http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3082-5244
Abstract
Background
During intubation with a blind technique, a left-sided double-lumen tube (DLT) can be misdirected into the right bronchus even though its curved tip of the bronchial lumen turns to the left. This right bronchial misplacement may be associated with the tip angle of DLTs. We thus performed a randomized trial to test the hypothesis that the DLT with an acute tip angle enters the right bronchus less frequently than the tube with an obtuse tip angle.
Methods
We randomized surgical patients (n = 1427) receiving a polyvinyl chloride left-sided DLT. Before intubation, the curved tip was further bent to an angle of 135° and kept with a stylet inside in the curved-tip group, but not in the control group. After the tip was inserted into the glottis under direct or video laryngoscopy, the stylet was removed and the DLT was advanced into the bronchus with its tip turning to the left. We checked which bronchus was intubated, and the time and number of attempts for intubation. After surgery, we assessed airway injury, sore throat, and hoarseness. The primary outcome was the incidence of right bronchial misplacement of the DLT.
Results
DLTs were misdirected into the right bronchus more frequently in the control group than in the curved-tip group: 57/715 (8.0%) vs 17/712 (2.4%), risk ratio (95% CI) 3.3 (2.0–5.7), P < 0.001. The difference was significant in the use of 32 (P = 0.003), 35 (P = 0.007), and 37 (P = 0.012) Fr DLTs. Intubation required longer time (P < 0.001) and more attempts (P = 0.002) in the control group. No differences were found in postoperative airway injury, sore throat and hoarseness.
Figures
Citation: Seo J-H, Yoon S, Min S-H, Row HS, Bahk J-H (2019) Augmentation of curved tip of left-sided double-lumen tubes to reduce right bronchial misplacement: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE 14(1): e0210711. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210711
Editor: Ashraf Dahaba, Medizinische Universitat Graz, AUSTRIA
Received: May 11, 2018; Accepted: December 26, 2018; Published: January 15, 2019
Copyright: © 2019 Seo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
For lung isolation during thoracic surgery, a left-sided double-lumen endobronchial tube (DLT) is used more commonly than a right-sided one because the left mainstem bronchus is longer than the right mainstem bronchus and has a greater margin of safety for correct positioning of the DLT. [1] After the left-sided DLT passes the glottis and its curved tip of the bronchial lumen turns to the left side, it is advanced into the left bronchus either blindly or by fiberoptic bronchoscopic guidance. [2–5] Although using the bronchoscopic guiding method would improve the safety of the maneuver, using the blind technique is easier and faster to place the DLT into the left bronchus. [6] However, when the blind technique is applied, the tube may be misdirected into the right bronchus because the right bronchus is wider and more vertical than the left bronchus. [7–12] If the DLT is misplaced into the right bronchus, this may inhibit ventilation or deflation of the right upper lobe and thus worsen arterial oxygenation or surgical view. [1, 13, 14] Moreover, the bronchoscopic guidance of the DLT from the right to the left bronchus is technically difficult, and the bronchoscope may be broken during the manipulation. [15] Therefore, it is important to prevent the right bronchial misplacement during blind intubation of left-sided DLTs.
A previous retrospective study suggested that the left-sided DLT with an obtuse tip angle was more likely to enter the right bronchus probably because the curved tip may not reach the left bronchial opening even after left rotation of the DLT. [16] We thus performed a prospective randomized trial comparing the right bronchial misplacement of left-sided DLTs with different tip angles. Our hypothesis was that the DLT with an acute tip angle enters the right bronchus less frequently than the tube with an obtuse tip angle.
Materials and methods
Patients
This prospective, single-center, parallel-group, double-blind, randomized controlled trial was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University Hospital (1301-040-457) and registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01818128). Written informed consent was obtained from each patient prior to the study. We enrolled patients aged 20–85 years with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status of I–III, and undergoing elective surgery using polyvinyl chloride (PVC) left-sided DLTs (Mallinckrodt endobronchial tube; Covidien, Mansfield, MA, USA) between March 2013 and February 2015. We excluded patients with tracheobronchial abnormalities, cervical spine diseases, loose teeth, interincisor distance of < 3 cm, thyromental distance of < 6 cm, neck range of motion of < 90°, Mallampati class of ≥ 3, and body mass index of ≥ 35 kg m-2.
Patients were randomized into two groups depending on whether the DLT tip was further bent or not before intubation (Fig 1). A statistician not involved in the trial created a randomization in a 1:1 ratio using random block sizes of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. The allocation sequence was concealed in sequentially numbered, opaque, and sealed envelopes. Patients and investigators were blinded to group assignment.
Preparation of double-lumen tubes
Two investigators (SY, S-HM) measured the inner diameters of the left and right mainstem bronchi on the preoperative computed tomography. [16–19] The DLT size was selected based on the left bronchial diameter or sex and height of the patient. [4, 5, 16, 19]
Nurses unaware of the study protocol prepared the DLT in an aseptic manner. The DLT had a stylet inside the bronchial lumen, and the tracheal and bronchial cuffs were deflated but not lubricated. At the midpoint between the proximal margin of the bronchial cuff and the radiopaque line, the curved tip was further bent to an angle of 135° by using a digital protractor (iGaging, San Clemente, CA, USA) in the curved-tip group, but not in the control group (Fig 2).
A 37-Fr double-lumen tube with its bronchial tip bent to an angle of 135° (A) and a tube without any modification to the tip (B).
Anesthesia and intubation
The investigators (J-HS, SY, S-HM) instructed the attending anesthetists on how to conduct the intubation of left-sided DLTs, but were out of the operating room during anesthetic induction. Patients were monitored with blood pressure, electrocardiograph, pulse oximeter, bispectral index (A-2000 XP; Aspect Medical Systems, Newton, MA, USA), and acceleromyograph (TOF-watch SX; Organon, Dublin, Ireland). A headrest of 9-cm height was placed under the patient’s occiput.
Anesthesia was induced with effect-site target-controlled infusion (Orchestra; Fresenius Kabi, Brézins, France) of propofol and remifentanil. The initial effect-site concentrations were 3–5 ug ml-1 for propofol and 3–5 ng ml-1 for remifentanil. Rocuronium 0.6–0.8 mg kg-1 was administered and train-of-four (TOF) counts were monitored at the adductor pollicis muscle.
At a TOF count of 0 and a bispectral index of < 60, the attending anesthetist performed intubation under direct laryngoscopy using a Macintosh blade of 3 or 4. The bronchial tip was inserted into the glottis directing anteriorly and the stylet was removed. The DLT was rotated 90° counterclockwise turning the tip towards the left and advanced to the pre-estimated depth, [4, 5, 20] and then the laryngoscopic blade was removed from the mouth. The intubation time was defined as the interval between insertion and removal of the laryngoscopic blade in the mouth. [5] The anesthetist recorded the Cormack-Lehane grade [21] and number of intubation attempts.
If the DLT did not pass the glottis because of severe resistance, the DLT was not removed and its advancement was retried with the tube further rotated up to 180° counterclockwise. [4] If the DLT was too large to enter the trachea or bronchus, the next smaller tube was used. Video laryngoscopy (UESCOPE; UM Medical Devices, Newton, MA, USA) was applied after two failures of direct laryngoscopy. The DLT curvature was modified at the discretion of the attending anesthetist to facilitate video laryngoscopy, but the tip angle of the DLT was maintained in both groups. If both direct and video laryngoscopy failed, intubation was performed with bronchoscopic guidance and it was excluded from the analysis.
Using a fiberoptic bronchoscope (LF-DP or LF-GP; Olympus Optical Co., Tokyo, Japan), the investigator (S-HM, J-HB), who was blinded to group assignment, checked which bronchus was intubated. If the DLT entered the right bronchus, it was withdrawn back to the trachea and guided into the left bronchus with the bronchoscope. The bronchial cuff was placed in the left mainstem bronchus below the carina without herniation, and the bronchial tip was above the left lobar bronchi without obstruction. [17–19, 22–24] It was re-checked after positional change of the patient. The tracheal and bronchial cuff pressures were adjusted to less than 25 cmH2O with a cuff pressure monitor (VBM Medizintechnik GmbH, Sulz am Neckar, Germany).
One lung was ventilated with a tidal volume of 4–8 ml kg-1, PEEP of 4–8 cmH2O, respiratory rate of 12–20 min-1, and inspired oxygen fraction of 0.6–1.0. The effect-site concentrations of propofol and remifentanil were titrated within a bispectral index of 30–60, and rocuronium 0.2–0.4 mg kg-1 was given at a TOF count of ≥ 1. At skin closure, the patient received either intravenous or epidural patient-controlled analgesia with fentanyl, morphine, or levobupivacaine. [4, 5]
Postoperative airway injuries, sore throat, and hoarseness
After surgery, the patient was moved to the supine position and secretions were suctioned from both lungs. After pulling the DLT above the carina, the investigator (J-HS) who was blinded to group assignment inserted the fiberoptic bronchoscope into the tube and examined the trachea, carina, and both bronchi. Sugammadex 2–4 mg kg-1 was given and the trachea was extubated at a TOF ratio of > 0.9. After spraying topical lidocaine into the nasal and oral cavities, the investigator (J-HS) examined the vocal cords with transnasal flexible laryngoscopy. [5] The types of injuries in the vocal cords, trachea, carina, and both bronchi were classified as redness, edema, hematoma, bleeding, and others. We defined redness as the red color in the mucosa without surrounding inflammatory swelling, edema as swollen mucosa, hematoma as previous bleeding into the mucosa, and bleeding as active bleeding. [3, 25]
If mechanical ventilation was required after surgery, the trachea was re-intubated with a single-lumen tube of an inner diameter of 7.0 mm for women and 7.5 mm for men without administration of sugammadex. The patient was transferred to the post-anesthesia room or intensive care unit.
The investigator (SY, HSR) blinded to group assignment assessed sore throat and hoarseness one hour, one and two days after extubation. The severity of sore throat was graded as none, mild pain only with swallowing, moderate constant pain aggravated during swallowing, and severe pain interfering with eating and requiring analgesics. [3–5, 25] Hoarseness was defined as an acoustic quality different from the preoperative voice and graded as follows: none; mild, noticed by the patient; moderate, obvious to the observer; and severe, aphonia. [3–5, 25]
The primary outcome was the incidence of the right bronchial misplacement of left-sided DLTs. The secondary outcomes were the time and number of attempts for intubation; and airway injuries, sore throat, and hoarseness after surgery.
Statistical analysis
In a previous study, the incidence of the right bronchial misplacement of left-sided DLTs was 4.2%. [16] In order to have 80% power to detect a 60% decrease of the incidence in the curved-tip group using a two-tailed Fisher’s exact test at the 0.05 level of statistical significance, 705 patients per group were needed.
All continuous variables were compatible with a normal distribution using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and thus were summarised using mean and standard deviation. Categorical variables were summarized using counts and percentages. Group differences for continuous variables were assessed using unpaired t-tests. Within each group, the right and left bronchial diameters were compared using a paired t-test. Group differences for categorical variables were assessed using Fisher’s exact test. The effects of treatment on various risks were summarized using the risk ratio. The risks studied were: right bronchial misplacement, multiple intubation attempts, airway injury, sore throat, and hoarseness. The effect of treatment on intubation time was summarized using the mean difference. Statistical significance was declared at the 0.05 level. STATA (Special Edition 14.2; Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas, USA) was used for sample size calculation, randomization, and statistical analysis.
Results
After screening 1534 patients, 715 patients were included in the control group and 712 patients in the curved-tip group (Fig 1). Reasons for exclusion were quite similar between the two groups. Twelve out of 715 patients (1.7%) in the control group and 11 out of 723 patients (1.5%) in the curved-tip group were not evaluable due to unavailable bronchoscopy.
Baseline data of patients and intubation were similar between groups (Table 1). Within each group, the right bronchial diameter was larger than the left one: Table 1; mean difference (95% CI), 1.5 mm (1.4–1.6 mm), P < 0.001 by a paired t-test in the control group; 1.6 mm (1.5–1.7 mm), P < 0.001 in the curved-tip group.
DLTs were misplaced into the right bronchus more frequently in the control group than in the curved-tip group, and the differences were significant in the use of 32, 35, and 37 Fr DLTs (Table 2). One 39-Fr DLT was malpositioned in the control group (Table 2). In the comparison within each group, 32-Fr DLTs were more frequently malpositioned than 35, 37, and 39-Fr DLTs in the control group and than 37 and 39-Fr DLTs in the curved-tip group (Table 3).
Intubation required longer time and more attempts in the control group than in the curved-tip group, and these differences were significant in the patients with the laryngoscopic grade of 2 and 3 (Fig 3, Table 4). Video laryngoscopy was used for the third attempt of intubation and was more frequently used in the control group than in the curved-tip group: 49/715 (6.9%) vs 22/712 (3.1%), risk ratio (95% CI) 2.2 (1.4–3.6), P = 0.001.
Mean time (A) and number of attempts (B) for intubation of left-sided double-lumen tubes in patients with each grade of laryngoscopic view. Error bars are standard deviations. P values were obtained by comparing the intubation time between groups using unpaired t-tests (A) and by comparing the number of intubation attempts using Fisher’s exact tests (B).
Because the fiberoptic bronchoscopy was unavailable in 23 patients, airway injuries were examined in 1404 patients after surgery (Fig 1) and did not differ between groups (Fig 4, Table 4). No patients showed serious complications such as tracheobronchial laceration or perforation. The incidence and severity of sore throat and hoarseness were not different between groups until the second postoperative day (Fig 5, Table 4).
P values were obtained by comparing the incidence of airway injury between groups using Fisher’s exact tests.
The incidence and severity of sore throat (A) and hoarseness (B) one hour, one and two days after extubation of left-sided double-lumen tubes. P values were obtained by comparing the incidence of sore throat (A) and hoarseness (B) between groups using Fisher’s exact tests.
Discussion
In our study, the left-sided DLT correctly entered the left mainstem bronchus more frequently in the curved-tip group than in the control group. Intubation was achieved more rapidly with fewer attempts in the curved-tip group. After extubation, signs or symptoms associated with airway injury did not differ between groups.
A PVC DLT contains a plasticizer material such as dioctyl phthalate, so it is flexible and retains the transformed shape temporarily. [26] If the DLT tip is further bent and kept with a stylet inside before intubation, the more concave curvature can be maintained while it passes the trachea even after removal of the stylet. The more curved tip is further extended to the left bronchial opening over the carina (Fig 6). Therefore, the right bronchial misplacement seemed to be less frequent in the curved-tip group than in the control group.
A diagram showing that the more curved tip of the left-sided double-lumen tube (A) is further extended to the left bronchial opening over the carina compared with the less curved tip (B).
Smaller DLTs are more likely to enter the right bronchus because the right bronchus is wider than the left bronchus. [2, 16, 27–29] Besides, The MallinckrodtTM 32-Fr DLT has more obtuse tip angle than the other sized tubes. [16] This may explain more frequent malpositioning in smaller DLTs and especially in the 32-Fr DLT.
Generally, it is not allowed to modify a clinical tool in a way which is different from the original version released by manufacturers. However, the stylet inside tracheal tubes is used to temporarily change the tube to a hockey-stick shape so as to improve access to the ‘anterior larynx’. [30–32] Similarly, the augmented curved tip of DLTs is more likely to be aligned with the glottis in the anterior direction and with the left bronchus in the left direction. This is a probable reason for the shorter time and fewer attempts for intubation in the curved-tip group, especially in the patients with the laryngoscopic grade of 2 or 3. Therefore, augmenting the curved tip of DLTs would be reasonable to facilitate tracheal intubation as well as to reduce the right bronchial misplacement of left-sided DLTs. In addition, deep neuromuscular and anesthetic levels should be ensured as in our study, because these factors play a major role in the difficulty of intubation. [33, 34]
Theoretically, up to 90°, the more concave tip can extend more laterally and thus align with the left bronchus (Fig 6). However, the stylet can be broken or hardly removed from the tube when it is too angulated. [30, 35, 36] Moreover, the excessively bent tip may intensify contact and damage to airway tissues during intubation. We thus bent the DLT tip only to an angle of 135° (= 180° - 45°) and observed fewer right bronchial misplacement without aggravating airway injury. However, our study did not show which angle of the DLT tip is most effective in reducing the right bronchial misplacement.
The practitioner’s proficiency may affect malpositioning of the DLT. [16, 37] In addition, the tip shape—group assignment—cannot be blinded to the practitioner of intubation. Therefore, instead of the investigators of our study, various anesthetists performed intubation and showed fewer right bronchial misplacement of left-sided DLTs in the curved-tip group than in the control group. It may not only extend the external validity but also minimize observer bias of our study.
This study has limitations. We only studied DLTs made of PVC, so our findings may not be extrapolatable to other materials such as silicone. Furthermore, we did not investigate the 41-Fr DLT because it seems too large for most Asians. [16] We would expect relatively few malpositions of the 41-Fr DLT based on the trend observed in Table 2.
Conclusions
Before intubation of left-sided DLTs, augmentation of the curved DLT tip can reduce the right bronchial misplacement and facilitate intubation without aggravating airway injury.
Acknowledgments
We thank Young-Jin Cho (pulmonologist) for his training about bronchoscopic examination and Joon-Seok Kim (statistician) for his assistance with data management and analysis.
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