http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4083-0140
Figures
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapy is frequently accompanied by adverse effects, such as diarrhoea and leukopenia, which lead to malnutrition and a decrease in the patients’ quality of life. We previously demonstrated that an immune-modulating formula (IMF)—an enteral formula enriched with immunonutrients, whey-hydrolysed peptides, and fermented milk—had anti-inflammatory effects and protective effects on intestinal disorders in some experimental models. Here, we investigated whether nutritional treatment with the IMF could prevent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced adverse effects in rats. Rats were randomised into CTR and IMF groups, which received a control formula or the IMD supplemented formula ad libitum. Two weeks after starting the formula, rats were intraperitoneally injected with 5-FU (300 mg/kg) on day 0. The treatment with 5-FU decreased their body weights, food intake, and leukocyte counts, and worsened the diarrhoea score. However, the body weights, food intake, and leukocyte counts were significantly higher in the IMF rats than in the CTR rats on day 1. The IMF also delayed the incidence of diarrhoea and significantly preserved the villus heights in the jejunum on day 2. In conclusion, nutritional treatment with the IMF alleviated the adverse effects induced by 5-FU injection in rats.
Citation: Nakamura K, Tonouchi H, Sasayama A, Yamaji T, Ashida K (2019) Nutritional treatment with an immune-modulating enteral formula alleviates 5-fluorouracil-induced adverse effects in rats. PLoS ONE 14(11): e0225389. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225389
Editor: Juan J. Loor, University of Illinois, UNITED STATES
Received: June 5, 2019; Accepted: October 25, 2019; Published: November 26, 2019
Copyright: © 2019 Nakamura et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This study was supported by Meiji Co., Ltd. The funders made the final approval of the experimental design and of the paper submission.
Competing interests: KN, HT, AS, TY and KA are employees of Meiji Co., Ltd. This study was supported by Meiji Co., Ltd., and received funding from Meiji Co., Ltd. The funders made the final approval of the experimental design and of the paper submission. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Introduction
The adverse effects of chemotherapeutic agents, such as gastrointestinal toxicity and leukopenia, often lead to a reduction of the dosage, discontinuation of cancer treatment, malnutrition, or a reduction in the patients’ quality of life. Moreover, malnutrition in cancer patients worsens treatment outcome, incidence of chemotherapy toxicity and quality of life [1, 2]. It is important to continue cancer chemotherapy, while maintaining patients’ nutritional status and without (or while controlling) the occurrence of adverse effects. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is one of the most commonly used chemotherapeutic agents for various cancer treatments [3]. Like any other chemotherapy agent, 5-FU has many adverse effects, such as diarrhoea, gastrointestinal mucositis, poor appetite, leukopenia, and nausea. In relation to gastrointestinal mucositis, the injection of 5-FU has been shown to induce pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-kappaB activation in the small intestine [4, 5]. An anti-inflammatory drug (5-aminosalicylic acid) has been shown to improve 5-FU-induced intestinal injury and to inhibit NF-kappaB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production [4].
It has been reported that the adverse effects of chemotherapeutic agents compromise patients’ quality of life (QOL), whereas complementary and alternative medicines improve patients’ QOL [6]. Nutritional modulation has also been reported to benefit cancer patients during chemotherapy [7]. Recently, certain nutrients, classified as immunonutrients, such as specific amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins have been shown to modulate the immune system. There is also an immune-modulating formula (IMF), which is an enteral nutritional formula intended for specific dietary uses and which is enriched with nutrients having anti-inflammatory properties [8]. An IMF enriched with whey-hydrolysed peptides, fermented milk, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and anti-oxidant molecules (vitamin A, C, E, zinc, and selenium) has been demonstrated to protect the small intestine against indomethacin-induced gastrointestinal disorders [9] as well as to have anti-inflammatory effects [10–13].
Here, to clarify the benefits of nutritional treatment with the IMF during the chemotherapy, we investigated whether the IMF could prevent 5-fluorouracil-induced adverse effects in rats.
Materials and methods
Ethics statement
All animal experiments reported herein were approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Care and Use of Meiji Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan) (approval #2012_3871_0093/0094, approval date 3 Sept 2012, and approval #2013_3871_0009/0014, approval date 9 Apr 2013). The experiments were carried out from September 2012 to July 2013 in strict accordance with the guidelines of this committee, which were based on Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Research Council Japan). All surgeries were performed under deep anaesthesia with isoflurane, and all efforts were made to minimise animal suffering. When symptoms such as severe body weight loss and hunching behaviour were observed before the end of the experiment, the rats were euthanised with carbon dioxide gas.
Animals
Six-week-old male Wistar rats were purchased from Japan SLC (Hamamatsu, Japan). The rats were housed in wire-bottom cages under controlled temperature and humidity with a 12-h light/dark cycle and fed commercial feed with water ad libitum for 1 week prior to use in the experiments.
Chemicals and diets
5-FU (5-FU injection, 250 mg 5-FU in 5 mL solution, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co, Ltd, Japan) was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). The control enteral formula (Meibalance HP; Meiji Co., Ltd.) and the immune-modulating enteral formula (MHN-02; Meiji Co., Ltd.) were purchased from Meiji Co., Ltd. in the liquid form. Compositions of the formulas are listed in Table 1. The control enteral formula and the IMF were purchased sterile, wherein the lactic acid bacteria in the fermented milk were heat killed. These formulas were lyophilised, and then vacuum-packed and refrigerated with an oxygen absorber and desiccants until administration to avoid rotting and oxidation.
Investigation on the incidence of adverse effects
Forty rats were randomised into Control (CTR; n = 20) and IMF (n = 20) groups. The control group received the control enteral formula (Meibalance HP, powder form), and the IMF group received the test formula, in which 50% of the control enteral formula was substituted with the IMF (MHN-02, powder form), ad libitum.
Two weeks after starting the respective formulas, rats were weighed and administered a single dose of 5-FU (300 mg/kg body weight) by intraperitoneal injection on day 0.
Body weight and food intake were recorded daily and diarrhoea was scored twice a day until day 4. Blood samples were collected daily by lateral tail vein and assayed for haematological analysis. All rats were euthanised by bleeding from the abdominal aorta under deep anaesthesia with isoflurane at the end of the experiment.
Haematological analysis
Whole blood samples were treated with EDTA. Total and differential leukocyte counts and counts of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes were measured using an automatic haematology analyser (XT-1800i; Sysmex, Hyogo, Japan).
Diarrhoea assessment
Diarrhoea was scored twice a day until day 4 according to a scale described in previous studies [14, 15]: 0 (normal; normal stool or absent); 1 (slight; slightly wet and soft stool); 2 (moderate; wet and unformed stool with moderate perianal staining of the coat); 3 (severe; watery stool with severe perianal staining of the coat).
Histological analysis
Control (CTR; n = 20) and IMF (n = 20) rats, which received the control enteral formula and the test formula respectively ad libitum, were euthanised by bleeding from the abdominal aorta under deep anaesthesia with isoflurane two days after the administration of 5-FU, and their proximal and distal small intestines (jejunum and ileum, respectively) were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Formalin-fixed specimens were processed and embedded in paraffin. From these specimens, 3-micrometer paraffin sections were stained with haematoxylin-eosin staining and photographed using a digital microscope (Keyence, Osaka, Japan). Mean villus height and crypt depth measurements were obtained by evaluating 40 villi and crypts per rat.
Statistical analysis
Data are presented as means ± standard deviations. Comparisons between two groups were performed using the Shapiro–Wilks test for normality and the F-test for variance, followed by Student’s t-test for homoscedastic data or Aspin–Welch’s t-test, since the data were normally distributed. The Mann–Whitney U-test was used for data not normally distributed. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05.
Results
Body weight and food intake
No significant differences in the body weight and food intake were observed between the groups before 5-FU injection (Fig 1A and Table 2). Treatment with 5-FU reduced the body weight and food intake in both groups. However, the reduction of body weight was significantly lower and food intake was significantly higher in the IMF rats than in the CTR rats on day 1 (Fig 1B and Table 2). The body weight in the IMF rats tended to decrease compared with that in the CTR rats on days 2 and 3 (Fig 1B).
(a) body weight and (b) body weight change from day 0. Values are means ± standard deviations. # P < 0.1, ** P < 0.01, vs. CTR group.
Leukocyte counts
Total leukocyte counts, and the counts of neutrophils and monocytes were not significantly different between the two groups before the 5-FU injection (day 0) (Fig 2A, 2B and 2C). Lymphocyte count was significantly higher in the IMF group than in the CTR group at day 0 (Fig 2B). The 5-FU treatment reduced the leukocyte, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts, and increased the neutrophil count. However, the IMF rats significantly preserved their leukocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes compared with those of the CTR rats on day 1 (Fig 2A, 2B and 2D). The count of the neutrophils was significantly higher in the IMF rats than in the CTR rats on day 1 (Fig 2C).
(a) total leukocyte counts, (b) lymphocyte count, (c) neutrophil count, and (d) monocyte count. Values are means ± standard deviations. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, vs. CTR group.
Diarrhoea and histological analysis
Although the diarrhoea score was worsened in both groups after 5-FU injection, the average diarrhoea score in the CTR rats was higher than that in the IMF rats throughout the experiment (Fig 3A). The incidence of diarrhoea was delayed in the IMF rats (Fig 3B and 3C).
(a) average diarrhoea score, (b) incidence of diarrhoea in the CTR rats after 5-FU injection and (c) incidence of diarrhoea in the IMF rats after 5-FU injection. Values are means ± standard error. # P < 0.1, vs. CTR group.
We previously observed that 5-FU administration caused mucosal damage in the small intestine, which was associated with the incidence of diarrhoea. The IMF rats showed significantly greater villus height and mucosal layer thickness in the jejunum than the CTR rats on day 2 (Table 3 and Fig 4).
(a) CTR group and (b) IMF group.
Discussion
In the present study, the IMF suppressed the reduction of body weight, food intake, and leukocyte count at early time points after 5-FU injection in rats. The feeding of the IMF also delayed the incidence of diarrhoea with the preservation of the intestinal villi.
One of the strengths of this study is that it presents a possibility of nutritional treatment as a supportive care for the side effects of chemotherapy. Weight loss occurs in 30% to more than 80% of patients with cancer and it is severe (>10% of weight loss) in some cases at the time of diagnosis [16]. Moreover, the adverse effects of cancer chemotherapy influence the nutritional status and body weights of patients receiving chemotherapy [17, 18]. Weight loss also affects the outcome of therapy and is a key determinant of a patient’s quality of life [2]. This study showed that the IMF could delay the incidence of the adverse effects induced by 5-FU, which implies that the nutritional treatment with the IMF might have reduced the deterioration of the nutritional status and contribute beneficially to the quality of life of patients with cancer. Currently, symptomatic treatment with medication is often experienced as the side effects of anticancer drugs [19, 20]. Nutritional therapy using the IMF is also expected to have a dose-sparing effect on medicine for symptomatic treatment.
In this study, the IMF also delayed the incidence of diarrhoea and alleviated intestinal injury. Our previous studies showed that the IMF promoted the growth of villi in the intestinal mucosa [21]. Therefore, the promotion of villi by the nutritional treatment with the IMF leads to the strengthening of the intestinal mucosal barrier, which might enhance the resistance to intestinal toxicity of 5-FU and delay the incidence of diarrhoea. Diarrhoea and leukopenia cause dose limiting of anticancer drugs. The IMF contributes to the completion of chemotherapy and overcoming cancer by suppressing diarrhoea and leukopenia.
One of the limitations of this study is that the contributing factors of the IMF are not clarified. One possible mechanism is the anti-inflammatory effects of the IMF. The injection of 5-FU has been shown to induce pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-kappaB activation [4, 5]. An anti-inflammatory drug (5-aminosalicylic acid) has been shown to improve 5-FU-induced intestinal injury and to inhibit NF-kappaB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production [4]. The IMF used in this study has also been shown to regulate acute and chronic inflammation and to suppress the increase in intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation in some experimental models [9–13]. Therefore, nutrients with anti-inflammatory properties, whey-hydrolysed peptide, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and anti-oxidant molecules (vitamin A, C, E, zinc, and selenium), may contribute to the reduction of the side effects of anticancer drugs.
The gut microbiota has been shown to be actively involved in the pathological process of 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis [22], and probiotics and prebiotics have been reported to modulate the structure of the gastrointestinal tract as well as the composition of microflora, and the immune system [7]. In fact, some probiotics have been shown to reduce the adverse effects of anticancer drugs. The supplementation of L. rhamnosus GG has been reported to reduce diarrhoea and abdominal discomfort and to lessen the dose limit of anticancer drugs in colorectal cancer patients receiving 5-FU [7, 23]. Another Lactobacillus reduced anorexia and body weight loss induced by 5-FU [24]. It has also been reported that heat-killed yogurt containing L. burgaricus and S. thermophiles modulated intestinal microbiota, where useful bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria were increased [25]. In our previous study, the IMF also increased the numbers of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the cecum of rats as well as promoted the growth of villi in the intestinal mucosa [21]. Therefore, the fermented milk contained in the IMF seems to contribute partly to preventing the adverse effects of 5-FU, because the fermented milk in the IMF also contains L. burgaricus and S. thermophiles.
Another limitation of this study is that we did not investigate whether the IMF affects the antitumor effects of drugs. One possible mechanism by which the IMF prevented the adverse effects of 5-FU is by attenuating the chemotherapeutic efficacy. However, we demonstrated in the previous study that the IMF, in combination with chemotherapy, alleviated cancer cachexia without suppressing chemotherapeutic efficacy in mice [13]. Therefore, we do not believe that our present results are accompanied with weakening of the anti-cancer effect of chemotherapy drugs. Further, the effectiveness and effective dose of the IMF in humans were not confirmed in this study, which is also a limitation. Further clinical trials are required to establish the efficacy and safety of the IMF for cancer patients. Although we recognize that further studies are needed to determine the mechanism by which the IMF preserved body weight, food intake, leukocyte count, and intestinal villi, and to confirm these effect in humans, we believe that nutritional treatment with the IMF during cancer chemotherapy could be a new supportive therapy for cancer patients.
Supporting information
S1 Table. Nutritional contents of the IMF (per 100 kcal).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225389.s001
(DOCX)
Acknowledgments
We appreciate Dr. Hisae Kume, Dr. Kentaro Ito and Keiko Okazaki for their technical support. The present study received funding from Meiji Co., Ltd.
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