Figures
Abstract
Aim
Several studies have demonstrated that polymorphisms within the fat-mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) are associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, whether the effects of the FTO locus on T2D susceptibility are independent of fat-mass increases remains controversial. To investigate this issue, we examined the association of FTO variants with T2D and various aspects of BMI history during adult life in a Japanese population.
Methods
We genotyped SNPs within FTO (rs1121980 and rs1558902) in 760 Japanese patients with T2D who had reached a lifetime maximum BMI (BMImax) before or at the time of diagnosis and 693 control individuals with information regarding their BMImax.
Results
The BMImax showed the strongest association with T2D risk among the BMIs evaluated in this study. In the sex-combined analysis, FTO SNPs were not associated with any of the BMI variables or with T2D, but in sex-stratified analyses, both SNPs were significantly associated with the BMImax and rs1558902 was associated with T2D in men. The association of the SNPs with T2D remained significant after adjustments for the current BMI and age, whereas the T2D association of the SNP was no longer significant after adjustments for BMImax and age.
Citation: Kamura Y, Iwata M, Maeda S, Shinmura S, Koshimizu Y, Honoki H, et al. (2016) FTO Gene Polymorphism Is Associated with Type 2 Diabetes through Its Effect on Increasing the Maximum BMI in Japanese Men. PLoS ONE 11(11): e0165523. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165523
Editor: Marta Letizia Hribal, Universita degli Studi Magna Graecia di Catanzaro Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia, ITALY
Received: November 10, 2015; Accepted: October 13, 2016; Published: November 7, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Kamura et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: Ethical restrictions according to the Japanese Ethical Guidelines for Human Genome/Gene Analysis Research (http://www.lifescience.mext.go.jp/files/pdf/n796_00.pdf, page 33) prevent public sharing of individual genotype data. All summarized data are available upon request to the corresponding author. Data requests may be sent to Minoru Iwata (iwamino-tym@umin.ac.jp).
Funding: This work was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (approved number 24510276). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Numerous studies have reported that polymorphisms within the fat-mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) are strongly associated with obesity [1–7], and obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) [8].
Regarding the FTO variants-T2D association, while several studies have reported that the association between the variants and risk of T2D remained significant after adjustment for BMI, a surrogate measure of obesity, others could not confirm this finding [1,9–20]. In many studies examining this issue, the BMI measured at the time of enrollment, i.e., current BMI, which was obtained long time after the diagnosis of T2D, was used for the analyses [1,9–20]. The current BMI is a useful and convenient measure for the analyses, but it is questionable that the conditioning the association between FTO variants and T2D on current BMI could precisely evaluate the independency of the effect of FTO variants on T2D risk from their effects on influencing obesity/adiposity. In general, most subjects with T2D, especially those with East Asian ethnicity, reach their lifetime maximum BMI (BMImax) before or at the time of the disease onset and, after the diagnosis of T2D, lifestyle interventions such as diet and exercise therapy, and/or treatments with some anti-diabetic medicines often influence their obesity related measures, such as BMI [21–23]. In many cases, the 'current BMI' was lower than BMImax, and as a result, the analyses using ‘current BMI’ might underestimate the effects of obesity/adiposity on conferring susceptibility to T2D, and overestimate the genetic effects of FTO variants on T2D risk, producing conflicting results regarding the association of FTO variants with T2D [24]. Therefore, BMImax, if available, is considered as better variable than current BMI to understand the precise mechanisms how the FTO variants affect the susceptibility to T2D.
In this study, we first examined the association of the various aspects of BMI history including current BMI, BMImax and BMI at age 20 (BMI20y), with T2D risk. Then, we examined the association between FTO variants and T2D with or without conditioning on various aspect of BMI history including current BMI and BMImax.
Materials and Methods
Participants
We recruited 954 patients with T2D (61.0% male; age, 65.1 ± 11.4 years [mean ± SD]; and A1c, 7.6 ± 1.3%; see S1 Table) and 779 non-diabetic control individuals (46.6% male; age, 66.9 ± 10.6 years [mean ± SD]; and A1c, 5.5 ± 0.3%; see S1 Table) including individuals in a previous report (724 T2D and 763 controls, recruited between 2007 and 2009) [25] and additional 246 individuals (230 T2D and 16 controls) who regularly attended the outpatient clinics in University of Toyama Hospital (Toyama, Japan) and Itoigawa General Hospital (Itoigawa, Japan) between January 2010 and September 2014. Among these participants, we selected 760 T2D patients (80.7%) who had reached their BMImax before or at the time of diagnosis and 693 control individuals with information regarding their BMImax (S1 Table and Table 1). The inclusion criteria for non-diabetic controls were as follows: (1) >50 years of age, (2) HbA1c values <6.0%, (3) no family history of type 2 diabetes in first- and second-degree relatives, and (4) no past history of a diagnosis of diabetes as previously described [25]. Diabetes was diagnosed based on the 1998 American Diabetes Association Criteria [26]. The exclusion criteria for the cases with diabetes were individuals with diabetes caused by (1) liver dysfunction, (2) steroids and other drugs that might increase glucose levels, (3) malignancy, (4) monogenic disorders known to cause diabetes, and (5) individuals who tested positive for anti-GAD antibody, as previously described [25]. The clinical characteristics of the participants are shown in Table 1.
Anthropometric measurements and assessment of BMI history
The anthropometric measurements of individuals wearing light clothing and without shoes were conducted by well-trained examiners. Body height and weight were measured to the nearest 0.1 cm and 0.1 kg, respectively. The current BMI was calculated from these measurements. The waist circumference (WC) measurements were obtained at the end of normal expiration and were measured to the nearest 0.1 cm at the umbilical level using a flexible anthropometric tape. Each participant was questioned by a physician about their body weight (BW) history including their BW at the age of 20 years, their lifetime maximum BW, and the age at the time of their lifetime maximum BW. When ages and weights for the maximum BW and the BW at the age of 20 years were reported as a range, and not a single figure, the means of the minimum and maximum values were used for the analyses. If the participant’s BW at the time of the examination (Current BW) was greater than the self-reported maximum BW, the current BW was considered to be the lifetime maximum BW. To calculate the BMI20y and the BMImax, we used the height measured at the time of the examination.
Collection of clinical measurements and information except for anthropometric measurements
We obtained clinical information including the family history of diabetes and the age at diagnosis from self-reported data and medical records. We also examined the blood chemistry (including plasma glucose and HbA1c) during a fasting state. The HbAlc level was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography and was expressed as the international standard value, i.e., HbA1c (1.02 × Japan Diabetes Society [JDS (%)] + 0.25%), as defined by the JDS [27]. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated as previously reported [28].
All the study procedures conformed to the declaration of Helsinki and were approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Toyama. Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants.
Genotyping assay
Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood (QIAamp DNA blood kit; QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). Genotyping of the SNP was performed using TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) or a multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-invader assay, as described previously [25,29]. In this study, we selected four SNPs (rs8050136, rs9939609, rs1121980, and rs1558902) in the FTO locus; these were the most frequently analyzed SNPs at this locus in the Japanese population [16–20,30–34]. Previous studies have demonstrated that rs8050136, rs9939609, and rs1558902 are in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) with each other and were repeatedly associated with obesity or type 2 diabetes in different ethnicities [31,33,34]. First, we examined the LD among these three SNPs in our Japanese population and confirmed that these three SNPs were in absolute LD (r2 = 0.99) in our population (S2 Table). Then, since rs1558902 has been shown to have the strongest effect on susceptibility to obesity among 15 SNPs, including the above three SNPs, within the FTO gene in the Japanese population [33], we selected rs1558902 from among the three SNPs and performed an association study using rs1558902 and rs1121980 in this study. The success rates of these assays for rs1121980 and rs1558902 were 99.1% and 99.0%, respectively. The concordance rates for rs1121980 and rs1558902, based on duplicate comparisons in 221 T2D patients and 16 control participants, were 99.6% and 100%, respectively. No apparent deviations in the genotype distributions from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were observed for all the SNPs (P ≥ 0.05) (Table 2).
Statistical analysis
The statistical analyses were performed using JMP for Windows, Version 10.0 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). The normality of the distributions was checked using the skewed score, and variables with skewed distributions were logarithmically (natural) transformed in subsequent analyses. Differences in the clinical features of the case and control groups were examined using the Student t-test or Pearson chi-square test. The effect of BMI history on the T2D risk and the association of the FTO variants with the current or maximum BMI were examined by calculating the β values using a multiple linear regression analysis with adjustments for related co-variables.
We performed HWE tests according to the method described by Nielsen et al [35]. The allele-specific odds ratios (ORs) for T2D were calculated using logistic regression with or without adjustments for age, sex, and current or maximum BMI. A stepwise logistic regression analysis was carried out to evaluate the interaction test for sex*genotype. Quantitative trait analyses for HOMA-IR were performed using a multiple linear regression analysis with adjustments for age, sex, and current BMI. Results with P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
LD analyses were performed with SNPAlyze version 8.0.2 software (Dynacom, Chiba, Japan). The power estimation for the present study to identify the association of previously reported SNP loci with T2D was performed using “CaTS power calculator for genetic studies” software (http://www.sph.umich.edu/csg/abecasis/CaTS/).
Results
The clinical characteristics of the T2D patients and the non-diabetic control individuals are summarized in Table 1. The current BMI and BMImax in the T2D group were significantly higher than those in the non-diabetic controls (P < 0.05), whereas the BMI20y was not different between the two groups (Table 1). The mean ages at the time of examination and of the BMImax in the T2D group were significantly younger than those in the non-diabetic controls (mean age: 64.6 ± 11.5 years vs. 66.5 ± 10.8 years, P < 0.001, mean age at BMImax: 42.6 ± 13.7 years vs. 47.7 ± 16.5 years, P < 0.001) (Table 1).
The BMImax is reportedly associated more strongly with the onset of T2D than the current BMI measured at the time of examination [36–38]. Then, we next evaluated the associations of the various aspects of BMI history, such as the current BMI, BMImax, and BMI20y, with T2D using a multiple linear regression analysis with adjustments for related co-variables (Table 3). The results indicated that the BMImax showed the strongest association with T2D among the BMI variables evaluated in either the sex-separated or sex-unseparated analysis (Table 3). The associations of the 2 SNPs with the current BMI and BMImax are shown in Table 4. We did not observe a significant association between the variants within the FTO locus and the BMI variables in the un-stratified analysis. To evaluate the interaction between sex and SNP genotype statistically, we performed a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis (S3 Table). The results revealed a significant effect of the sex*SNP (rs1121980 and rs1558902) genotype interaction on both the current BMI and the maximum BMI (P < 0.05) (S3 Table). Therefore, we performed a stratified analysis according to sex and the SNPs were significantly associated with BMImax only in men (βln-BMImax for rs1121980 = 0.022, SE = 0.009, P = 0.011; βln-BMImax for rs1558902 = 0.024, SE = 0.009, P = 0.008), but not in women (Table 4).
Next, we examined the associations of the FTO variants with T2D with adjustments for age and sex as model 1 (Table 5). In addition, we added the current BMI or the maximum BMI as a covariate and examined the associations, as shown in models 2 and 3, respectively (Table 5). We did not observe a significant association between the FTO variants and T2D in an un-stratified analysis, but in sex-stratified analyses, rs1558902 was associated with T2D only in men when examined using a logistic regression analysis with adjustments for age (OR = 1.32 [95% CI, 1.02–1.72], P = 0.037) (Table 5). The association of the SNP with T2D remained after adjustments for the current BMI and age (P = 0.049), whereas the T2D association of the SNP was no longer significant after adjustments for age and BMImax (P = 0.155). In women, the polymorphisms were not associated with T2D with or without adjustments for related co-variables.
Discussion
In this study, we examined the associations of SNPs within the FTO with susceptibility to T2D in a Japanese population and found that the SNP was associated with T2D through their effects on the BMImax in men.
Whether the effects of FTO variants on the susceptibility to T2D are mediated by their effects on obesity/adiposity remains controversial [1,9–20,39,40]. In addition, we thought that analyses using the “current BMI”, as conducted in many previous studies [1,9–17,19,20], might underestimate the influence of obesity on the association of FTO variants with T2D, and that the BMImax before or at the time of T2D onset, rather than the“current BMI”, might be a better variable for understanding the precise mechanisms of the effects of FTO variants on the susceptibility to T2D for the reason mentioned in the Introduction section. Indeed, the BMImax showed a stronger association with T2D than the current BMI in this study as previously reported [36–38], and, only in men, the association of the FTO variants with T2D was nominally significant when we used 'current BMI' and age as co-variables, whereas the association was no longer significant when we used BMImax and age as co-variables (Table 5). These results indicated that the effect of FTO variants on T2D susceptibility in Japanese men is mediated through an effect that increases the BMImax.
In this study, we did not observe any associations of FTO variants with BMI variables or with HOMA-IR (Table 4 and S4 Table). To calculate the estimated power in this study, since little is known regarding the OR of rs1121980 and rs1558902 for T2D, and both SNPs and rs9939609 were found to be strong LD (r2>0.8) (S2 Table), we used the OR of rs9939609 for T2D (OR = 1.27) reported by Frayling TM et al [1] (Table 2). When using the reported OR of rs9939609 [1] at the alpha level of significance of 0.05, the estimated powers in this study were 82% and 78% for rs1121980 and rs1558902, respectively, in the sex-combined analysis (Table 2). However, when stratified according to sex, these powers decreased to about 50% for both rs1121980 (men, 56%; women, 49%) and rs1558902 (men, 52%; women, 48%). Taken together, although it has been reported that the effects of FTO variants on obesity risk may be reduced in older individuals like our participants in this study [41,42], an insufficient study power because of the smaller sample size in this study may be a principal cause of the discrepancy between this study and several previously reported studies examining European populations [1,2,5,6,39,40,42–45] and the marginal association of FTO SNPs with T2D after adjusting for the current BMI (Table 5).
In this study, FTO variants were significantly associated with BMImax only in men, but not in women. A few reports have shown a sex-specific effect of FTO variants on conferring susceptibility to obesity/adiposity [43,44,46–49], and some reports suggest that differences in the fat distribution and/or physical activity between men and women might affect the effects of FTO variants on obesity/adiposity [44–46,49]. In addition to the possible sex-specific effects, the larger sample size of men compared with women and the difference in the case/control ratio between men and women (Table 1) might lead to gender differences in the association between rs1558902 and T2D or BMImax.
In addition to the insufficient study power for this study, other limitations should also be taken into consideration. A potential collider bias might have influenced our findings for the following reasons. It has been well established that, for example, the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and the waist circumference (WC) are associated with the BMI. Aschard et al. showed that when examining genetic effects on the WHR and the WC with adjustments for the BMI, such adjustments for associated covariates, i.e., colliders, might lead to false-positive findings [50]. Similar to the findings of this previous report, since FTO SNPs have been reported to be associated with BMI, a marker of obesity, and obesity has been reported to be a strong risk factor for T2D, BMI could be considered as a collider covariate for FTO SNPs and T2D. Therefore, our positive findings that FTO SNPs were associated with T2D after adjustments for the current BMI (P = 0.049) might have been skewed by a potential collider bias. In addition, the information on BW at the age of 20 years and the lifetime maximum BW was obtained using a self-reported questionnaire based on their recall; therefore, these values might not be sufficiently accurate and might have skewed the present findings, although long-term memory regarding weight has been shown to be sufficiently accurate in 50-year-old individuals [51] [52]. Moreover, information on how long each participant maintained his or her BMImax is lacking, which may affect the association of obesity with the risk of T2D in this study. In addition, both BMI20yr and BMImax were estimated using "height measured at the time of the examination (current height)". However, these BMI estimates might be skewed as a result of stature lost due to aging [53] because the average age of our study participants were relatively older (~65) as shown in Table 1. To exclude the possibility, we calculated the estimated maximum height from the current height and age using the equations reported by Cline MG et al [54]. And then, we calculated the BMI20yr and BMImax using the height and re-analyzed the association between FTO SNPs and the BMImax, and the association between FTO SNPs and T2D after adjustment for the BMImax (S5 and S6 Tables). As a result, when we re-performed our analyses using the estimated maximum heights, we also obtained consistent results with our original findings using current height (Table 4 and S5 Table, Table 5 and S6 Table). Further study, such as a prospective study involving a larger sample size, is required to elucidate the precise mechanisms responsible for the association of FTO variants with susceptibility to T2D.
In conclusion, our results suggest that the effect of FTO polymorphisms on T2D susceptibility is mediated through an increase in the BMImax before or at the time of diagnosis in Japanese men.
Supporting Information
S1 Table. Clinical characteristics of all subjects including type 2 diabetic subjects who had reached their lifetime maximum BMI (BMImax) after the time of diagnosis and control individuals without information regarding their BMImax.
Data are means ± SD.* Pearson’s chi-square test. a HOMA-β and -IR were calculated in all participants except for those treated with insulin therapy.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165523.s001
(XLSX)
S2 Table. Pairwise linkage disequilibrium (LD) for four SNPs (rs8050136, rs9939609, rs1121980, and rs1558902) in the FTO gene.
Values of r2 for pairwise LD analysis in 760 type 2 diabetic subjects and 693 control subjects.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165523.s002
(XLSX)
S3 Table. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis for the effect of the sex*SNP genotype interaction on current BMI and maximum BMI (ln-transfomed).
Age, sex, genotype (rs1121980 or rs1558902) and sex*SNP genotype were allowed to enter into the stepwise model. a When examining the effect of sex*SNP genotype interaction on maximum BMI, we used the age at the time of lifetime maximum BMI.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165523.s003
(XLSX)
S4 Table. Association of 2 SNPs (rs1121980 and rs1558902) with HOMA-IR in control subjects and diabetic subjects without medication.
Results of linear regression analyses. The effect size corresponds to the β-coefficient (SE) per copy of the type 2 diabetes risk allele and was calculated using a linear regression analysis. a n = 659 (adjusted for sex, age, and BMI), b n = 746 (adjusted for age, sex, BMI and disease status).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165523.s004
(XLSX)
S5 Table. Association of 2 SNPs with current and lifetime maximum BMI in control and case subjects when analyzed using estimated maximum height† instead of current height.
a Risk allele reported in the previous reports. b values are log-transformed for the analyses. c Results of logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age, sex, and disease status are shown. d Results of logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age and disease status are shown. e Results of logistic regression analysis with adjustment for sex, age at the time of lifetime maximum BMI, and disease status are shown. f Results of logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age at the time of lifetime maximum BMI, and disease status are shown. All; n = 1453, Men; n = 789, Women; n = 664. †Estimated maximum height was calculated from the height measured at the time of the examination (current height) using the transformation reported by Cline MG et al (Hum Biol. 1989; 61:415–425) as follows: men, estimated maximum height(cm) = current height (cm)+3.27651–0.16541×(age)+0.00209×(age)2; women, estimated maximum height(cm) = current height(cm)+5.13708–0.23776×(age)+0.00276×(age)2. The estimated maximum height was only used to calculate the maximum BMI.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165523.s005
(XLSX)
S6 Table. Association results between 2 SNPs and type 2 diabetes after adjustment for covariates calculated from estimated maximum height† instead of current height.
Model 1: adjusted for age with or without sex in sex-combined analysis or sex-stratified analysis, respectively. Model 2: adjusted for log-transformed current BMI and all the variables included in Model 1. Model 3: adjusted for log-transformed maximum BMI and all the variables included in Model 1. †Estimated maximum height was calculated from the height measured at the time of the examination (current height) using the transformation reported by Cline MG et al (Hum Biol. 1989; 61:415–425) as follows: men, estimated maximum height(cm) = current height (cm)+3.27651–0.16541×(age)+0.00209×(age)2; women, estimated maximum height(cm) = current height(cm)+5.13708–0.23776×(age)+0.00276×(age)2. The estimated maximum height was only used to calculate the maximum BMI.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165523.s006
(XLSX)
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the subjects who took part in this study. We thank Dr. Sachie Asamizu of Shakaihoken Takaoka Hospital, Dr. Rie Oka and Dr. Susumu Miyamoto of Hokuriku Cho Hospital, Dr. Kunimasa Yagi of the University of Kanazawa, Dr. Toshiyasu Sasaoka, Dr. Chikaaki Kobashi, Dr. Katsuya Yamazaki, Dr. Masaharu Urakaze, Dr. Shiho Fujisaka, Dr. Satoko Senda, Dr. Hikari Suzuki and Dr. Yu Yamazaki of Toyama University, Dr. Rie Temaru, and Dr. Mariko Ikubo of Nanto City Hospital, Dr. Naoji Akagawa and Dr. Yasuo Fukushima of Asahi General Hospital, Dr. Kazuko Taki of Amenithy Tsukioka Hospital, Dr. Yasuhumi Igarashi of Aoi Hospital, Dr. Shigeki Sawasaki of Hida City Hospital, and Dr. Hirohumi Oda of Sakurai Hospital for recruiting the study subjects.
We thank Ms. Kana Sugihara, a technical staff member in the First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama University, for her technical assistance.
We thank the technical staff at the Laboratory for Endocrinology, Metabolism and Kidney Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, for their technical assistance.
Author Contributions
- Conceptualization: M. Iwata S. Maeda Y. Kamura KT.
- Data curation: M. Iwata Y. Kamura SS Y. Koshimizu HH KF M. Ishiki IU YF, AT HK S. Murakami KH CK.
- Formal analysis: M. Iwata S. Maeda Y. Kamura KT.
- Funding acquisition: M. Iwata S. Maeda KT.
- Investigation: Y. Kamura M. Iwata S. Maeda KT.
- Methodology: M. Iwata S. Maeda Y. Kamura KT.
- Project administration: M. Iwata S. Maeda Y. Kamura KT.
- Resources: Y. Kamura M. Iwata SS Y. Koshimizu HH KF M. Ishiki IU YF AT HK S. Murakami KH CK.
- Supervision: S. Maeda KT.
- Validation: Y. Kamura M. Iwata S. Maeda.
- Visualization: M. Iwata S. Maeda Y. Kamura KT.
- Writing – original draft: M. Iwata S. Maeda Y. Kamura KT.
- Writing – review & editing: M. Iwata S. Maeda Y. Kamura KT.
References
- 1. Frayling TM, Timpson NJ, Weedon MN, Zeggini E, Freathy RM, Lindgren CM, et al. (2007) A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity. Science 316: 889–894. pmid:17434869
- 2. Dina C, Meyre D, Gallina S, Durand E, Korner A, Jacobson P, et al. (2007) Variation in FTO contributes to childhood obesity and severe adult obesity. Nat Genet 39: 724–726. pmid:17496892
- 3. Heard-Costa NL, Zillikens MC, Monda KL, Johansson A, Harris TB, Fu M, et al. (2009) NRXN3 is a novel locus for waist circumference: a genome-wide association study from the CHARGE Consortium. PLOS Genet 5: e1000539. pmid:19557197
- 4. Speliotes EK, Willer CJ, Berndt SI, Monda KL, Thorleifsson G, Jackson AU, et al. (2010) Association analyses of 249,796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index. Nat Genet 42: 937–948. pmid:20935630
- 5. Hinney A, Nguyen TT, Scherag A, Friedel S, Bronner G, Muller TD, et al. (2007) Genome wide association (GWA) study for early onset extreme obesity supports the role of fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) variants. PLOS One 2: e1361. pmid:18159244
- 6. Yang J, Loos RJ, Powell JE, Medland SE, Speliotes EK, Chasman DI, et al. (2012) FTO genotype is associated with phenotypic variability of body mass index. Nature 490: 267–272. pmid:22982992
- 7. Zhang X, Qi Q, Zhang C, Smith SR, Hu FB, Sacks FM, et al. (2012) FTO genotype and 2-year change in body composition and fat distribution in response to weight-loss diets: the POUNDS LOST Trial. Diabetes 61: 3005–3011. pmid:22891219
- 8. Abdullah A, Peeters A, de Courten M, Stoelwinder J (2010) The magnitude of association between overweight and obesity and the risk of diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 89: 309–319. pmid:20493574
- 9. Liu Y, Liu Z, Song Y, Zhou D, Zhang D, Zhao T, et al. (2010) Meta-analysis added power to identify variants in FTO associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity in the Asian population. Obesity (Silver Spring) 18: 1619–1624.
- 10. Ng MC, Tam CH, So WY, Ho JS, Chan AW, Lee HM, et al. (2010) Implication of genetic variants near NEGR1, SEC16B, TMEM18, ETV5/DGKG, GNPDA2, LIN7C/BDNF, MTCH2, BCDIN3D/FAIM2, SH2B1, FTO, MC4R, and KCTD15 with obesity and type 2 diabetes in 7705 Chinese. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95: 2418–2425. pmid:20215397
- 11. Xi B, Mi J (2009) FTO polymorphisms are associated with obesity but not with diabetes in East Asian populations: a meta-analysis. Biomed Environ Sci 22: 449–457. pmid:20337217
- 12. Yajnik CS, Janipalli CS, Bhaskar S, Kulkarni SR, Freathy RM, Prakash S, et al. (2009) FTO gene variants are strongly associated with type 2 diabetes in South Asian Indians. Diabetologia 52: 247–252. pmid:19005641
- 13. Sanghera DK, Ortega L, Han S, Singh J, Ralhan SK, Wander GS, et al. (2008) Impact of nine common type 2 diabetes risk polymorphisms in Asian Indian Sikhs: PPARG2 (Pro12Ala), IGF2BP2, TCF7L2 and FTO variants confer a significant risk. BMC Med Genet 9: 59. pmid:18598350
- 14. Shu XO, Long J, Cai Q, Qi L, Xiang YB, Cho YS, et al. (2010) Identification of new genetic risk variants for type 2 diabetes. PLOS Genet 6: e1001127. pmid:20862305
- 15. Li H, Kilpelainen TO, Liu C, Zhu J, Liu Y, Hu C, et al. (2012) Association of genetic variation in FTO with risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes with data from 96,551 East and South Asians. Diabetologia 55: 981–995. pmid:22109280
- 16. Horikoshi M, Hara K, Ito C, Shojima N, Nagai R, Ueki K, et al. (2007) Variations in the HHEX gene are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes in the Japanese population. Diabetologia 50: 2461–2466. pmid:17928989
- 17. Takeuchi F, Yamamoto K, Katsuya T, Nabika T, Sugiyama T, Fujioka A, et al. (2011) Association of genetic variants for susceptibility to obesity with type 2 diabetes in Japanese individuals. Diabetologia 54: 1350–1359. pmid:21369819
- 18. Tabara Y, Osawa H, Guo H, Kawamoto R, Onuma H, Shimizu I, et al. (2009) Prognostic significance of FTO genotype in the development of obesity in Japanese: the J-SHIPP study. Int J Obes (Lond) 33: 1243–1248.
- 19. Omori S, Tanaka Y, Takahashi A, Hirose H, Kashiwagi A, Kaku K, et al. (2008) Association of CDKAL1, IGF2BP2, CDKN2A/B, HHEX, SLC30A8, and KCNJ11 with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in a Japanese population. Diabetes 57: 791–795. pmid:18162508
- 20. Horikawa Y, Miyake K, Yasuda K, Enya M, Hirota Y, Yamagata K, et al. (2008) Replication of genome-wide association studies of type 2 diabetes susceptibility in Japan. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93: 3136–3141. pmid:18477659
- 21. Tanaka S, Honda M, Wu B, Kazumi T (2011) Clinical features of normal weight Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes who had formerly been obese. J Atheroscler Thromb 18: 115–121. pmid:21071881
- 22. Fujimoto WY, Leonetti DL, Newell-Morris L, Shuman WP, Wahl PW (1991) Relationship of absence or presence of a family history of diabetes to body weight and body fat distribution in type 2 diabetes. Int J Obes 15: 111–120. pmid:2040548
- 23. Park JY, Lee KU, Kim CH, Kim HK, Hong SK, Park KS, et al. (1997) Past and current obesity in Koreans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 35: 49–56. pmid:9113475
- 24. Meyre D (2012) Is FTO a type 2 diabetes susceptibility gene? Diabetologia 55: 873–876. pmid:22297584
- 25. Iwata M, Maeda S, Kamura Y, Takano A, Kato H, Murakami S, et al. (2012) Genetic risk score constructed using 14 susceptibility alleles for type 2 diabetes is associated with the early onset of diabetes and may predict the future requirement of insulin injections among Japanese individuals. Diabetes Care 35: 1763–1770. pmid:22688542
- 26. Expert Committee on the D, Classification of Diabetes M (2003) Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 26 Suppl 1: S5–20.
- 27. Kashiwagi A, Kasuga M, Araki E, Oka Y, Hanafusa T, Ito H, et al. (2012) International clinical harmonization of glycated hemoglobin in Japan: From Japan Diabetes Society to National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program values. J Diabetes Investig 3: 39–40. pmid:24843544
- 28. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC (1985) Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 28: 412–419. pmid:3899825
- 29. Maeda S, Tsukada S, Kanazawa A, Sekine A, Tsunoda T, Koya D, et al. (2005) Genetic variations in the gene encoding TFAP2B are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Hum Genet 50: 283–292. pmid:15940393
- 30. Miyake K, Yang W, Hara K, Yasuda K, Horikawa Y, Osawa H, et al. (2009) Construction of a prediction model for type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Japanese population based on 11 genes with strong evidence of the association. J Hum Genet 54: 236–241. pmid:19247372
- 31. Shimaoka I, Kamide K, Ohishi M, Katsuya T, Akasaka H, Saitoh S, et al. (2010) Association of gene polymorphism of the fat-mass and obesity-associated gene with insulin resistance in Japanese. Hypertens Res 33: 214–218. pmid:20075932
- 32. Karasawa S, Daimon M, Sasaki S, Toriyama S, Oizumi T, Susa S, et al. (2010) Association of the common fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene polymorphism with obesity in a Japanese population. Endocr J 57: 293–301. pmid:20051647
- 33. Hotta K, Nakata Y, Matsuo T, Kamohara S, Kotani K, Komatsu R, et al. (2008) Variations in the FTO gene are associated with severe obesity in the Japanese. J Hum Genet 53: 546–553. pmid:18379722
- 34. Tanaka M, Yoshida T, Bin W, Fukuo K, Kazumi T (2012) FTO, abdominal adiposity, fasting hyperglycemia associated with elevated HbA1c in Japanese middle-aged women. J Atheroscler Thromb 19: 633–642. pmid:22504289
- 35. Nielsen DM, Ehm MG, Weir BS (1998) Detecting marker-disease association by testing for Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium at a marker locus. Am J Hum Genet 63: 1531–1540. pmid:9867708
- 36. Kadowaki T, Miyake Y, Hagura R, Akanuma Y, Kajinuma H, Kuzuya N, et al. (1984) Risk factors for worsening to diabetes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetologia 26: 44–49. pmid:6368299
- 37. Yoshizawa S, Heianza Y, Arase Y, Saito K, Hsieh SD, Tsuji H, et al. (2014) Comparison of different aspects of BMI history to identify undiagnosed diabetes in Japanese men and women: Toranomon Hospital Health Management Center Study 12 (TOPICS 12). Diabet Med 31: 1378–1386. pmid:24750392
- 38. Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rotnitzky A, Manson JE (1995) Weight gain as a risk factor for clinical diabetes mellitus in women. Ann Intern Med 122: 481–486. pmid:7872581
- 39. Hertel JK, Johansson S, Sonestedt E, Jonsson A, Lie RT, Platou CG, et al. (2011) FTO, type 2 diabetes, and weight gain throughout adult life: a meta-analysis of 41,504 subjects from the Scandinavian HUNT, MDC, and MPP studies. Diabetes 60: 1637–1644. pmid:21398525
- 40. Scuteri A, Sanna S, Chen WM, Uda M, Albai G, Strait J, et al. (2007) Genome-wide association scan shows genetic variants in the FTO gene are associated with obesity-related traits. PLOS Genet 3: e115. pmid:17658951
- 41. Qi L, Kang K, Zhang C, van Dam RM, Kraft P, Hunter D, et al. (2008) Fat mass-and obesity-associated (FTO) gene variant is associated with obesity: longitudinal analyses in two cohort studies and functional test. Diabetes 57: 3145–3151. pmid:18647953
- 42. Jacobsson JA, Almen MS, Benedict C, Hedberg LA, Michaelsson K, Brooks S, et al. (2011) Detailed analysis of variants in FTO in association with body composition in a cohort of 70-year-olds suggests a weakened effect among elderly. PLOS One 6: e20158. pmid:21637715
- 43. Jacobsson JA, Danielsson P, Svensson V, Klovins J, Gyllensten U, Marcus C, et al. (2008) Major gender difference in association of FTO gene variant among severely obese children with obesity and obesity related phenotypes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 368: 476–482. pmid:18249188
- 44. Kring SI, Holst C, Zimmermann E, Jess T, Berentzen T, Toubro S, et al. (2008) FTO gene associated fatness in relation to body fat distribution and metabolic traits throughout a broad range of fatness. PLOS One 3: e2958. pmid:18698412
- 45. Scott RA, Bailey ME, Moran CN, Wilson RH, Fuku N, Tanaka M, et al. (2010) FTO genotype and adiposity in children: physical activity levels influence the effect of the risk genotype in adolescent males. Eur J Hum Genet 18: 1339–1343. pmid:20717169
- 46. Han L, Tang L, Wang C, Chen Z, Zhang T, Chen S, et al. (2014) Fat mass and obesity-associated gene rs11642015 polymorphism is significantly associated with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes subsequent to adjustment for body mass index. Biomed Rep 2: 681–686. pmid:25054011
- 47. Shahid A, Rana S, Saeed S, Imran M, Afzal N, Mahmood S (2013) Common variant of FTO gene, rs9939609, and obesity in Pakistani females. Biomed Res Int 2013: 324093. pmid:24102053
- 48. Qian Y, Liu S, Lu F, Li H, Dong M, Lin Y, et al. (2013) Genetic variant in fat mass and obesity-associated gene associated with type 2 diabetes risk in Han Chinese. BMC Genet 14: 86. pmid:24053193
- 49. Xi B, Shen Y, Zhang M, Liu X, Zhao X, Wu L, et al. (2010) The common rs9939609 variant of the fat mass and obesity-associated gene is associated with obesity risk in children and adolescents of Beijing, China. BMC Med Genet 11: 107. pmid:20598163
- 50. Aschard H, Vilhjalmsson BJ, Joshi AD, Price AL, Kraft P (2015) Adjusting for heritable covariates can bias effect estimates in genome-wide association studies. Am J Hum Genet 96: 329–339. pmid:25640676
- 51. Casey VA, Dwyer JT, Berkey CS, Coleman KA, Gardner J, Valadian I (1991) Long-term memory of body weight and past weight satisfaction: a longitudinal follow-up study. Am J Clin Nutr 53: 1493–1498. pmid:2035478
- 52. Tamakoshi K, Yatsuya H, Kondo T, Hirano T, Hori Y, Yoshida T, et al. (2003) The accuracy of long-term recall of past body weight in Japanese adult men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 27: 247–252. pmid:12587006
- 53. Masunari N, Fujiwara S, Nakata Y, Nakashima E, Nakamura T (2007) Historical height loss, vertebral deformity, and health-related quality of life in Hiroshima cohort study. Osteoporos Int 18: 1493–1499. pmid:17541811
- 54. Cline MG, Meredith KE, Boyer JT, Burrows B (1989) Decline of height with age in adults in a general population sample: estimating maximum height and distinguishing birth cohort effects from actual loss of stature with aging. Hum Biol 61: 415–425. pmid:2807265