http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5121-4488
Figures
Abstract
Background
The sensitivity of interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) in the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection could be affected by conditions of immune dysregulation. For this reason, diabetes mellitus (DM) may increase the frequency of indeterminate results of IGRAs. However, there have been inconsistent reports of role of DM on indeterminate IGRA results.
Methods
We retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube testing (QFT-GIT) at Chonnam National University Hospital. We collected the clinical and laboratory data of these patients.
Results
Of all 3,391 subjects, 1,265 (37.3%) had a positive QFT-GIT result, 266 (7.8%) had an indeterminate result, and 1,860 (54.9%) had a negative result. The mean age was 54.8 ± 18.1 years and 55.0% of the patients were male. There were 512 (15.1%) patients with DM. Multivariable analysis revealed that systemic corticosteroid use, tuberculosis, lymphocytopenia, low serum albumin, and high serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were significantly associated with indeterminate QFT-GIT results. However, DM was not associated with indeterminate QFT-GIT results (adjusted odds ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.69–1.41; P = 0.939). After propensity score matching, DM was not associated with indeterminate results of QFT-GIT.
Citation: Shin H-J, Kim T-O, Oh H-J, Park H-Y, Chang J-S, Ahn S, et al. (2017) Impact of diabetes mellitus on indeterminate results of the QuantiFERON TB Gold In-Tube test: A propensity score matching analysis. PLoS ONE 12(7): e0181887. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181887
Editor: Lei Gao, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, CHINA
Received: April 28, 2017; Accepted: July 7, 2017; Published: July 21, 2017
Copyright: © 2017 Shin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Korean Government (Grant 2016R1D1A1B03931132). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release assays (IGRAs) are immunologic tests that can help clinicians diagnose tuberculosis (TB) and latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection by demonstrating the immunologic response to Mtb antigens [1]. The QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test (QFT-GIT) is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that quantifies the IFN-γ response of fresh whole blood to a cocktail of Mtb antigens (early secretory antigenic target-6 [ESAT-6], culture filtrate protein-10 [CFP-10], and TB7.7), and it has been used widely. However, indeterminate results could limit the usefulness of this test and cause confusion for clinicians in the diagnosis of Mtb infection. Moreover, the rate of indeterminate results is relatively high; a recent meta-analysis showed that the incidence of indeterminate QuantiFERON-TB Gold test results ranged from 3% to 21%. This included a pooled rate of 2.1%, which increased to 4.4% in immunosuppressed patients [2].
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an important co-morbidity in patients with tuberculosis (TB) because it can increase the risk of active TB [3, 4], have severe clinical manifestations, and cause worse outcomes [5, 6]. DM can also cause dysregulation of the immune system, resulting in altered levels of cytokines and chemokines [7, 8]. However, there have been inconsistent reports of IFN-γ levels in response to Mtb in patients with TB and latent TB infection. Studies in patients with TB showed that those with DM had a higher response to a purified protein derivative from Mtb [9] and Mtb antigens [10], but no difference in the response to an Mtb sonicate [11] compared with patients without DM. However, another study in patients with latent TB infection showed that the response to Mtb antigens was decreased in patients with DM compared with that in patents without DM [12]. Furthermore, a recent study indicated that TB patients with DM were over 4 times more likely to have indeterminate QFT-GIT results using univariate analysis, although the effect was lost after adjusting for confounders [13]. In this study, we evaluated whether an indeterminate result of QFT-GIT is affected by DM.
Methods
Study population
We retrospectively reviewed all patients aged over 18 years who underwent QFT-GIT testing at Chonnam National University Hospital between January 2013 and December 2014.
Immunocompromised medical conditions
Immunocompromised patients were defined as those who had comorbidities, such as: DM, chemotherapy for an underlying malignancy at the time of QFT-GIT, solid organ transplant or bone marrow transplant, renal replacement therapy for chronic renal failure, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and advanced liver cirrhosis of Child-Pugh class C. Patients receiving daily administration of immunosuppressive agents (at least 15 mg of prednisone per day for more than 1 month, or combination therapy with low dose corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive agents, including azathioprine, mycophenolate, methotrexate, cyclosporine, or cyclophosphamide) were also defined as immunocompromised. DM was defined by a history of DM with prior use of antidiabetic medications.
Diagnosis of TB
TB was diagnosed on the basis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis identification by culture or polymerase chain reaction from clinical specimens or clinical, radiological, or histological findings compatible with TB and responses to TB treatment.
Assessment of clinical and laboratory findings
Laboratory data included lymphocyte and platelet counts, hemoglobin, albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum glucose levels. HIV was detected using screening with an Architect HIV Ag/Ab Combo Kit (Abbott Laboratories, Abbot Park, IL, USA) to determine the presence of the HIV antibody and/or antigen. The results were confirmed using an additional HIV Western blot (HIV BLOT 2.2 Western Blot Assay, MP Diagnostics, Asia Pacific Pte Ltd., Singapore). Anemia was defined according to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines as a baseline hemoglobin level <13 g/dL in men or <12 g/dL in women [14]. Lymphocytopenia was defined as a blood lymphocyte count <1.0 × 109/L.
QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test
The QFT-GIT test was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, the test consisted of 3 blood collection tubes: a nil control tube (negative control: whole blood without antigens or mitogen), a mitogen control tube (positive control: whole blood with phytohemagglutinin), and a TB antigen tube (whole blood with a synthetic peptide cocktail simulating the Mtb-specific antigens, including ESAT-6, CFP-10, and TB7.7). The blood tubes were incubated for 20 hours at 37°C. The concentrations of IFN-γ were measured using an ELISA, which was either performed manually or using an automated microplate processor (Evolis Twin Plus system; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA)
Definitions of indeterminate result
The QFT-GIT results for each patient were interpreted according to the manufacturer’s criteria. Briefly, the QFT-GIT result was defined as positive if the IFN-γ level of Nil was ≤ 8.0 IU/mL and that of TB antigen minus Nil was ≥ 0.35 IU/mL and ≥ 25% of Nil value. A negative result was defined if the IFN-γ level of Nil was ≤ 8.0 IU/mL, that of Mitogen minus Nil was ≥ 0.5 IU/mL, and that of TB antigen minus Nil was < 0.35 IU/mL or < 25% of Nil value. The results were reported as indeterminate if the IFN-γ level of Nil was ≤ 8.0 IU/mL, that of TB antigen minus Nil was< 0.35 IU/mL or ≥ 0.35 IU/mL and < 25% of Nil value, and Mitogen minus Nil was < 0.5 IU/mL (positive control failure) or if the IFN-γ level of Nil was > 8.0 IU/mL (negative control failure). Positive and negative results for QFT-GIT were combined into 1 variable termed “determinate”.
Statistical analysis
All data are expressed as mean or standard deviation or as numbers and percentages. The Pearson’s χ2 or Fisher’s exact tests were used for categorical variables to compare between determinate and indeterminate groups. The Student’s t-test were used for continuous variables to compare between determinate and indeterminate groups. To identify factors associated with indeterminate QFT-GIT results, logistic regression analysis was used in univariate analysis. Subsequently, multivariable logistic regression analysis was carried out, with inclusion of variables with P values of <0.25 in univariate analysis with enter method. We assessed the interactions between variables which were introduced the multivariable logistic regression model. There was significant interaction between DM and malignancy undergoing chemotherapy (P = 0.038). Therefore, we decided not to introduce the variable with malignancy undergoing chemotherapy to the final multivariable logistic regression model. We also measured the variance inflation factor (VIF) to identify the existence of collinearity in the variables of multivariable logistic regression analysis. We considered as a presence of collinearity if VIFs of variables were > 5.
To evaluate influence of DM on indeterminate QFT-GIT result compared to determinate QFT-GIT result, we matched patients according to covariates of age, sex, rheumatic disease, malignancy undergoing chemotherapy, solid organ transplant, bone marrow transplant, chronic renal failure with renal replacement therapy, advanced liver cirrhosis, HIV infection, systemic corticosteroid or immunosuppressive agent use, diagnosis of TB, lymphocytopenia, anemia, and serum albumin and CRP levels. Propensity score matching was performed with one-to-one nearest neighbor matching without replacement. The caliper was 1.0 and the absolute standardized differences of the mean were within 0.1 for all variables. All subsequent analyses were performed in the matched sample, using methods appropriate for the analysis of matched data. The Paired t-test was used for continuous variables and the McNemar’s test was used for categorical variables to compare between DM and non-DM groups after matching [15].
All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 21.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Propensity score matching was performed using IBM SPSS 21.0 and R version R2.14.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Ethics statement
The protocol of this study was approved by the Chonnam National University Hospital Institutional Review Board. Informed consent was waived because of retrospective nature of this study, and patient information was anonymized and de-identified prior to analysis. (IRB number, CNUH-2017-169).
Results
Patient characteristics
Fig 1 shows the flowchart of this study. From January 2013 to December 2014, 3,571 patients underwent QFT-GIT testing more than once. We excluded patients who were under 18 years old (n = 127) or who underwent QFT-GIT more than twice without consistent results (n = 53). Of all 3,391 patients, 1,265 (37.3%) had a positive QFT-GIT result, 266 (7.8%) had an indeterminate result, and 1,860 (54.9%) had a negative result.
We screened 3,571 subjects who underwent QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube testing (QFT-GIT) testing more than once. Of these subjects, patients who were under 18 years old (n = 127) or who underwent QFT-GIT more than twice without consistent results (n = 53) were excluded. After exclusion, 3,391 patients were enrolled in the study in which 1,265 (37.3%) had a positive QFT-GIT result, 266 (7.8%) had an indeterminate result, and 1,860 (54.9%) had a negative result.
The baseline characteristics of each group are presented in Table 1. The mean patient age was 54.8 ± 18.1 years and 1,864 patients (55.0%) were men. A total of 512 patients (15.1%) had DM and 441 patients (13.0%) were diagnosed with TB. Among them, 236 (53.5%) patients had pulmonary TB, 185 (42.0%) had extra-pulmonary TB, and 20 (4.5%) had both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary TB simultaneously. Seven hundred patients (20.6%) had lymphocytopenia, and 1,635 (48.2%) had anemia, according to the WHO guidelines. Less than 5% of the patients had experienced chronic renal failure with renal replacement therapy, had undergone solid organ or bone marrow transplant, had HIV infection or advanced liver cirrhosis, or had received systemic corticosteroids.
Factors associated with indeterminate QFT-GIT results compared with determinate results
Table 2 shows the results of the univariate and multivariable analyses of clinical factors associated with indeterminate results compared with determinate results of QFT-GIT. In univariate analysis with logistic regression analysis, the difference between the indeterminate and determinate results was statistically significant in patients who had DM, advanced liver cirrhosis, diagnosis of TB, lymphocytopenia, or anemia, or who received systemic corticosteroids. Significant differences in the mean total age, serum albumin, and CRP levels were also observed between patients with determinate and indeterminate QFT-GIT results. Multivariable analysis by logistic regression analysis revealed that systemic corticosteroid use, a diagnosis of TB, lymphocytopenia, lower serum albumin, and higher serum CRP levels were significantly associated with indeterminate QFT-GIT results. Collinearities were not observed among variables in the multivariable logistic regression analysis (VIFs < 2.1). In contrast, DM was no longer associated with indeterminate QFT-GIT results following multivariable analysis (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.69–1.41; P = 0.939).
Relationship between indeterminate QFT-GIT results and DM: Propensity score matching analysis
We performed propensity score matching analysis to evaluate influence of DM on indeterminate QFT-GIT result compared to determinate QFT-GIT result by calculating propensity scores using logistic regression. After matching, there were 962 matched DM-non-DM patients. There was no significant difference between DM and non-DM groups after matching with absolute standardized differences of the mean were within 0.1 for all variables in each group (Table 3). Fifty-eight patients (12.1%) of DM group had indeterminate QFT-GIT results, and 60 (12.5%) had indeterminate QFT-GIT results. Logistic regression analysis revealed that DM was not associated with an indeterminate QFT-GIT result (Table 4).
Discussion
This cohort study included 3,391 subjects, which, to our knowledge, makes it the largest to date to demonstrate a relationship between DM and indeterminate IGRA results. We found that DM was not associated with indeterminate QFT-GIT results.
Indeterminate IGRA results can be caused by either a high background response or a poor response to the positive control mitogen (low mitogen). However, most reports show that indeterminate results of QFT-GIT result from low mitogen [16–19]. In a previous study conducted in our institution, it was reported that 93% of the indeterminate results were because of low mitogen, which is similar to the results of the present study [20]. Therefore, indeterminate results of QFT-GIT could be associated with immunosuppression [20–25]. In DM, dysfunctional innate and adaptive immune responses to Mtb have been reported, and this could increase the risk of active TB [7, 8]. Consequently, the IFN-γ response to the Mtb antigen may be affected in patients with DM. However, inconsistent results have been reported about this issue in TB or latent TB infection [9–12]. Variable sensitivity has been reported in QFT-GIT results among DM patients. Some studies have reported the high sensitivity of QFT-GIT in TB patients with DM [26–28]; however, a recent study reported the low sensitivity of this test in TB patients with DM [29]. In TB patients with DM, it also unclear if DM affects the incidence of indeterminate QFT-GIT results. Some studies have shown that DM was not a risk factor for indeterminate QFT-GIT results [20, 22, 23]. However, these studies had fewer than 700 enrolled patients, among whom there were fewer than 70 DM patients. Moreover, some studies focused on specific populations, such as immunocompromised patients and those with rheumatic diseases [20, 22]. A recent, large multicenter study that included our institution enrolled 1,264 patients with active TB and 203 TB patients with DM; it showed that DM was a risk factor for indeterminate QFT-GIT results (OR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.20–5.54) [25]. However, in that study, the number of patients with indeterminate QFT-GIT results was only 40; this might cause over-fitting, and there may have been inter-dependent covariates in the multivariate analysis. Our study was strengthened by the large number of enrolled patients and the use of propensity score matching analysis. We enrolled 3,391 subjects to determine whether DM could increase indeterminate results in QFT-GIT. We also used propensity score matching to adjust possible variables affecting indeterminate IGRA results. After propensity score matching, DM was not associated with indeterminate IGRA results compared with determinate group.
In the present study, systemic corticosteroid use was associated with indeterminate IGRA results after multivariate analysis. However, other immunosuppressive conditions, including HIV infection, solid organ transplant, bone marrow transplant, advanced liver cirrhosis, and chronic renal failure with renal replacement therapy, were not associated with indeterminate IGRA results. This result might arise from the small numbers of enrolled patients with each immunosuppressive condition; less than 5% of the total study population had each condition.
Our study has some limitations. As this study was conducted retrospectively, blood glucose levels at the time of QFT-GIT testing, HbA1c, and antidiabetic therapies in DM patients were not collected. Therefore, the relationship between blood glucose control and indeterminate results of QFT-GIT in DM patients could not be proved in this study. Quantitative QFT-GIT results and CD4+ cell counts in patients with HIV infection were not assessed. Second, we could not evaluate other possible risk factors associated with indeterminate QFT-GIT results, such as specimen collection, long delays in specimen processing, incubator malfunctions, or technical errors [1].
In conclusions, this observational study used propensity score-matched cohorts to demonstrate that DM does not affect the incidence of indeterminate results in IGRA testing.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Korean Government (Grant 2016R1D1A1B03931132).
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