https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9751-5208
Figures
Abstract
Background
Clinical features and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infections diverge in different countries. The aim of this study was to describe clinical characteristics and outcomes in a cohort of patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 in Argentina.
Methods
Multicenter prospective cohort study of ≥18 years-old patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection consecutively admitted to 19 hospitals in Argentina. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify variables associated with 30-day mortality and admission to intensive care unit (ICU).
Results
A total of 809 patients were analyzed. Median age was 53 years, 56% were males and 71% had at least one comorbidity. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (32%), obesity (23%) and diabetes (17%). Disease severity at admission was classified as mild 25%, moderate 51%, severe 17%, and critical 7%. Almost half of patients (49%) required supplemental oxygen, 18% ICU, and 12% invasive ventilation. Overall, 30-day mortality was 11%. Factors independently associated with ICU admission were male gender (OR 1.81; 95%CI 1.16–2.81), hypertension (OR 3.21; 95%CI 2.08–4.95), obesity (OR 2.38; 95%CI 1.51–3.7), oxygen saturation ≤93% (OR 6.45; 95%CI 4.20–9.92) and lymphopenia (OR 3.21; 95%CI 2.08–4.95). Factors independently associated with 30-day mortality included age ≥60 years-old (OR 2.68; 95% CI 1.63–4.43), oxygen saturation ≤93% (OR 3.19; 95%CI 1.97–5.16) and lymphopenia (OR 2.65; 95%CI 1.64–4.27).
Citation: Cordova E, Mykietiuk A, Sued O, De Vedia L, Pacifico N, Garcia Hernandez MH, et al. (2021) Clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection in a Latin American country: Results from the ECCOVID multicenter prospective study. PLoS ONE 16(10): e0258260. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258260
Editor: José Moreira, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, BRAZIL
Received: April 6, 2021; Accepted: September 22, 2021; Published: October 8, 2021
Copyright: © 2021 Cordova et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This work was supported by the Argentinean Society of Infectious Diseases (SADI) https://www.sadi.org.ar/ The study was designed by the Sub-committee of Research at the Argentinean Society of Infectious Diseases (SADI).
Competing interests: Ezequiel Cordova is a consultant for Sinocell tech, Oncotelic and Janssen, is a speaker for Janssen, and received research grants from ViiV. Martin E. Stryjewski is a consultant for Basilea and Fulcrum, is a speaker for Pfizer, received research grants from NIH ARLG (UM1A104681), and is a sub-investigator in INSIGHT 0013 trial (NIH). Omar Sued is a consultant for ViiV, Eurofarma and Abbvie, and received research grants from NIH, Richmond Laboratory and ViiV. None of these conflicts are relevant to this article. All other authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Introduction
The novel epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) producing COVID-19 disease has rapidly escalated to pandemic proportions [1]. To date over one hundred million humans have been infected and around two million have died due to COVID-19 [2]. Several reports all over the world have described clinical features and outcomes of such patients [3–6]. However, these studies may differ widely in different countries and regions [1, 7]. In addition, many clinical observations from specific cities, states or countries may not apply to other territories or populations. Therefore, it is crucial to have prospective clinical information on the outcomes and predictors on COVID-19 in each country or region.
On March 3rd, 2020, the first case in Argentina was confirmed. Since then, more than two million subjects have been infected and over 50 thousand have died with COVID-19 in the country [2]. Epidemiological studies conducted in Argentina are already available [8, 9]. However, these studies lack detailed clinical information. Therefore, such clinical data is still needed in the country.
The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics, outcomes and predictors of ICU admission and death in a multicenter prospective cohort of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Argentina.
Methods
Study design
The ECCOVID study is an ongoing multicenter prospective observational cohort study conducted in 19 hospitals in Argentina. The aim of the study is to assess clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients admitted with COVID-19 in the country. The study was designed by the Sub-committee of Research at the Argentinean Society of Infectious Diseases (SADI)
Participants
Patients were enrolled in the study if they had ≥18 years old, were admitted in a participating center, had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by polymerases chain reaction (PCR) or other validated methods on nasopharyngeal swab or other respiratory specimens, and had consented participation in the study. Patients were consecutively enrolled between March 3rd, 2020, and October 15th, 2020.
Data collection
Routine care data was prospectively extracted from the medical records and entered into a Redcap database (Research Electronic Data Capture, Vanderbilt University, US) hosted by SADI. Main clinical, epidemiological, radiological and laboratory variables were captured within 24 hours from admission, respectively. Patients were followed during hospitalization and at 30, 60 and 180 days. For those patients who were alive and not hospitalized a telephonic follow up was accepted. All relevant treatments and interventions were obtained during hospitalization. Disease severity was classified as mild, moderate, severe, or critical [10].
Outcomes
The main outcome for this analysis was mortality at 30-days from the index admission. The secondary outcome was admission at the intensive care unit (ICU).
Missing data
As the main and secondary outcomes of the study were mainly descriptive, no imputation of missing data was performed. To reduce the impact of missing data on outcome analyses, we restricted such analyses to patients who had been admitted for at least a month before data extraction.
Statistical analyses
Categorical variables were described using absolute and relative frequencies. Continuous variables were described using medians and interquartile ranges (IQR). Comparisons between groups were made using Mann Whitney U test or Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables, or X2 test for categorical variables, as appropriate. All tests were two-sided and considered significant if p-value was less than 0.05.
To investigate the effect of different factors on 30-day mortality, we performed a cross sectional analysis using a multivariable logistic regression model. Backwards stepwise model selection with a p-value of 0.05 was conducted. However, variables known from previous studies to be associated with 30-day mortality were forced into the model. To assess the fit of the model, we performed Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test. Data analyses were performed using R (R Core Team version 4.0.3, Vienna, Austria).
Results
From March 3rd to October 15th, 2020, 1074 patients with ≥18 years old who had at least 30-day follow up were prospectively enrolled in the ECCOVID study. Critical variables were fully available in 809 of these subjects who were included in the present analysis. The median age was 53 years (IQR 38–67); 56% were males and 71% had at least one comorbidity. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (32%), obesity (23%) and diabetes (17%). Baseline characteristics in the overall population and by gender are shown in Table 1.
Most frequent symptoms reported prior to or at admission were fever (61%), cough (60%) and dyspnea (40%) (Table 2). At admission almost one third of the patients (30%) had abnormal body temperature (≥37.5°C) and 18.5% had fever (≥38°C). Disease severity at admission was mild in 25%, moderate in 51%, severe in 17%, and critical in 7% of patients. Oxygen saturation ≤93% was observed in about 20% cases. The median time from symptoms onset to hospitalization was 5 days (IQR 2–7). Approximately one fifth of the patients (21%) did not present symptoms of upper or lower respiratory tract infection.
Chest Radiographs were performed at admission in 618 patients (76%). Abnormal findings were present in almost 60% of these patients. The most common radiographic patterns were bilateral interstitial infiltrates (75.9%). Chest computed tomography (CT) was obtained in 397 patients (49%). Abnormal findings were present in 86% of such patients. Bilateral ground glass opacities were the most frequent finding on CT. Over 20% of the patients with normal chest radiograph had lung infiltrates on the chest CT. In patients who were admitted without respiratory symptoms, radiographic infiltrates on chest radiographs or CT were observed in 38.6% and 72.2% of cases, respectively. Laboratory findings at baseline are presented in Table 3. Lymphopenia was observed in 31% of the patients. Elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) or aspartate transaminase (AST) (2 times above the upper normal limit) was found in 15.9% of the patients. D-dimer levels were available in 420 patients and found to be ≥1.0 μg/mL in 25% of these patients. Patients with severe or critical COVID-19 had lower lymphocyte count (1100 vs 1400 cells/mL; p<0.001), higher C-reactive protein (CRP) (27.5 mg/L vs. 6 p<0.001), D-dimer (0.9 vs. 0.5 μg/ml; p<0.001) and ferritin levels (780 vs. 344 ng/mL; p<0.001), respectively.
During hospitalization almost half (49%) required oxygen supplementation, 18% ICU, and 12% invasive mechanical ventilation, respectively. Of those admitted to ICU, 70% required mechanical ventilation. The median time to ICU admission was 7 days (IQR 4–9) from onset of symptoms and 1 day (IQR 0–4) from hospitalization. The median duration of mechanical ventilation was 12 days (IQR 6–18).
Overall, 30-day mortality was 11%. The median time between hospital admission and death was 15 days (IQR 9–21). In patients requiring oxygen supplementation mortality at 30 days was 10.8% for patients in the general ward, 36.6% in those admitted to ICU, and 50.5% in patients undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation. Clinical outcomes are displayed in Table 4 whereas Fig 1 shows 30-day mortality by age group.
In the multivariable analysis factors independently associated with ICU admission were male gender (OR 1.81; 95% CI 1.16–2.81), arterial hypertension (OR 3.21; 95% CI 2.08–4.95), obesity (OR 2.38; 95%CI 1.51–3.7), oxygen saturation ≤93% (OR 6.45; 95% CI 4.20–9.92) and lymphopenia (lymphocyte count <1000 cell/mL) (OR 3.21; 95%CI 2.08–4.95) (Hosmer-Lemeshow X2 = 8.4, df = 7, p-value = 0.30) (Table 5). Factors at admission independently associated with 30-day mortality in the multivariable model included age ≥60 years-old (OR 2.68; 95% CI 1.63–4.43), oxygen saturation ≤93% at admission (OR 3.19; 95%CI 1.97–5.16) and lymphopenia (OR 2.65; 95% CI 1.64–4.27) (Hosmer-Lemeshow X2 = 3.36, df = 8, p-value = 0.91) (Table 6).
Discussion
In this prospective multicenter study, we analyzed over 800 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Argentina. To our knowledge this is the first large and detailed clinical report in our country which provides several important findings allowing better understanding on the pandemic in the country.
First, the current study comprehensively describes clinical and demographic characteristics of patients admitted with SARS-Cov-2 infection in Argentina. Overall, we found in our study population similar comorbidities to those prevalent in different COVID-19 reports such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes [4–6]. The median age in our cohort of patients (52 years old) was comparable to those reported in large epidemiological studies including hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Argentina [8] and elsewhere [5, 6]. The most frequent symptoms among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Anosmia and ageusia were found in less than 20% of cases which were also in agreement with other published cohorts [5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12]. Interestingly only 20% of our patients had fever (≥ 38C) and a similar percentage lacked any respiratory symptoms at admission. Taken together this information indicates that neither fever nor respiratory symptoms are reliable markers of infection due to SARS-CoV-2 among patients requiring hospitalization.
Second, both radiologic and laboratory findings were also important. Most patients in our study had evidence of lung infiltrates on chest images at admission. As previously reported, chest CT had a better diagnostic accuracy than chest radiographic [13]. Characteristics of the lung infiltrates were similar to other descriptions [5, 14, 15]. In addition, we were also able to identify infiltrates in a significant proportion of those individuals without respiratory symptoms (72.2%). A CT scan is a valuable diagnostic tool that help to diagnose COVID-19 in patients with either difficult or negative images on the chest X rays [14, 16] as well as in those patients with absence of respiratory symptoms. In the laboratory analysis we have also found markers of systemic inflammation such as CRP in a vast majority of our patients (in whom the test was performed). The current knowledge indicates that patients with severe COVID-19 or those with adverse outcomes have increased levels of inflammatory cytokines as well as other infection-related biomarkers [12, 17–20]. However, these laboratory parameters, mainly D-dimer, CRP and ferritin are not easily available in health-care centers with limited resources. In the present cohort, only around half of our patients had CRP or D-dimer determined at admission. Therefore, simple laboratory parameters should be used to identify patients at risk of adverse outcomes in our population.
Third, the outcomes of our patients are also worthy to mention. In our study the median time from symptoms onset to hospitalization or ICU admission was 5 and 7 days, respectively. These findings are consistent with other reports [18, 21, 22]. Similarly, the overall 30-day mortality in our cohort of patients was 11%. Solidarity trial with a total of 11,330 patients from 405 hospitals in 30 countries reported a 28-day in-hospital death of 11.8% [23]. Near half of patients in our study requiring mechanical invasive ventilation died. This mortality rate also reflects the one reported in a recent meta-analysis with over 55.000 patients in 69 studies across 23 countries [24].
Finally, risk factors for ICU admission were male sex, arterial hypertension, obesity, oxygen saturation ≤93% and lymphopenia at admission. These risk factors identified are in agreement with other investigations [22, 25]. Age over 60 years was not found as an independent risk factor for ICU admission in our study. However, we found that this variable was associated with 30-day mortality. A possible explanation for these contradictory results is that older patients (≥80 year) were not necessarily transferred to ICUs based on several medical, familiar, or legal considerations [26]. On the other hand, independent risk factors for 30-day mortality sorted out by our study were age over 60 years old, oxygen saturation ≤93% and lymphopenia. In contrast to other reports [6, 9, 27], we did not detect an independent effect of gender or comorbidities on 30-day mortality. Probably, these variables were attenuated by the strong effect of age, markers of severe lung involvement such as hypoxemia and/or immune alterations such as lymphopenia.
Our study had some limitations. First, the adverse clinical outcomes may be underestimated by the fact that hospitalization was mandatory until June 2020 for all patients with SARS-CoV-2 in Argentina, including those with mild or moderate disease. However, most of the enrollment in this study occurred when hospitalization was not mandatory for such cases. Second, the complete cohort enrolled was not analyzed in this report. Enrollment which has occurred at the end of the study period was under ongoing collection of data at the time of this analysis. Given the similarity of results in the current study with several others, it is probable that this partial analysis truly reflects the real universe of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Argentina. Last, variables associated with ICU admission or 30-day mortality were not validated in a complementary dataset of subjects. Despite these limitations we believe our study provides key clinical information to better understand the characteristics of patients hospitalized with COVID-19. The current investigation further validates in our population several observations made in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in different world regions. Finally, using clinical and laboratory parameters available at bedside this study identifies factors associated with adverse clinical outcomes in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.
Acknowledgments
ECCOVID Study Group (Argentina):
- Martin E. Stryjewski, Matias H. Garcia Hernandez, Natalia M. Baeza. Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas (CEMIC)—Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Argentina
- Ezequiel Cordova, Franco Garibaldi, Claudia Rodriguez. Hospital Cosme Argerich–CABA, Argentina
- Lautaro de Vedia, Natalia Pacífico, Ana García, Marisa Fernández. Hospital FJ Muñiz—CABA, Argentina
- Myrna Cabral. Hospital Central—Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina
- Rosa Contreras. Hospital Dr. Marcial V. Quiroga—San Juan, San Juan, Argentina
- Maria Florencia Piñeiro, Sonia López Griskan. Hospital Fernandez–CABA, Argentina
- Corina Nemirovsky, Marisa Sánchez. Hospital Italiano–CABA, Argentina
- Hugo Juan Damián Miño, Delfina Godano, Federico Barbone. Hospital Iturraspe—Santa Fe, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Lucía Lamponi Tappatá, Diego Maurizi. Hospital Leonidas Lucero—Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Mariana Lorena Golikow, Florencia Marina Riveros. Hospital Nacional Posadas—El Palomar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Maria Fernanda Consalvo. Hospital Penna–CABA, Argentina
- Laura Barcelona, Gustavo Lopardo. Hospital Prof. Dr Bernardo A. Houssay—Vicente Lopez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Pablo Scapellato, Sofía Sábato, Ivana Coloiani, Iael Altclas. Hospital Santojanni–CABA, Argentina
- Analia Mykietiuk, María Fernanda Alzogaray, Bettina Cooke, Lucía Galeano, Natalia Spinelli. Instituto Medico Platense—La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Gabriela Vidiella, Mariano Blasco, Agustina Tortoriello. Sanatorio Agote–CABA, Argentina
- Florencia Otermin. Hospital Italiano de la Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Esteban Nannini, Mariángeles Fenes. Sanatorio Británico–Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Lucrecia Soler Puy, Silvana Fernandez Lugo. Hospital Julio C. Perrando—Resistencia, Chaco, Argentina
- Jamile Ballivian. Helios Salud–CABA, Argentina
- Omar Sued. Fundación Huésped–CABA, Argentina
- Javier Farina. Hospital de Alta Complejidad Cuenca Alta SAMIC–Cañuelas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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