkenyl-sn-glycerol) was scraped off from the preparative plates, eluted by a diethyl ether-water (99.5:0.5 v/v) mixture, evaporated and analyzed by MS.

Lipidomic analysis by high resolution ESI

A high resolution hybrid mass spectrometer LTQ Orbitrap Velos (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Prague, Czech Republic) was used. ESI–MS analysis was performed in the positive ion mode. MS spectra were obtained by the FT mode and were acquired with target mass resolution of R = 30.000 at m/z 400 (lock mass 413.6662 Da). The ion spray voltage was set at -2500V and the scan range of the instrument was m/z 200–1500. Nitrogen was used as a nebulizer gas set at 18 arbitrary units (sheath gas) and 7 arbitrary units (aux gas). Helium was used as a collision gas for collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments. A CID normalization energy of 35% was used for the fragmentation of parent ions. The MS/MS product ions were detected in the low resolution FT mode. Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) was used for sample introduction into the heated ESI (H-ESI) ion source. Pure acetonitrile was used at a flow rate of 150 μl/min. The H-ESI temperature was set to 250°C.

Results

Standard Batch cultivation

An initial glucose concentration of 20 g/l was chosen so as to be able to follow the changes in membrane plasmalogens of C. pasteurianum, during both acid and solvent production, spanning one complete sporulation cycle. The bioreactor was inoculated with an 18-h culture containing only vegetative cells. At the end of fermentation, numerous spores were released from mother cells. If the glucose concentration was higher, the spores would germinate and a second incomplete sporulation cycle would be started, as observed during previous experiments (data not shown).

The main indicators of batch fermentation, i.e. concentration of products and substrate, growth curve and pH, are shown in Fig. 1A and B. In addition to values presented in Fig. 1, acetic acid, acetoin and ethanol concentrations were also determined but they are not shown because they were formed in negligible amounts (ethanol, acetoin) or their concentrations did not change significantly (acetic acid). Both Fig. 1A and 1B unambiguously show that the production of butanol by this strain starts during the early exponential growth phase and follows that of butyric acid with only a small delay. Calculated fermentation parameters during individual growth phases, marked by Roman numerals (Fig. 1B), are shown in Table 1; the highest values for both butyric acid and butanol productivities were reached during the exponential growth phase, whereas glucose consumption rate was the highest during the stationary phase. This might be ascribed to sporulation, which is highly energy-consuming and culminated in this period. A decrease in butyric acid productivity during stationary phase can be explained by its moderate consumption, together with glucose; a decrease in butanol concentration during late stationary phase was caused by its evaporation and stripping by fermentation gas leaving the bioreactor. In total, 29 l fermentation gas were formed, comprising 37% v/v hydrogen and 63% v/v carbon dioxide.

Download:

Fig 1. Main variables characterizing batch fermentation and butanol challenge cultivation of C. pasteurianum together with plasmalogen content.

A,B—fermentation without added butanol, C,D—fermentation with butanol pulse addition (to a final concentration of 0.5% (v/v)), 6 h from the start of fermentation. Numbers I, II, III, IV correspond to growth phases. The abundance of total plasmalogens is given in the intensity of reconstructed ion currents (dimensionless value). The presented data are average from three replicates; standard deviations of substrate and products HPLC analyses did not exceed 5%.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122058.g001

Download:

Table 1. Fermentation parameters.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122058.t001

Butanol challenge cultivation

A final concentration of 0.5% (v/v) added 1-butanol in the butanol challenge experiment led to a sudden slowing of growth rate, which was followed by another increase in biomass concentration and butanol production. The butanol concentration increased considerably after butanol addition and its final concentration in the medium was higher than during standard batch cultivation. Addition of butanol led to a decrease in butyric acid production (Fig. 1C and D); pH and spore formation values were not significantly affected. Fermentation gasses (total volume 27.5 l) were of the same composition as during batch cultivation.

Lipidomic analysis

Lipids were obtained from the lyophilized C. pasteurianum cells by extraction, according to Bligh and Dyer [23]. The major fatty acids were found to be palmitic and oleic acids, and the major plasmenyl chain was methyleneoctadecanal (c-19:0). Table 2 shows the clear dependence of fatty acid and plasmalogen content in total lipids on culture age, and on butanol addition in butanol challenge cultivations. The highest level of dimethylacetals, and therefore plasmalogen phospholipids, occurred in batch cultivation after 12 h, i.e. at the time when production of butyric acid was already constant (Fig. 1) and butanol productivity (0.5 g/l/h) was maximal (Table 1). During the butanol challenge cultivation we found a significant increase in plasmalogen phospholipid content immediately after butanol addition (Fig. 1). To determine how the FAs or plasmalogens are bound in polar lipids, we carried out a complex analysis of polar lipids. The most abundant molecular species in all 4 major phospholipids (PE, PG, PS and CL) was the combination of palmitic acid and a c-19:0 plasmenyl chain (see mass spectra in S1–S5 Figs). Detailed analyses revealed other polar lipids, especially glycolipids, in amounts lower than those of the above 4 phospholipids. As a part of further analyses, we therefore simplified the determination of total plasmalogen forms of polar lipids.

Download:

Table 2. Fatty acid and dimethylacetal composition in C. pasteurianum.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122058.t002

Our method is based on TLC separation and mass spectrometric identification of the 1-alk-1´-enylglyceryl ethers that are formed by LiAlH₄ hydrogenolysis of phosphate and carboxylate esters of phospholipids [25]. TLC separation of the reaction mixture yielded a corresponding band of alkenyl glyceryl ethers, which was used to identify appropriate homologs by ESI MS (see Materials and Methods). Fig. 2 shows the mass spectrometry profile, which indicates that the major compound was c-19:0 glyceryl ether. These steps, i.e. reduction, separation and determination by ESI MS were performed in order to simplify the identification of plasmalogens. Of note is that one of the most abundant molecular species, c-p-19:0–16:0/16:0-c-p-19:0, involves 13 pseudomolecular ions. Based on this finding we therefore carried out a determination of all plasmalogens in the form of alkenyl glyceryl ethers.

Download:

Fig 2. High resolution electrospray mass spectrum (ESI–MS) of plasmalogen alcohols (1-alkenyl-sn-glycerols) from C. pasteurianum.

For experimental conditions, see ‘‘Material and Methods“. Numbers correspond to accurate mass values.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122058.g002

Discussion

Strain C. pasteurianum NRRL B-598, does not follow the typical ABE fermentation pattern, which was established for the most frequently studied strain, C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824. It differs from this strain especially in the early commencement of butanol production and a moderate re-consumption of previously formed acids. Its physiology, described in detail elsewhere [4–6], seems to be quite close to C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 [3]. In addition, the strain also differs from the type strain C. pasteurianum DSM 525 in its inability to consume glycerol, but resembles the type strain in the massive production of hydrogen.

Butyric acid and butanol cause stresses which mutually overlap, and elicit a complex response in the cell culture. For C. acetobutylicum, it was postulated that this mechanism includes regulation of cell membrane fluidity. Usually, changes in membrane fluidity are described as being based on an increase in the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids and a lengthening of fatty acid chains under stress conditions [9,26,27]. At variance with previous studies [9,10] we observed a decrease in the proportion of saturated fatty acids during conventional butanol production while a rise in the content of these acids appeared when butanol was added to the culture.

However, discrepancies regarding fatty acid formation under butanol stress during ABE fermentation have been documented in various studies. Thus, for example, Tomas et al. [28] reported that in two strains derived from C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824, genes of the fatty acid operon were down-regulated under butanol stress, whereas Wang et al. [30], when studying the same organism, observed up-regulation of fatty acid metabolism genes, under both butanol and butyrate stresses. Changes in membrane fluidity caused by the altered compositions of fatty acids cannot be the sole reason for the tolerance of microorganisms toward alcohols since most alcohol-tolerant organisms differ from intolerant ones in altered lipid contents that do not affect membrane fluidity to the same degree [31].

The phospholipid content, including their plasmalogen forms, of the obligate anaerobe genus Clostridium varies widely (see the Introduction). Based on our preceding analyses of lipids [32–34], we first performed a fast screening of polar lipids of C. pasteurianum. Lipidomic analysis by high resolution ESI on an Orbitrap mass spectrometer showed that, like other species of the genus Clostridium, C. pasteurianum also contains PE, PG, PS and CL as major lipid classes, both as diacyl and alkenyl (plasmenyl) acyl chains. In keeping with the literature data on other Clostridium species [14] the CL of C. pasteurianum also contained tetracyl, triacyl-plasmenyl and diacyl-diplasmenyl subclasses of CLs.

The highest concentration of membrane plasmalogens was reached approximately in the middle of exponential phase, when the cells produced butanol with the highest productivity. This correlates with the findings for C. acetobutylicum [21,35] that increased formation of plasmalogens, especially cardiolipin, reflects homeoviscous adaptation of cells under solvent-induced stress conditions. Cardiolipin changes in the cell membrane during solvent stress seem to be an important part of a complex cellular response [27].

In order to compare the stress response to butanol, either produced by the cells or added to the culture medium, we added 1-butanol to the bioreactor medium to a final concentration of 0.5% (v/v) (Fig. 1C and D).). This concentration was shown previously to be non-lethal for C. pasteurianum (data not shown). This pulse resulted in only a small reduction in growth rate, which was probably caused by induction of cellular adaptation, including the solvent stress response. As described above, one of the typical responses to butanol stress is the remodeling of membrane lipids. Surprisingly, butanol addition led to its next increase and also to an increase in the final butanol concentration at the end of cultivation. An unexpected activating effect of butanol (added to final concentrations of 2.5 or 7.5 g/l) on genes of the sol operon was described previously [28] for C. acetobutylicum.

The effect of added butanol is mainly reflected in the content of total plasmalogens. This is in contrast to the work carried out with the thermophilic ethanol producer C. thermocellum, in which a significant decrease in total DMA content was described in a solvent-tolerant strain, and in its cultivation with ethanol addition compared to the wild-type producer [29]. As described by Baer et al. [26], the addition of 1.0 or 1.5% (vol/vol) butanol to cells grown at 22 and 37°C caused an immediate (within 30 min) increase in the saturated/unsaturated FA ratio. Venkataramanan et al. [15] described similar increase in the saturated/usaturated FA ration after addition of butanol in various concentrations and during standard butanol fermentation in C. pasteurianum ATCC 6013. We also observed an increasing content of saturated FAs immediately (7^th hour of cultivation) after butanol addition (Table 2). Fig. 1B and 1D show that, at zero and six hours, the amount of total plasmalogens did not differ in cultivation with and without the addition of butanol. However, a rapid increase in their content occurred during sampling 60 min. after butanol addition (7^th hour of cultivation). However, additional samplings of both cultivations at the 12^th hour showed that the amounts of total plasmalogens in both cultivations were nearly equal.

Another change in lipid content concerned the ratio of saturated to unsaturated FAs. Vollherbst et al. [9] observed an increase in the total saturated to unsaturated FAs ratio after butanol addition, but as the concentration of palmitoleic acid increased with time of cultivation, so also did the content of saturated FAs (concentration of added butanol was 0.5 and 1%). Baer et al. [26] did not observe any marked effect of 1% and 1.5% added butanol on the ratio of saturated to unsaturated FAs in the collection strain, C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824, whereas such an effect was observed in the SA-2 mutant of this strain.

We observed a difference between the effect of butanol produced by cells and butanol added to the medium. In a 12-h culture, in which butanol was produced by the cells, the ratio of saturated to unsaturated FAs was 50:17, whereas in a culture to which butanol was added, this was 58:16. An even more striking change was observed in the 7^th hour, when the ratio in the latter culture was 69:8. It can therefore be inferred that when butanol is produced by the cells, changes in lipid content are not as striking as those caused by its addition, i.e. a steep increase in butanol concentration produces a strong shock and cells react to it rapidly (within 30 minutes).

Supporting Information

S1 Fig. The Orbitrap low resolution MS² spectrum of c-p-19:0/17:1 PE (plasmalogen phosphatidyl ethanolamine).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122058.s001

(TIF)

S2 Fig. The Orbitrap low resolution MS² spectrum of c-p-19:1/16:0 PG (plasmalogen phosphatidyl glycerol).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122058.s002

(TIF)

S3 Fig. The Orbitrap low resolution MS² spectrum of c-p-19:1/16:0 PS (plasmalogen phosphatidyl serine).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122058.s003

(TIF)

S4 Fig. The Orbitrap low resolution MS² spectrum of c-p-19:0/16:0/16:0/c-p-19:0 CL (diplasmalogen phosphatidyl bis-phosphatidyl glycerol).

Structures of ions “a” and “b”, see S6 Fig.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122058.s004

(TIF)

S5 Fig. The Orbitrap low resolution MS³ spectrum of c-p-19:0/16:0 CL, i.e. ion at m/z 813.7 from MS² spectrum, see S4 Fig. (diplasmalogen phosphatidyl bis-phosphatidyl glycerol).

Structures of ions “a” and “b”, see S6 Fig.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122058.s005

(TIF)

S6 Fig. Presumed structures of ions “a” and “b”.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122058.s006

(TIF)

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: TŘ PP KM. Performed the experiments: PP JK. Analyzed the data: TŘ KS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JK. Wrote the paper: JK PP KM KS TŘ.

References

1. Lee SY, Park JH, Jang SH, Nielsen LK, Kim J, Jung KS. Fermentative butanol production by Clostridia, Biotechnol Bioeng. 2008;101: 209–228. pmid:18727018
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
2. Patakova P, Linhova M, Rychtera M, Paulova L, Melzoch K. Novel and neglected issues of acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation by clostridia: Clostridium metabolic diversity, tools for process mapping and continuous fermentation systems. Biotechnol Adv. 2013;31: 58–57. pmid:22306328
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
3. Wang Y, Li X, Mao Y, Blaschek HP. Genome-wide dynamic transcriptional profiling in Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 using single-nucleotide resolution. BMC Genomics. 2012;13: 102–117. pmid:22433311
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
4. Linhova M, Patakova P, Lipovsky J, Fribert P, Paulova L, Rychtera M, et al. Development of flow cytometry technique for detection of thinning of peptidoglycan layer as a result of solvent production by Clostridium pasteurianum. Folia Microbiol. 2010;55: 340–344. pmid:20680567
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
5. Linhova M, Branska B, Patakova P, Lipovsky J. Fribert P, Rychtera M, et al. Rapid flow cytometric method for viability determination of solventogenic clostridia. Folia Microbiol. 2012;57:307–311. pmid:22528306
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
6. Patakova P, Maxa D, Rychtera M, Linhova M, Fribert P, Muzikova Z., et al. Perspectives of biobutanol production and use. In: Bernardes MADS, editor. Biofuel's Engineering Process Technology. Rijeka: InTech; 2011. pp. 243–266.
7. Patakova P, Lipovsky J, Paulova L, Linhova M, Fribert P, Rychtera M, et al. Continuous production of butanol by bacteria of genus Clostridium. J Chem Eng. 2011;5: 121–128.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
8. Kolek J, Sedlar K, Provaznik I, Patakova P. Draft genome sequence of Clostridium pasteurianum NRRL B-598, a potential butanol or hydrogen producer. Genome Announc. 2014 Mar 20. pii: e00192–14.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
9. Vollherbst-Schneck K, Sands JA, Montenecourt BS. Effect of butanol on lipid composition and fluidity of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1984;47: 193–194. pmid:6696415
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
10. Lepage C, Fayolle F, Hermann M, Vandecasteele JP. Changes in membrane lipid composition of Clostridium acetobutylicum during acetone-butanol fermentation: effects of solvents, growth temperature and pH. J Gen Microbiol. 1987;133: 103–110.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
11. Zhao Y, Hindorff LA, Chuang A, Monroe-Augustus M, Lyristis M, Harrison ML, et al. Expression of a cloned cyclopropane fatty acid synthase gene reduces solvent formation in Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003;69: 2831–2841. pmid:12732555
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
12. Rühl J, Hein EM, Hayen H, Schmid A, Blank LM. The glycerophospholipid inventory of Pseudomonas putida is conserved between strains and enables growth condition-related alterations. Microb Biotechnol. 2012;5: 45–58. pmid:21895997
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
13. Zhang YM, Rock C. Membrane lipid homeostasis in bacteria. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008;6: 222–233. pmid:18264115
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
14. Goldfine H, Johnston NC. Membrane lipids of clostridia. In: Dürre P, editor. Handbook on Clostridia. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group; 2005. pp. 297–309.
15. Venkataramanan KP, Kurniawan Y, Boatman JJ, Havnes CH, Taconi KA, Martin L, et al. Homeoviscous response of Clostridium pasteurianum to butanol toxicity during glycerol fermentation. J Biotechnol. 2014;179: 8–14. pmid:24637368
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
16. Johnston NC, Goldfine H. Lipid-composition in the classification of the butyric acid-producing clostridia. J Gen Microbiol. 1983;129: 1075–1081. pmid:6886674
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
17. Johnston NC, Aygun-Sunar S, Guan ZQ, Ribeiro AA, Daldal F, Raetz CR, et al. A phosphoethanolamine-modified glycosyl diradylglycerol in the polar lipids of Clostridium tetani. J Lipid Res. 2010;51: 1953–1961. pmid:20173213
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
18. Guan ZQ, Johnston NC, Raetz CR, Johnson EA, Goldfine H. Lipid diversity among botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia. Microbiology. 2012;158: 2577–2584. pmid:22837302
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
19. Guan ZQ, Johnston NC, Aygun-Sunar S, Daldal F, Raetz CR, Goldfine H. Structural characterization of the polar lipids of Clostridium novyi NT. Further evidence for a novel anaerobic biosynthetic pathway to plasmalogens. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2011;1811: 186–193. pmid:21195206
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
20. Guan ZQ, Tian B, Perfumo A, Goldfine H. The polar lipids of Clostridium psychrophilum, an anaerobic psychrophile. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2013;1831: 1108–1112. pmid:23454375
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
21. Tian B, Guan ZQ, Goldfine H. An ethanolamine-phosphate modified glycolipid in Clostridium acetobutylicum that responds to membrane stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2013;1831: 1185–1190. pmid:23542061
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
22. Hongo M, Murata A, Kono K, Kato F. Lysogeny and bacteriocinogeny in strains of Clostridium species. Agr Biol Chem. 1968;32: 27–33.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
23. Bligh EG, Dyer WJ. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol. 1959;37: 911–917. pmid:13671378
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
24. Kates K. Techniques of lipidology: isolation, analysis and identification of lipids. In: Work TS, Work E, editors. Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, second ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1986. pp. 220–223.
25. Wood R, Snyder F. Quantitative determination of alk-1-enyl- and alkyl-glyceryl ethers in neutral lipids and phospholipids. Lipids. 1968;3: 129–135. pmid:17805900
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
26. Baer SH, Blaschek HP, Smith TL. Effect of butanol challenge and temperature on lipid composition and membrane fluidity of butanol-tolerant Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1987;53: 2854–2861. pmid:16347502
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
27. Nicolau SA, Gaida SM, Papoutsakis ET. A comparative view of metabolite and substrate stress and tolerance in microbial bioprocessing: From biofuels and chemicals, to biocatalysis and bioremediation. Metabolic Eng. 2010;12: 307–331. pmid:20346409
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
28. Tomas CA, Beamish J, Papoutsakis ET. Transcriptional analysis of butanol stress and tolerance in Clostridium acetobutylicum. J Bacteriol. 2004;186: 2006–2018 pmid:15028684
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
29. Zhu X, Cui J, Feng Y, Fa Y, Zhang J, Cui Q. Metabolic adaption of ethanol-tolerant Clostridium thermocellum. PLoS One. 2013 Jul 30. pii: e70631. pmid:23936233
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
30. Wang Q, Ventakataramanan KP, Huang H, Papoutsakis ET, Wu CH. Transcription factors and genetic circuits orchestrating the complex, multilayered response of Clostridium acetobutylicum to butanol and butyrate stress. BMC Systems Biology. 2013;7: 120–137. pmid:24196194
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
31. Huffer S, Clark ME, Ning JC, Blanch HW, Clark DS. Role of alcohols in growth, lipid composition, and membrane fluidity of yeasts, bacteria and archea. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011;77: 6400–6408. pmid:21784917
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
32. Juzlova P, Rezanka T, Martinkova M, Kren V. Long-chain fatty acids from Monascus purpureus. Phytochemistry. 1966;43: 151–153.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
33. Vancura A, Rezanka T, Marsalek J, Melzoch K, Basarova G, Kristan V. Metabolism of L-threonine and fatty-acids and tylosin biosynthesis in Streptomyces fradiae. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1988;49: 411–415.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
34. Vancura A, Rezanka T, Marsalek J, Vancurova I, Kristan V, Basarova G. Effect of ammonium-ions on the composition of fatty-acids in Streptomyces fradiae, producer of tylosin. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1987;48: 357–360.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
35. Schwartz KM, Kuit W, Grimmler C, Ehrenreich A, Kengen SW. A transcriptional study of acidogenic chemostat cells of Clostridium acetobutylicum-cellular behavior in adaptation to n-butanol. J Biotechnol. 2012;161: 366–377. pmid:22484128
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar

[ref1] 1. Lee SY, Park JH, Jang SH, Nielsen LK, Kim J, Jung KS. Fermentative butanol production by Clostridia, Biotechnol Bioeng. 2008;101: 209–228. pmid:18727018
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[2] View Article

[3] PubMed/NCBI

[4] Google Scholar

[ref2] 2. Patakova P, Linhova M, Rychtera M, Paulova L, Melzoch K. Novel and neglected issues of acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation by clostridia: Clostridium metabolic diversity, tools for process mapping and continuous fermentation systems. Biotechnol Adv. 2013;31: 58–57. pmid:22306328
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[6] View Article

[7] PubMed/NCBI

[8] Google Scholar

[ref3] 3. Wang Y, Li X, Mao Y, Blaschek HP. Genome-wide dynamic transcriptional profiling in Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 using single-nucleotide resolution. BMC Genomics. 2012;13: 102–117. pmid:22433311
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[10] View Article

[11] PubMed/NCBI

[12] Google Scholar

[ref4] 4. Linhova M, Patakova P, Lipovsky J, Fribert P, Paulova L, Rychtera M, et al. Development of flow cytometry technique for detection of thinning of peptidoglycan layer as a result of solvent production by Clostridium pasteurianum. Folia Microbiol. 2010;55: 340–344. pmid:20680567
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[14] View Article

[15] PubMed/NCBI

[16] Google Scholar

[ref5] 5. Linhova M, Branska B, Patakova P, Lipovsky J. Fribert P, Rychtera M, et al. Rapid flow cytometric method for viability determination of solventogenic clostridia. Folia Microbiol. 2012;57:307–311. pmid:22528306
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[18] View Article

[19] PubMed/NCBI

[20] Google Scholar

[ref6] 6. Patakova P, Maxa D, Rychtera M, Linhova M, Fribert P, Muzikova Z., et al. Perspectives of biobutanol production and use. In: Bernardes MADS, editor. Biofuel's Engineering Process Technology. Rijeka: InTech; 2011. pp. 243–266.

[ref7] 7. Patakova P, Lipovsky J, Paulova L, Linhova M, Fribert P, Rychtera M, et al. Continuous production of butanol by bacteria of genus Clostridium. J Chem Eng. 2011;5: 121–128.
View Article
Google Scholar

[23] View Article

[24] Google Scholar

[ref8] 8. Kolek J, Sedlar K, Provaznik I, Patakova P. Draft genome sequence of Clostridium pasteurianum NRRL B-598, a potential butanol or hydrogen producer. Genome Announc. 2014 Mar 20. pii: e00192–14.
View Article
Google Scholar

[26] View Article

[27] Google Scholar

[ref9] 9. Vollherbst-Schneck K, Sands JA, Montenecourt BS. Effect of butanol on lipid composition and fluidity of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1984;47: 193–194. pmid:6696415
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[29] View Article

[30] PubMed/NCBI

[31] Google Scholar

[ref10] 10. Lepage C, Fayolle F, Hermann M, Vandecasteele JP. Changes in membrane lipid composition of Clostridium acetobutylicum during acetone-butanol fermentation: effects of solvents, growth temperature and pH. J Gen Microbiol. 1987;133: 103–110.
View Article
Google Scholar

[33] View Article

[34] Google Scholar

[ref11] 11. Zhao Y, Hindorff LA, Chuang A, Monroe-Augustus M, Lyristis M, Harrison ML, et al. Expression of a cloned cyclopropane fatty acid synthase gene reduces solvent formation in Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003;69: 2831–2841. pmid:12732555
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[36] View Article

[37] PubMed/NCBI

[38] Google Scholar

[ref12] 12. Rühl J, Hein EM, Hayen H, Schmid A, Blank LM. The glycerophospholipid inventory of Pseudomonas putida is conserved between strains and enables growth condition-related alterations. Microb Biotechnol. 2012;5: 45–58. pmid:21895997
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[40] View Article

[41] PubMed/NCBI

[42] Google Scholar

[ref13] 13. Zhang YM, Rock C. Membrane lipid homeostasis in bacteria. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008;6: 222–233. pmid:18264115
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[44] View Article

[45] PubMed/NCBI

[46] Google Scholar

[ref14] 14. Goldfine H, Johnston NC. Membrane lipids of clostridia. In: Dürre P, editor. Handbook on Clostridia. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group; 2005. pp. 297–309.

[ref15] 15. Venkataramanan KP, Kurniawan Y, Boatman JJ, Havnes CH, Taconi KA, Martin L, et al. Homeoviscous response of Clostridium pasteurianum to butanol toxicity during glycerol fermentation. J Biotechnol. 2014;179: 8–14. pmid:24637368
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[49] View Article

[50] PubMed/NCBI

[51] Google Scholar

[ref16] 16. Johnston NC, Goldfine H. Lipid-composition in the classification of the butyric acid-producing clostridia. J Gen Microbiol. 1983;129: 1075–1081. pmid:6886674
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[53] View Article

[54] PubMed/NCBI

[55] Google Scholar

[ref17] 17. Johnston NC, Aygun-Sunar S, Guan ZQ, Ribeiro AA, Daldal F, Raetz CR, et al. A phosphoethanolamine-modified glycosyl diradylglycerol in the polar lipids of Clostridium tetani. J Lipid Res. 2010;51: 1953–1961. pmid:20173213
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[57] View Article

[58] PubMed/NCBI

[59] Google Scholar

[ref18] 18. Guan ZQ, Johnston NC, Raetz CR, Johnson EA, Goldfine H. Lipid diversity among botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia. Microbiology. 2012;158: 2577–2584. pmid:22837302
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[61] View Article

[62] PubMed/NCBI

[63] Google Scholar

[ref19] 19. Guan ZQ, Johnston NC, Aygun-Sunar S, Daldal F, Raetz CR, Goldfine H. Structural characterization of the polar lipids of Clostridium novyi NT. Further evidence for a novel anaerobic biosynthetic pathway to plasmalogens. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2011;1811: 186–193. pmid:21195206
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[65] View Article

[66] PubMed/NCBI

[67] Google Scholar

[ref20] 20. Guan ZQ, Tian B, Perfumo A, Goldfine H. The polar lipids of Clostridium psychrophilum, an anaerobic psychrophile. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2013;1831: 1108–1112. pmid:23454375
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[69] View Article

[70] PubMed/NCBI

[71] Google Scholar

[ref21] 21. Tian B, Guan ZQ, Goldfine H. An ethanolamine-phosphate modified glycolipid in Clostridium acetobutylicum that responds to membrane stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2013;1831: 1185–1190. pmid:23542061
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[73] View Article

[74] PubMed/NCBI

[75] Google Scholar

[ref22] 22. Hongo M, Murata A, Kono K, Kato F. Lysogeny and bacteriocinogeny in strains of Clostridium species. Agr Biol Chem. 1968;32: 27–33.
View Article
Google Scholar

[77] View Article

[78] Google Scholar

[ref23] 23. Bligh EG, Dyer WJ. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol. 1959;37: 911–917. pmid:13671378
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[80] View Article

[81] PubMed/NCBI

[82] Google Scholar

[ref24] 24. Kates K. Techniques of lipidology: isolation, analysis and identification of lipids. In: Work TS, Work E, editors. Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, second ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1986. pp. 220–223.

[ref25] 25. Wood R, Snyder F. Quantitative determination of alk-1-enyl- and alkyl-glyceryl ethers in neutral lipids and phospholipids. Lipids. 1968;3: 129–135. pmid:17805900
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[85] View Article

[86] PubMed/NCBI

[87] Google Scholar

[ref26] 26. Baer SH, Blaschek HP, Smith TL. Effect of butanol challenge and temperature on lipid composition and membrane fluidity of butanol-tolerant Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1987;53: 2854–2861. pmid:16347502
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[89] View Article

[90] PubMed/NCBI

[91] Google Scholar

[ref27] 27. Nicolau SA, Gaida SM, Papoutsakis ET. A comparative view of metabolite and substrate stress and tolerance in microbial bioprocessing: From biofuels and chemicals, to biocatalysis and bioremediation. Metabolic Eng. 2010;12: 307–331. pmid:20346409
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[93] View Article

[94] PubMed/NCBI

[95] Google Scholar

[ref28] 28. Tomas CA, Beamish J, Papoutsakis ET. Transcriptional analysis of butanol stress and tolerance in Clostridium acetobutylicum. J Bacteriol. 2004;186: 2006–2018 pmid:15028684
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[97] View Article

[98] PubMed/NCBI

[99] Google Scholar

[ref29] 29. Zhu X, Cui J, Feng Y, Fa Y, Zhang J, Cui Q. Metabolic adaption of ethanol-tolerant Clostridium thermocellum. PLoS One. 2013 Jul 30. pii: e70631. pmid:23936233
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[101] View Article

[102] PubMed/NCBI

[103] Google Scholar

[ref30] 30. Wang Q, Ventakataramanan KP, Huang H, Papoutsakis ET, Wu CH. Transcription factors and genetic circuits orchestrating the complex, multilayered response of Clostridium acetobutylicum to butanol and butyrate stress. BMC Systems Biology. 2013;7: 120–137. pmid:24196194
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[105] View Article

[106] PubMed/NCBI

[107] Google Scholar

[ref31] 31. Huffer S, Clark ME, Ning JC, Blanch HW, Clark DS. Role of alcohols in growth, lipid composition, and membrane fluidity of yeasts, bacteria and archea. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011;77: 6400–6408. pmid:21784917
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[109] View Article

[110] PubMed/NCBI

[111] Google Scholar

[ref32] 32. Juzlova P, Rezanka T, Martinkova M, Kren V. Long-chain fatty acids from Monascus purpureus. Phytochemistry. 1966;43: 151–153.
View Article
Google Scholar

[113] View Article

[114] Google Scholar

[ref33] 33. Vancura A, Rezanka T, Marsalek J, Melzoch K, Basarova G, Kristan V. Metabolism of L-threonine and fatty-acids and tylosin biosynthesis in Streptomyces fradiae. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1988;49: 411–415.
View Article
Google Scholar

[116] View Article

[117] Google Scholar

[ref34] 34. Vancura A, Rezanka T, Marsalek J, Vancurova I, Kristan V, Basarova G. Effect of ammonium-ions on the composition of fatty-acids in Streptomyces fradiae, producer of tylosin. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1987;48: 357–360.
View Article
Google Scholar

[119] View Article

[120] Google Scholar

[ref35] 35. Schwartz KM, Kuit W, Grimmler C, Ehrenreich A, Kengen SW. A transcriptional study of acidogenic chemostat cells of Clostridium acetobutylicum-cellular behavior in adaptation to n-butanol. J Biotechnol. 2012;161: 366–377. pmid:22484128
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[122] View Article

[123] PubMed/NCBI

[124] Google Scholar

Figures

Abstract

Introduction

Material and Methods

Microorganism and culture conditions

Cultivation with butanol challenge

Growth measurement

Substrate and product analyses

Measurement of fermentation gases

Lipid extraction and isolation

LiAlH4 reduction and separation of 1-alkenyl-sn-glycerols by TLC

Lipidomic analysis by high resolution ESI

Results

Standard Batch cultivation

Butanol challenge cultivation

Lipidomic analysis

Discussion

Supporting Information

S1 Fig. The Orbitrap low resolution MS2 spectrum of c-p-19:0/17:1 PE (plasmalogen phosphatidyl ethanolamine).

S2 Fig. The Orbitrap low resolution MS2 spectrum of c-p-19:1/16:0 PG (plasmalogen phosphatidyl glycerol).

S3 Fig. The Orbitrap low resolution MS2 spectrum of c-p-19:1/16:0 PS (plasmalogen phosphatidyl serine).

S4 Fig. The Orbitrap low resolution MS2 spectrum of c-p-19:0/16:0/16:0/c-p-19:0 CL (diplasmalogen phosphatidyl bis-phosphatidyl glycerol).

S5 Fig. The Orbitrap low resolution MS3 spectrum of c-p-19:0/16:0 CL, i.e. ion at m/z 813.7 from MS2 spectrum, see S4 Fig. (diplasmalogen phosphatidyl bis-phosphatidyl glycerol).

S6 Fig. Presumed structures of ions “a” and “b”.

Author Contributions

References

LiAlH₄ reduction and separation of 1-alkenyl-sn-glycerols by TLC

S1 Fig. The Orbitrap low resolution MS² spectrum of c-p-19:0/17:1 PE (plasmalogen phosphatidyl ethanolamine).

S2 Fig. The Orbitrap low resolution MS² spectrum of c-p-19:1/16:0 PG (plasmalogen phosphatidyl glycerol).

S3 Fig. The Orbitrap low resolution MS² spectrum of c-p-19:1/16:0 PS (plasmalogen phosphatidyl serine).

S4 Fig. The Orbitrap low resolution MS² spectrum of c-p-19:0/16:0/16:0/c-p-19:0 CL (diplasmalogen phosphatidyl bis-phosphatidyl glycerol).

S5 Fig. The Orbitrap low resolution MS³ spectrum of c-p-19:0/16:0 CL, i.e. ion at m/z 813.7 from MS² spectrum, see S4 Fig. (diplasmalogen phosphatidyl bis-phosphatidyl glycerol).