Figures
Abstract
Introduction
Although the same efficacy and tolerability are anticipated due to both drugs containing the same active ingredients, comparative studies between brand and generic alendronate are limited. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to compare efficacy and safety between brand alendronate and a recently introduced generic alendronate drug.
Methods
A total of 140 postmenopausal women or men aged older than 50 years who met the indications for osteoporosis treatment were randomized to receive either generic (Bonmax®) or brand alendronate (Fosamax®) 70 mg/week over a 12-month period during the May 2014 to June 2015 study period. Endpoints included bone mineral density (BMD) changes at the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck; percentage of patients with predefined levels of change in total hip and lumbar spine BMD at 12 months; and, changes in biochemical bone markers at 3, 6, and 12 months. Tolerability was evaluated by patient self-reporting of adverse experiences.
Results
At 12 months post-treatment, BMD significantly increased at all sites in both groups. There were no differences in BMD percentage changes or the number of patients with stable or increased BMD after 1 year between groups. No significant differences in the amount of biochemical bone marker reduction or incidence of adverse events were observed between groups.
Citation: Unnanuntana A, Jarusriwanna A, Songcharoen P (2017) Randomized clinical trial comparing efficacy and safety of brand versus generic alendronate (Bonmax®) for osteoporosis treatment. PLoS ONE 12(7): e0180325. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180325
Editor: Tuan Van Nguyen, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, AUSTRALIA
Received: January 11, 2017; Accepted: June 13, 2017; Published: July 5, 2017
Copyright: © 2017 Unnanuntana et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: Data contains information that could be used to identify study participants and is available upon request from the corresponding author.
Funding: This study was partially supported by the Medical Association of Thailand (Prasert Prasarttong- Osoth) Research Fund. There was no additional external funding received for this study.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by compromised bone strength that predisposes individuals to increased risk of fracture [1]. Fragility fracture is associated with premature mortality [2] and substantial decrease in quality of life (QOL) [3]. Moreover, both short- and long-term care for patients with fragility fractures place an enormous economic burden on the health care system [4]. Due to high personal and societal costs of fragility fracture, prevention is critically important. Once an individual has been identified as being at high risk for fracture, such as those diagnosed with osteoporosis or those with a history of fragility fracture, an appropriate pharmacological intervention should be employed.
According to the 2010 Thai osteoporosis guideline, bisphosphonate is considered as a first-line therapy [5]. Bisphosphonates have been shown to significantly reduce the risk of both vertebral and non-vertebral (including hip) fractures by reducing bone turnover and increasing bone mass, thus improving bone strength [6]. Alendronate, which is available in a once-weekly formulation, is one of the most commonly used oral bisphosphonates, and it has been approved for the treatment and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis [7]. Previous studies have shown continued efficacy and safety of alendronate after 10 years of continued use [8,9].
Due to the escalating cost of health care, governments in many countries have instituted numerous measures to minimize health care-related expenditures. One of the most commonly used cost-saving methods is to encourage physicians to use generic substitution for brand drugs after the patents on these brand drugs have expired [10–12]. Alendronate is the first amino-bisphosphonate to lose patent protection, thus allowing generic duplication of this drug. Insurance entities and group health care providers prefer physicians to prescribe generic alendronate instead of the brand drug due to its lower cost. Although it is expected that generic alendronate will have the same clinical efficacy as the brand formulation based on bioequivalence data, clinical information regarding side effects and the effect of generic alendronate on bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture reduction is limited. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to compare efficacy and safety between brand alendronate and a recently introduced generic alendronate drug. The use of generic alendronate could be recommended if adequate efficacy is established, and if it has the same safety profile as brand alendronate.
Materials and methods
This study was a 12-month randomized controlled, non-inferiority trial conducted at Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University. The protocol and consent forms used were approved by the Siriraj Institutional Review Board (SIRB), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University on 22 April 2014. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov via the Protocol Registration and Results System (PRS) (NCT02371252) on 7 September 2014. The 4–5 month delay in protocol registration was due to time needed for translation of the protocol from Thai language to English language (S1 and S2 Files). A detailed informed consent form was signed by each participating patient, and all patient information was kept confidential. The study design and reporting format were based on CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) principles (S1 Checklist). The authors confirm that all ongoing and related trials for this drug/intervention are registered.
Participants
All patients were recruited from the metabolic bone disease clinic of Siriraj Hospital. Included participants were community-dwelling, ambulatory men or postmenopausal women (defined as no vaginal bleeding or spotting for at least 12 months) >50 years who met the indications for osteoporosis treatment. According to the Thai Osteoporosis Foundation 2010 treatment guideline for osteoporosis [5], pharmacological treatment should be considered in postmenopausal women and men ≥50 years that have one of the following indications: previous history of a low-energy hip or vertebral compression (clinical or morphometric) fracture; having a T-score at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, or total hip ≤-2.5; having a low BMD (T-score at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, or total hip between -1.0 and -2.5) with a 10-year probability of hip fracture ≥3% or a 10-year probability of a major osteoporosis-related fracture ≥20% according to FRAX®, the World Health Organization’s fracture risk assessment tool [13,14].
We prospectively screened and recruited patients who had indications for osteoporosis treatment during May 2014 to June 2015. Since we prospectively collected data of each patient from baseline to 12-months post-treatment, follow-up data of all patients were obtained during August 2014 to June 2016. Patients with any one of the following conditions were excluded: history of severe dyspepsia or gastroesophageal reflux disease; presence of hypocalcemia (serum calcium <8.5 mg/dL), severe vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D <10 ng/mL), or metabolic bone diseases other than postmenopausal osteoporosis; presence of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <35 mL/min/1.73 m2; history of any bisphosphonate or anabolic agent use within the past year; or, history of glucocorticoid use (≥5 mg/day of prednisolone or its equivalent) within the past 6 months.
Patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled and sequentially assigned an allocation number (allocation ratio 1:1) into either the generic alendronate group or the brand alendronate group. The randomization sequence was concealed prior to enrollment. Although patients were not blinded to the given medication, the physicians and the research assistant who collected the data were blinded to each patient’s assigned study medication. Patient group allocation was determined using a computer-generated blocked randomization scheme, using block sizes of two and four. Patients in the generic alendronate group received Bonmax® (Apotex Incorporated, Toronto, Ontario, Canada) 70 mg/week for 12 months, whereas patients in the brand alendronate group received Fosamax® (Merck Sharp & Dohme (Italia) S.P.A., Pavia, Italy) 70 mg/week for 12 months. The study medication was taken with a full of glass of water (6–8 oz) upon waking after an overnight fast. After taking the medication, patients were instructed to remain in an upright position for at least 30 minutes before eating their first meal of the day. In addition to the study medication, calcium and vitamin D supplementation were given to all patients in both groups.
Study visits were planned at baseline, and at 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. At each visit, blood samples were collected and study medication was provided. Residual unused medication supplied at the previous visit was collected and counted. A trained research assistant evaluated possible side effects and adverse events. Worsening of a pre-existing medical condition and/or occurrence of a new fracture were considered adverse events. If a new hip fracture occurred during the study period, the medication was stopped due to concern that bisphosphonate may interfere with the fracture healing process [15].
Assessments
Bone mineral density testing.
BMD was measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) at the lumbar spine and proximal femur at baseline and 12 months after treatment. BMD was measured on the same Lunar densitometer instrument (GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, United Kingdom) at both visits. An independent investigator who was blinded to the treatment allocation performed the BMD analyses. Change in BMD from baseline to 12-month post-treatment was classified into three types: increased, stable, and decreased BMD. A gain or loss of BMD beyond the in vivo least significant change was defined as increased or decreased BMD, respectively. The least significant change in BMD was calculated as 2.8 × coefficient of variation. Since the coefficient of variation for lumbar spine measurements in clinical practice is usually approximately 1%, a change of ≥3% in lumbar spine BMD was considered to be significant; however, a change at the proximal femur was not significant until it was ≥5% (the coefficient of variation for proximal femur measurement was 1.8) [16]. Changes in BMD within 3% at the lumbar spine or within 5% at the proximal femur were considered to be stable BMD.
Biochemical assessment.
Differences in efficacy of generic and brand alendronate were also evaluated by determining the response of bone turnover markers. We used serum β-isomerized C-terminal telopeptides (β-CTx; Roche Diagnostics Elecsys, Mannheim, Germany) and serum total procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide (P1NP; Roche Diagnostics Elecsys, Mannheim, Germany) to assess the bone turnover rate. Serum β-CTx was used to monitor the bone resorption rate, while serum P1NP was used to monitor the rate of bone formation. All blood samples were drawn at approximately 8 am after 12 hours of fasting. These samples were analyzed at the central laboratory at our hospital. Laboratory data were collected at baseline, and at 3, 6, and 12months after bisphosphonate treatment. Basic laboratory tests were also performed at each visit, including serum total calcium, albumin, phosphate, parathyroid hormone, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D).
QOL assessment.
We used the European Quality of Life Scale (EuroQol) to assess QOL of patients in both groups. The EuroQol instrument is designed for self-completion by the participant and it contains two parts: the EQ-5D-5L utility score (EQ-US) and the EQ visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS). In this study, we used only the EQ-VAS. Patients were asked to score their health status on a visual analog scale (VAS) that ranged from 0 to 100. The top score of the scale (100) represents the best imaginable health state, with 0 representing the worst imaginable health status [17,18].
Efficacy and safety determinations.
We determined the efficacy of both generic and brand alendronate by evaluating the mean percentage change in BMD from baseline to 1-year post-treatment. The primary outcome of this study was the mean percentage change in lumbar spine BMD from baseline to 1-year post-treatment. We chose BMD at the lumbar spine as our primary outcome because of the rapid and large gains in BMD observed at this site in response to bisphosphonate treatment [19–21]. Secondary BMD endpoints included mean percentage change from baseline to 1-year post-treatment in BMD of the femoral neck and total hip. Percentage changes in biochemical bone markers from baseline to 3-, 6-, and 12-months post-treatment were included as secondary efficacy endpoints. Safety was monitored during the study by recording clinical and laboratory adverse events. Patients were encouraged to report any potential adverse events to the investigators at any time during the study period.
Statistical analyses
In order to test non-inferiority between generic and brand alendronate groups, we used standard deviation of BMD change at the lumbar spine from baseline to 1-year post-treatment for brand alendronate (Fosamax®). A previous investigation [10] found that the standard deviation of BMD at the lumbar spine in patients who received brand alendronate to be 0.138. Based on the results of that study, we set a non-inferiority margin between brand and generic alendronate equal to half of the standard deviation of the brand alendronate group. Power analysis and sample size calculations indicated that a sample size of 50 patients per group would provide 80% statistical power to detect this effect size between groups (a one-sided alpha = 0.05, beta = 0.20). Since recruitment was increased by 40% to compensate for loss to follow-up, poor compliance, and 1-year mortality rate, a total of 70 patients per group was required for this study.
Data are presented as number and percentage (%) for categorical variables, and mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables. Baseline patient characteristics and the results of both groups were assessed for normality using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Pearson’s chi-square or Fisher’s exact test were used to compare categorical variables. For continuous variables, Student’s t-test was used to compare parametric data, and Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare nonparametric data. Comparison of the percentage of patients with increased, decreased, or stable BMDs at the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck was performed using chi-square test. One-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess the effect of time on the change in each bone turnover marker in each patient group. Statistical analysis was performed per protocol. All analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics version 18.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Since this study was a non-inferiority trial, a one-sided p-value <0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.
Results
A total of 153 patients were screened during the study period. Of 153 patients, 13 patients were excluded from the study, as follows: 2 patients for declining to participate, 2 patients with severe dyspepsia, 2 patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate <35 mL/min/1.73 m2, 2 patients currently using bisphosphonate, and 5 patients had history of taking glucocorticoids during the past 6 months. The remaining 140 patients were enrolled. Included participants were randomized and allocated according to the study protocol (70 patients to the generic alendronate group and 70 patients to the brand alendronate group). Three patients died during study treatment as a result of underlying medical problems. Six patients were lost to follow-up during the study period. Nineteen patients discontinued medication after the randomization process for a variety of reasons that included fracture, severe side effects, and active medical condition. One hundred and twelve patients (80%) completed the study with data available for analysis at the end of the 12-month follow-up (Fig 1).
Demographic and baseline characteristics of patients in both study groups are shown in Table 1. The mean ± standard deviation age of our study population was 73.7 ± 8.5 years. Most subjects (90.7%) were women. The predominant indication for using bisphosphonate was history of low-energy spine or hip fracture (59.3%). When comparing demographic data between the generic and brand treatment groups, there were no differences in any of the demographic or clinical characteristics between groups. Baseline BMD and laboratory investigations are presented in Table 1. At baseline, only BMD at the femoral neck and total hip was significantly different between the 2 treatment groups (p = 0.001 and p = 0.027, respectively).
The mean BMD increased from baseline to 1-year post-treatment at all sites in both groups (Table 2). Spaghetti plot graphs showing change in BMD at all 3 sites in each patient are given in Fig 2. At 1-year post-treatment, lumbar spine BMD increased an average of 5.4% and 5.5% compared with baseline in the generic and brand alendronate groups, respectively. There was no difference in percentage change in lumbar spine BMD between groups (p = 0.900). At 1 year, mean percentage change in total hip BMD increased approximately 2.5% in both treatment groups. Similar to lumbar spine BMD, there was no difference in percentage change in total hip BMD between groups (p = 0.952). Although femoral neck BMD at 1-year post-treatment increased by an average of 1.9% and 4.4% relative to baseline in the generic and brand alendronate groups, respectively, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.163) (Table 2).
When classifying the magnitude of BMD change at each site into three types based on the least significant change (increased, stable, or decreased BMD), we found that >85% of patients in both groups had stable or increased BMD after 1-year of alendronate treatment (Table 3). There were no differences in the percentage of patients who were classified as increased, stable, or decreased BMD after 1 year of treatment between generic and brand alendronate patients (p-value range: 0.475–0.859). Similar to BMD, there was no difference in EQ-VAS at 1-year post-treatment between the 2 groups. The mean EQ-VAS at 1-year post-treatment was 79.4 ± 13.6 and 80.3 ± 14.2 for the generic and brand alendronate groups, respectively (p = 0.588).
The mean value of the biochemical bone marker for bone resorption (β-CTx) in both the generic and brand alendronate groups decreased from baseline at all follow-up time points, with the lowest level at 6 months after treatment (p < 0.001). Similar to β-CTx, the mean serum P1NP level in the generic group decreased from baseline at all follow-up time points, with the lowest levels at 6 months after treatment (p < 0.001). Conversely, in the brand alendronate group, mean serum P1NP level decreased from baseline at all time points, with the lowest level at 12 months after treatment (p < 0.001). There were no differences in serum β-CTx and P1NP levels between the generic and brand alendronate groups at all time points (p > 0.08) (Fig 3).
(A) serum β-isomerized C-terminal telopeptide (β-CTx); and, (B) serum total procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide (P1NP) for the generic and brand alendronate patient groups before treatment (baseline) and at 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. The error bars indicate standard error. The p-values in the graphs compare levels between the generic and brand alendronate patient groups, while within group p-values are shown in the corresponding table below each graph (p-value <0.05 indicates statistical significance).
Table 4 shows the proportion of adverse events in each treatment group. The most common adverse events found after taking either formulations of alendronate were myalgia and arthralgia. The rate of adverse events was similar between the generic and brand alendronate groups (p = 0.471). Five patients had new fractures during the study period. Of those, there were 2 hip fractures in the generic alendronate group and 1 hip fracture in the brand alendronate group. A new clinical vertebral fracture and a distal end radius fracture also occurred in the brand alendronate group. Adverse events were severe enough to warrant discontinuation of alendronate in 6 patients (8.5%) and 4 patients (5.7%) in the generic and brand alendronate groups, respectively (p = 0.512).
Discussion
In general, generic drugs contain active pharmaceutical ingredients similar to those used in original brand name drugs; therefore, preclinical studies and clinical trials on animals and patients to prove the safety and efficacy of generic drug products are not required [11,22]. Alternatively, bioequivalence studies are required that demonstrate safety and efficacy comparability between the generic and its brand predecessor [11]. Although therapeutically equivalent products are expected to have the same safety and efficacy profiles, many generic drugs are not administered under the same conditions [12]. In Thailand, many generic forms of alendronate are available. Various preparations of alendronate 70 mg per week contain different ratios of alendronate monosodium and alendronate sodium trihydrate. Changes in these content ratios may cause differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, which may result in different outcomes regarding efficacy and side effects. Most of these generic drugs provide comparative bioequivalence data with the original drug, but none has been compared in terms of therapeutic equivalence or safety/tolerability to brand alendronate.
In this study, both generic and brand alendronate showed significant increase in BMD at the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck at 1-year post-treatment. Mean BMD increased 5.5% and 2.5% in both groups at the lumbar spine and total hip, respectively. BMD response at all sites was consistent with results of previous studies, with lumbar spine as the site with the largest change among all skeletal sites [19,20]. The percentage of patients with change in total hip or femoral neck BMD ≥5% or lumbar spine BMD ≥3% was evaluated as another predictor of relative antiresorptive potency. These 3% and 5% changes were chosen because they correspond with the least significant change necessary to be 95% confident that the improvement in BMD in an individual patient is genuine [23]. Changes equal to or greater than this magnitude have been shown to predict substantial anti-fracture benefit with alendronate. It is important, however, to point out that even patients with an apparent loss of BMD during bisphosphonate therapy have been shown to have some fracture risk reduction [24]. Our study showed that there was no difference in the percentage of patients who were classified as increased, stable, or decreased BMD after 1 year of treatment between generic and brand alendronate. Thus, both forms of alendronate provided similar clinical efficacy regarding BMD responses.
The rapid decrease in both bone turnover markers (c-CTx and P1NP) during the first 3 months was achieved with both alendronate formulations, followed by a more gradual decrease at 6 and 12 months, which is comparable to previous findings in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis who received treatment with alendronate [25,26]. The lowest level of β-CTx was at 6 months after treatment in both treatment groups, while the lowest level of serum P1NP was at 6 and 12 months in the generic and brand alendronate groups, respectively. These differences in time points at which serum P1NP was at its lowest level may be related to differential pharmacokinetic profiles between generic and brand alendronate [27,28]. Although time achieved the lowest serum P1NP level was faster in the generic alendronate group, the magnitude of reduction was similar between generic and brand alendronate. We, therefore, consider the difference in time of the lowest level of bone formation marker between the 2 treatment groups to be clinically non-relevant.
Alendronate is slowly absorbed and carries a high risk of esophageal irritation [29,30]. Previous studies reported that generic alendronate might not be as well-tolerated as brand alendronate. Grima DT, et al. [10] reported that after introduction of an automatic substitution to generic alendronate in Canada, patients who were previously stable on brand alendronate experienced an increase in adverse events, particularly gastrointestinal side effects. Another group [28] conducted a randomized double-blind cross-over study in postmenopausal women and found that generic alendronate (Accord®) caused significantly higher abdominal pain scores in the first 4 weeks of treatment, although there was no significant difference in the overall tolerance between the generic and brand alendronate groups. In contrast to the results of previous studies, there were no significant differences in total adverse events in our study. The most frequently observed side effects in this study were myalgia and arthralgia, instead of the gastrointestinal-related problems described in the following study. Similar to our results, Orwoll ES, et al. [31] reported that the most frequently occurring adverse events after bisphosphonate administration (both intravenous and oral formulations) were pyrexia, myalgia, arthralgia, influenza-like illness, malaise, and backache. These symptoms were transient, however, and generally did not lead to discontinuation of bisphosphonate administration.
Drug compliance is another concern in patients who take generic alendronate due to the higher rate of side effects that can motivate patients to stop taking the medication [32]. Our controlled-trial study did not observe a negative effect on either compliance or adherence between the two treatment groups. Similar to our findings, a study [11] reported that adherence was similar between patients receiving generic (apo-alendronate®) and brand alendronate.
This study has several limitations. First, the patients were not blinded to their assigned treatment medication. Given that generic and brand alendronate are different regarding size and shape of the pill and the package, it is not feasible to blind patients to their assigned treatment. Although this is a potential source of bias, we used BMD and bone turnover markers as outcomes to determine treatment efficacy. Blinding or not blinding patients should not affect changes in BMD and bone turnover markers in patients of either study group. Second, we investigated only one type of generic alendronate (Bonmax®), which is the generic available at our center. As such, the results of our study are not generalizable to other generic alendronate drugs. Third, our sample size was calculated based on changes in BMD after 1 year of treatment. Thus, our sample size was too small to detect other clinically important secondary outcome measures. Furthermore, our sample size was too small to detect difference in fracture incidence between the treatment groups. Ideally, new fractures should be used as outcomes to determine efficacy of an antiosteoporosis agent. However, since the incidence of new fractures is much reduced after bisphosphonate treatment, this will increase the number of sample sizes required for such a study. Nevertheless, our study used validated, surrogated endpoints (BMD and bone markers), which are the best alternative when a clinically relevant outcome (i.e., fracture) is not available [33,34]. Finally, the duration of follow-up was short. A similar study design with longer BMD follow-up and that includes fracture data is warranted.
In conclusion, both generic and brand alendronate increased BMD at all sites and reduced biochemical bone markers. These two alendronate formulations yielded similar clinical efficacy. Both forms of alendronate were well-tolerated, with no significant difference in the number of patients with adverse events or discontinuation due to treatment side effects. Based on these findings, Bonmax® (the generic brand used in this study) is a viable alternative to the original brand of alendronate, which is an anti-osteoporosis agent with long-term efficacy and safety.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge Ms. Wachirapan Narktang of the Division of Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital and Mr. Suthipol Udompunthurak of the Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital for their assistance with data collection and statistical analysis.
Author Contributions
- Conceptualization: AU AJ PS.
- Data curation: AU AJ.
- Formal analysis: AU AJ.
- Funding acquisition: AU PS.
- Investigation: AU AJ.
- Methodology: AU AJ PS.
- Project administration: AU PS.
- Resources: AU PS.
- Supervision: AU.
- Validation: AU AJ PS.
- Visualization: AU AJ PS.
- Writing – original draft: AU AJ.
- Writing – review & editing: AU PS.
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