http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0568-8361
Figures
Abstract
Aim
Health-related quality of life is impaired in patients with autoimmune hepatitis, but the association between health-related quality of life and patients’ backgrounds remains unknown. We assessed health-related quality of life in patients with autoimmune hepatitis and identified factors associated with its impairment.
Methods
We assessed health-related quality of life in patients with autoimmune hepatitis, patients with chronic hepatitis C, and healthy subjects using the Japanese version of the Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire and the 36-Item Short Form Survey. We compared health-related quality of life in patients with autoimmune hepatitis with that of patients with chronic hepatitis C and healthy subjects.
Results
A total of 265 patients with autoimmune hepatitis, 88 patients with chronic hepatitis C, and 97 healthy subjects were enrolled; most patients were women. The median ages of patients were 65, 66, and 57 years, respectively. Of these patients with autoimmune hepatitis, 10.6% and 57.0% had cirrhosis and comorbid diseases, respectively. The overall Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire scores (5.5 vs. 6.2, P < 0.001) and physical (48.1 vs. 54.2, P < 0.001) and mental (51.8 vs. 55.0, P = 0.004) component summaries of 36-Item Short Form Survey were significantly lower in patients with autoimmune hepatitis than in healthy subjects, and similar to scores in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Having cirrhosis, comorbid diseases, and treatment for autoimmune hepatitis were associated with impaired health-related quality of life among patients with autoimmune hepatitis. In particular, prednisolone use was associated with lower scores on the worry domain of the Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire.
Conclusions
Patients with autoimmune hepatitis showed impairment in health-related quality of life, which was associated with not only disease progression, but also comorbid diseases and treatment. Ways to improve health-related quality of life should be considered in patients with AIH when disease outcome is not favorable and when using prednisolone.
Citation: Takahashi A, Moriya K, Ohira H, Arinaga-Hino T, Zeniya M, Torimura T, et al. (2018) Health-related quality of life in patients with autoimmune hepatitis: A questionnaire survey. PLoS ONE 13(10): e0204772. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204772
Editor: Tatsuo Kanda, Nihon University School of Medicine, JAPAN
Received: July 11, 2018; Accepted: September 13, 2018; Published: October 4, 2018
Copyright: © 2018 Takahashi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This study was conducted and supported by Health Labor Science Research Grants from Research on Measures for Intractable Diseases, the Intractable Hepato-Biliary Diseases Study Group in Japan. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: Yoshiyuki Suzuki received lecture fees from Abbvie GK and Bristol-Myers Squibb. Zobair M. Younossi received lecture fees from Gilead Sciences and Intercept. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. The other authors declare no conflict of interest.
Introduction
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is usually well controlled by immunosuppressive therapy such as corticosteroids and azathioprine. Repeated relapse of AIH is associated with poor prognosis [1]. Physicians usually focus on patients’ treatment response or the side effects of immunosuppressive therapy but overlook or misunderstand the quality of life in patients with AIH, especially in well-controlled patients. In addition to objective evaluative indexes, such as mortality rate, patient-reported outcomes have become an important factor in the management of patients with various chronic diseases. A recent cohort study reported that higher health-related quality of life (HrQoL) was associated with survival in patients with chronic liver disease [2].
A previous study using the 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) and the Multidimensional Fatigue Index-20 showed that HrQoL was more impaired in patients with AIH than in healthy controls [3]. In addition, a recent study using the 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF-12), the patient health questionnaire, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener reported that mental well being in patients with AIH was significantly reduced compared with the general population [4]. However, the associations between each component of the HrQoL and other patient factors, such as laboratory findings, comorbid diseases, and treatment remain unclear.
The Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire (CLDQ) was first proposed as a disease-specific instrument to evaluate HrQoL [5] and has been widely used to assess HrQoL among patients with different chronic liver diseases [6–8]. The present study used the Japanese version of the CLDQ and SF-36 to measure HrQoL in patients with AIH and examined the association between patient background variables and HrQoL in patients with AIH.
Materials and methods
Study population
This study was conducted among all members of the Autoimmune Hepatitis Study Group, a subgroup of the Intractable Hepato-biliary Disease Study Group in Japan, and the Liver Disease Patient Association in Tokyo. The diagnosis of AIH was made based on Japanese diagnostic guidelines [9]. Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and liver cirrhosis were determined using histological, biochemical, and/or imaging studies. Patients with AIH and patients with CHC were recruited consecutively at each hospital and clinic. Patients with the presence or history of malignant disease and any mental disorder were excluded. Among patients with CHC, 32 patients were HCV RNA negative by direct-acting antiviral agents (25 patients) and interferon (7 patients). Patients with CHC patients who had been treated with interferon within 6 months and patients with CHC with liver cirrhosis were also excluded. Healthy subjects were enrolled after agreement to join this study. Subjects were enrolled between August 2015 and September 2016, and written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. This study protocol conformed to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Fukushima Medical University (no. 2130).
Questionnaire
We asked participants to complete two self-reported questionnaires: the Japanese versions of the CLDQ and the SF-36. The original version of the CLDQ includes 29 items and is divided into six subdomains: abdominal symptoms (three items), fatigue (five items), systemic symptoms (five items), activity (three items), emotional function (eight items), and worry (five items) [5]. The SF-36 Japanese version consists of 36 items and is divided into eight multi-item scales on physical functioning, role physical (role limitations as a result of physical health), bodily pain, general health perception, vitality, social functioning, role emotion (role limitations as a result of mental problems), and mental health [10]. The original Japanese version of the SF-36 can be aggregated into two summary scores: the mental component summary score and the physical component summary score. The Japanese versions of the CLDQ and SF-36 were previously published and statistically validated prior to the present study [6, 10]. Moreover, three component models of the SF-36, that is, the physical, mental, and role/social component summary, have been validated in Japan [11]. In addition to the CLDQ and SF-36, we collected data on age, body mass index, laboratory findings, comorbid diseases (i.e., hypertension, diabetes, osteoporosis, dyslipidemia, primary biliary cholangitis, rheumatoid arthritis, endocrine disorder, collagen disease, cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease), and prednisolone treatment. The fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index was determined using the following formula [12]: Fib-4 index = age (years) × aspartate aminotransferase (AST) [U/L] / (platelet count [109/L] × (alanine aminotransferase [ALT] [U/L])1/2).
Statistical analyses
Results are presented as medians (interquartile range). Patients with AIH and CHC were compared using the Mann-Whitney U-test for continuous variables. Correlations between variables were measured using Spearman’s rank correlation to examine the association between patient background and HrQoL in patients with AIH. The age and sex-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of values less than the median scores of healthy subjects among patients with AIH were evaluated by logistic regression. Specifically, dependent variables included each CLDQ and SF-36 item, the independent variable of interest was patients with AIH versus healthy controls, and adjustment variables were age and sex. Moreover, another logistic regression analysis was repeated among patients with AIH to elucidate the effects of patient background factors. For this model, dependent variables were each CLDQ and SF-36 item, the independent variable was presence versus absence of each background factor (cirrhosis, comorbidities, and prednisolone treatment), and adjustment variables were age and sex. The same analysis was repeated three times for each background factor. P < 0.05 was considered statistically different. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 for Windows (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
Clinical and demographic data
A total of 265 patients with AIH, 88 patients with CHC, and 97 healthy subjects were enrolled. The median ages of patients were 65, 66, and 57 years, respectively. The mean age of patients with AIH was significantly higher than that of healthy subjects. The proportion of women was higher in among patients with AIH than in patients with CHC (87.5% vs 73.9%, P = 0.002). Levels of AST, ALT, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly lower in patients with AIH than in patients with CHC. Of the 265 patients with AIH, 28 (10.6%) had cirrhosis, and 151 (57.0%) had a comorbid disease. In the 151 patients with a comorbid disease, hypertension was the most frequent disease (19.9%), followed by diabetes (17.2%), osteoporosis (15.9%), dyslipidemia (13.9%), and chronic thyroiditis (10.6%). Primary biliary cholangitis and rheumatoid arthritis were seen in 14 (9.3%) patients and 12 (7.9%) patients, respectively. Table 1 shows demographic data of all subjects.
CLDQ domain scores
The overall scores and all the domain scores for CLDQ were significantly lower in patients with AIH patients than in healthy subjects (Table 2). There were no significant differences between patients with AIH patients and patients with CHC. These results were similar among AIH patients without cirrhosis (S1 Table). Compared with healthy subjects, the age and sex-adjusted ORs for being less than the median scores of the healthy subjects were significantly higher for the overall score and the scores of the five subdomains, except for the abdominal domain, among patients with AIH (Table 3). Among the subdomains, the age and sex-adjusted ORs among patients with AIH were highest in the worry domain.
Regarding the associations between clinical and demographic data and HrQoL among patients with AIH, age was negatively correlated with the scores of the systemic domain (rs = -0.16, P < 0.05) and the activity domain (rs = -0.18, P < 0.05). Platelet count was positively correlated with overall scores (rs = 0.12, P < 0.05), scores of the systemic domain (r = 0.17, P < 0.05), and scores of the activity domain (rs = 0.18, P < 0.05) (Table 4).
For overall scores, the age and sex-adjusted ORs for being less than the median scores of patients with AIH were significantly higher among those with cirrhosis than those without cirrhosis (OR 2.87, P = 0.016) (Table 5). The adjusted ORs for overall scores were also significantly higher in patients with AIH with a comorbid disease than in those without a comorbid disease (OR 1.76, P = 0.036). Similar findings were seen for scores in the systemic domain (OR 1.93, P = 0.015). The adjusted OR of the worry domain was significantly higher in the patients with AIH treated with prednisolone (OR 1.79, P = 0.038) than in those who did not receive prednisolone. Moreover, the dosage of prednisolone was negatively correlated with the worry domain score (rs = -0.13, P = 0.026) (Fig 1).
SF-36 scale and summary scores
The SF-36 scores of the AIH patients, CHC patients, and healthy subjects are shown in Table 2. Compared to the healthy subjects, all component and summary scores of SF-36 were significantly lower in the AIH patients. The scores of the role emotion summary and the role/social component summary in the AIH patients were significantly lower than those of the CHC patients (Table 2). These results were almost similar among AIH patients without cirrhosis (S1 Table).
Compared with the healthy subjects, the age and sex-adjusted ORs for being less than the median scores of the healthy subjects were significantly higher in the 7 components except bodily pain and the two-summary scores among the AIH patients (Table 3). Among the SF-36 scores, the adjusted ORs were highest in general health perception.
The correlation between SF-36 score and AIH patient background was evaluated as well as the correlation between CLDQ score and AIH patient background. Age was negatively correlated with the scores of three components (physical functioning, role physical, role emotion) and two summary scores (physical and role/social component). Similarly, disease duration was also negatively correlated with the score of physical functioning and two summary scores (physical and role/social component). Although there was no association between ALT and SF-36 scores, AST was negatively correlated with the scores of two components (role physical and role emotion) and two summary scores (physical and role/social component). Moreover, ALP was negatively correlated with the scores of physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain and physical component summary. The platelet count was positively correlated with the scores of three components (physical functioning, role physical, role emotion) and the physical component summary (Table 4).
The age and sex-adjusted ORs for being less than the median scores of the AIH patients were significantly higher in the AIH patients with cirrhosis rather than without cirrhosis for physical functioning (OR 3.02, P = 0.020) and the physical component summary (OR 7.99, P < 0.001) (Table 5). The adjusted ORs were also significantly higher in the AIH patients with comorbid disease rather than without comorbid disease for role physical (OR 2.15, P = 0.007), bodily pain (OR 1.84, P = 0.027), general health (OR 1.88, P = 0.023) and the role emotion (OR 2.13, P = 0.008). Prednisolone treatment was not associated with the scores of SF-36 among the patients with AIH.
Discussion
The present study evaluated HrQoL of patients with AIH using a disease-specific (CLDQ) and a generic (SF-36) HrQoL instrument. Of note, this is the first assessment of HrQoL in patients with AIH using the CLDQ. We found that HrQoL was more impaired in patients with AIH than in healthy subjects and was relatively comparable to that of patients with CHC according to both the CLDQ and the SF-36. Additionally, we found that HrQoL in patients with AIH was closely associated with factors such as age, the presence of cirrhosis, comorbid diseases, and treatment with prednisolone. This study is also the first to elucidate the association between the various HrQoL factors and patient background factors in patients with AIH.
A recent study reported HrQoL impairment, as assessed with the Japanese version of the CLDQ, in Japanese patients with chronic viral hepatitis; the CLDQ scores of these patients were lower compared to those of the present study [7]. Moreover, there were significant differences in the scores for role emotion summary and the role/social component summary of the SF-36 in this study. HCV eradication improves HrQoL in patients with CHC [13]. One third or more of patients with CHC in the present study were HCV RNA negative; therefore, HrQoL of patients with CHC may be better than that of previously reported patients with chronic viral hepatitis [7].
Previous studies found HrQoL impairment in patients with chronic liver disease including AIH [2–3]. However, the causes of HrQoL impairment were not elucidated. Another study showed that depression and anxiety in patients with AIH were related to the progression of the liver disease [4]. The present study found that not only disease conditions such as laboratory findings or cirrhosis, but also comorbid diseases and treatment with prednisolone were associated with impaired physical condition as well as mental and emotional health in patients with AIH.
Patients’ mental state may be the HrQoL factor that clinicians focus on most, because a mental disorder is a well-known prednisone-related side effect [14]. Moreover, psychosocial factors are associated with treatment adherence and response [15]. Depression and severe anxiety have been found to be more frequent in patients with AIH compared to the general population [4]. In the present study, the worry domain had the highest OR in the CLDQ, and prednisolone treatment was significantly associated with the worry domain. Notably, a positive correlation between prednisolone dosage and the worry domain score was identified for the first time in the present study. Although the SF-36 also showed the mental component score to be impaired, there was no significant correlation between patient background and the mental component score. The SF-36 is a generic questionnaire for the evaluation of HrQoL; therefore, the SF-36 is not capable of assessing liver disease-specific aspects of HrQoL. The CLDQ was designed as a liver-disease specific instrument for the evaluation of HrQoL. Compared with the SF-36, the CLDQ discriminates HrQoL better between cholestatic liver disease patients with early disease and those with advanced disease [6]. Interestingly, it has also been reported that the effect of disease severity on emotional health is picked up relatively well by the emotional function domain of the CLDQ but not at all by the SF-36 [6]. These observations may imply that findings regarding mental factors differ according to the evaluation method used. Therefore, differences in evaluation methods should be considered when assessing HrQoL in patients with AIH.
In addition to cirrhosis and prednisolone treatment, comorbid diseases are an important background factor for HrQoL in patients with AIH. In the present study, complications were associated with physical factors in both the CLDQ and SF-36. Interestingly, ALP levels were negatively correlated with the systemic domain score of the CLDQ, and with physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain, and the physical component summary in the SF-36. These results may imply that comorbid diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, bone fracture, or primary biliary cholangitis may influence the above factors of HrQoL in patient with AIH. On the other hand, previous studies reported HrQoL impairment in patients with diabetes [16], which is a major complication of prednisolone treatment. Therefore, treatment complications including diabetes should be controlled to avoid HrQoL impairment in patients with AIH. Although we could not evaluate the total dose of prednisolone during clinical course in the present study, these doses should be assessed to prevent complications, as long-term treatment with longer disease duration may be associated with complications.
The strengths of our study were the sample size of the patients with AIH, who were recruited from all over Japan, and evaluation of HrQoL by using the CLDQ and the SF-36. As a limitation of the current study, 187 (70.6%) AIH patients were being treated with prednisolone, and 166 (62.6%) were in remission and being treated by prednisolone at a dose of ≤10 mg/day. In this regard, one may consider that only patients with AIH at presentation before treatment should have been included to clarify the impact of the disease on HrQoL without a treatment effect. However, in the real world, most patients with AIH are indeed on treatment, as were the current study participants, and we believe that it is impossible as well as unnecessary to dissect the impact of AIH itself and treatment on HrQoL. We needed to evaluate the entire HrQoL of all patients with AIH as a patient-reported outcome.
Conclusions
The present study demonstrated HrQoL impairment in patients with AIH. In addition to disease progression, comorbidities, and treatment with prednisolone, and dosage of prednisolone were found to be associated with HrQoL impairment in patients with AIH. The proper care of patients with AIH should consider HrQoL, and specifically the factors identified in this study.
Supporting information
S1 Table. Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire and 36-item short form survey scores among patients with autoimmune hepatitis without cirrhosis, patients with chronic hepatitis C, and healthy subjects.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204772.s001
(DOCX)
Acknowledgments
We thank to Tetsuya Yasunaka and Tokyo Hepatitis Association for questionnaire survey support and Kayono Unno for clerical assistance.
Japan AIH Study Group (JAIHSG): Leader, Hiromasa Ohira (Email, h-ohira@fmu.ac.jp); Members, Mikio Zeniya, Kaname Yoshizawa, Masanori Abe, Akinobu Takaki, Atsushi Takahashi, Teruko Arinaga-Hino, Takuji Torimura, Jong-Hon Kang, Ayano Inui, Tomoo Fujisawa, Yoshiyuki Suzuki, Nobuhiro Nakamoto, Kazuhiko Koike, Hitoshi Yoshiji, Kei Moriya, Atsushi Tanaka, Hajime Takikawa.
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