https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4465-1951
Figures
Abstract
The objective was to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients during the two different epidemic periods. Prospective, observational, cohort study of hospitalized COVID-19. A total of 421 consecutive patients were included, 188 during the first period (March-May 2020) and 233 in the second wave (July-December 2020). Clinical, epidemiological, prognostic and therapeutic data were compared. Patients of the first outbreak were older and more comorbid, presented worse PaO2/FiO2 ratio and an increased creatinine and D-dimer levels at hospital admission. The hospital stay was shorter (14.5[8;29] vs 8[6;14] days, p<0.001), ICU admissions (31.9% vs 13.3%, p<0.001) and the number of patients who required mechanical ventilation (OR = 0.12 [0.05–10.26]; p<0.001) were reduced. There were no significant differences in hospital and 30-day after discharge mortality (adjusted HR = 1.56; p = 0.1056) or hospital readmissions. New treatments and clinical strategies appear to improve hospital length, ICU admissions and the requirement for mechanical ventilation. However, we did not observe differences in mortality or readmissions.
Citation: Zuil M, Benítez ID, Cabo-Gambín R, Manzano Senra C, Moncusí-Moix A, Gort-Paniello C, et al. (2021) Clinical management and outcome differences between first and second waves among COVID-19 hospitalized patients: A regional prospective observational cohort. PLoS ONE 16(10): e0258918. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258918
Editor: Aleksandar R. Zivkovic, Heidelberg University Hospital, GERMANY
Received: July 15, 2021; Accepted: October 7, 2021; Published: October 28, 2021
Copyright: © 2021 Zuil et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: Data is available on Figshare (10.6084/m9.figshare.16750480).
Funding: Supported in part by ISCIII (CIBERESUCICOVID, COV20/00110), co-funded by ERDF, “Una manera de hacer Europa”. JdB acknowledges receiving financial support from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Miguel Servet 2019: CP19/00108), co-funded by European Regional European Social Fund (ESF), “Investing in your future”. DdGC has received financial support from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Miguel Servet 2020: CP20/00041), co-funded by the European Social Fund (ESF)/“Investing in your future”. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: NO authors have competing interests The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
As noted in many countries worldwide, a two-wave pattern in reported cases of COVID-19 during the 2020 pandemic has been observed in Spain. Several randomized controlled trials have been conducted during the first wave, leading to antiviral treatment options and anti-inflammatory therapies that demonstrated better outcomes [1, 2]. Additionally, the experience gained during this period may have contributed to improving the management and outcomes in COVID-19 patients admitted during the second wave.
There is growing interest in evaluating the effect of these changes over months on mortality trends in clinical cohorts. Evidence in Europe tends to show that mortality from COVID-19 hospitalized patients was reduced in the second wave [3–6]. Nevertheless, inconsistent results are emerging [7], highlighting the need for well-characterized cohort analysis adjusting for confounding variables.
We therefore compared characteristics and outcomes between patients admitted to our hospital due to COVID-19 in Lleida (Spain) during the first wave (March to May 2020) and those admitted during the second wave (July to December 2020) to evaluate the effect of the different management practices on clinical outcomes and mortality in these patients.
Methods
Study setting and data collection
A prospective observational cohort study of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova and Hospital Universitari Santa Maria in Lleida (Spain) was performed. Both institutions follow the same protocols and work jointly. They are the reference center for a population of approximately of 450.000 people. The regular capacity is 600 beds and 38 ICU beds.
An emergence of a new variant of SARS-CoV-2 (20A.EU1) in early summer (end of June) in the north and east of Spain [8] was observed. This variant was linked to outbreaks among young agricultural workers in our region and transmission to the general population in that area was then replicated across the country and the rest of Europe. So, the period between March and May was considered as the first wave of the epidemic while from July to December, as the second wave of the outbreak of our region. This division is support by others studies around our territory [3, 9].
A total of 421 consecutive patients were included, of whom 188 were recruited during the first wave and 233 during the second wave. The regional strategy changed to adapt the epidemic peak based on clinical need and hospital situation. During the highest peaks of COVID-19, the hospital capacity expanded to the maximum possible, with 14 more ICU beds and reaching a maximum of 4 wards exclusively for COVID-19 in both periods.
All patients were aged over 18 years old and admitted to the general ward for respiratory infection due to SARS-CoV-2 virus. COVID diagnosis was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing performed on nasopharyngeal throat swab specimens. There were no cases of nosocomial infection. Admission criteria to the hospital were to have a COVID-19 pneumoniae with one of the following severity criteria: respiratory rate > 20 breaths per minute or peripheral oxygen saturation <95% or PaO2/FiO2 ratio <300 or hemodynamic instability.
This study was approved by the local ethics committee (CEIC-2279). Informed consent was acquired (written and/or verbally) for all patients by using emergency consent mechanisms in accordance with the ethics approval guidelines for the study.
Patients’ sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, and clinical, vital, ventilatory and laboratory parameters were recorded at hospital admission. The length of hospital stay, administered treatments, respiratory support, bacterial coinfections, complications and in-hospital and 30-day mortality after hospital discharge or readmissions were recorded and compared between waves.
Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19 patients followed regional recommendations and protocols, based on the emergence of new evidence over time during the study period. Hydroxychloroquine was used from March to May 2020 while intermediate or full dose thromboprophylaxis was initiated on March 2020, metilprednisolone in bolus in May 2020 and remdesivir, tocilizumab and dexamethasone were initiated in June 2020.
Results
Table 1 shows the comparison between the first and second waves regarding patient characteristics, comorbidities, biological data, clinical management and outcomes, such as complications, length of stay, ICU admissions, readmissions and mortality. Patients in the first wave were slightly older, had a higher prevalence of hypertension and chronic kidney disease and presented a worse PaO2/FiO2 ratio at admission. Additionally, these patients had higher levels of creatinine and D-dimer. No differences were observed in levels of C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase or ferritin at admission.
Contrary to the first wave, patients in the second period more frequently received tocilizumab, remdesivir, and dexamethasone as steroid therapy. During the second wave, the hospital stay was shorter, ICU admissions were reduced, and the number of patients who required invasive mechanical ventilation (adjusted OR = 0.12 [0.05–10.26]; p<0.001) and prone positioning were reduced (adjusted OR = 0.26 [0.12–0.56]; p = 0.001). High-flow oxygen therapy was more frequently used in the second wave (adjusted OR = 2.26 [1.34–3.91]; p = 0.003).
In-hospital complications, such as bacterial coinfection and septic shock, were also minimized. Adjusted analysis did not show significant differences in inpatient and 30-day after discharge mortality (Fig 1: adjusted HR = 1.56; p = 0.105) or hospital readmissions between waves. Mortality remain also unchanged between waves doing separated analysis focus in ICU (13 of 60 (21.6%) vs 8 of 31 (25.8%); p = 0.793) or in general ward patients (18 of 128 (14.1%) vs 23 of 202 (11.4%); p = 0.496).
Adjusted HR = adjusted hazard ratio.
Discussion
We report a study comparing the clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients between the first and second waves in a well-characterized prospective cohort. Despite a shift towards younger and overall less comorbid individuals and apparent better management with substantial treatment modifications, we did not observe significant differences in ICU, inpatient and 30-days after discharge mortality or in number of readmissions.
These results contrast with others [3–5] but are consistent with a recent study performed in an ICU cohort in France [7]. The main difference is the increased mortality observed in the first wave in these studies [3–5, 10] ranging from 25 to 42%), which is drastically reduced in the second wave (range 7.3 to 26.9%) compared to ours (16.5% to 13.3%). Basically, these large studies are based on the administrative data of all patients admitted to hospitals with a lack of relevant variables for adjustment and with more susceptibility to hospital overload management. In fact, when stratifying by age, these differences disappear in some studies or remain only in patients aged above 70 years old (3). This finding could potentially be neutralized with a well-characterized and representative cohort and by performing adjusted analysis.
In general, all studies showed a reduction in hospital length stay with second wave patients being less likely to require ICU admission and mechanical ventilation. Improvements in medical skills, including the more frequent use of high-flow oxygen therapy within the last several months and the emergence of new treatments, such as antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapies [1, 2] are evident and could have an impact on these improved outcomes. However, despite the changes in evidence-based therapy over time, there is still a pool of patients that unavoidably end up developing a more severe disease with an acute distress respiratory syndrome and a fatal outcome [11]. This could contribute to keep mortality rates unchanged between periods and highlights the importance of deeply identify these patients and finding better specific treatment strategies for them.
The strengths of this study are the comprehensive and accurate data collection from a prospective cohort. The most important limitation is the single-center setting, which could affect the generalizability of the results. Moreover, and despite the well characterized and representative cohort, there could be a selection bias inherent in the context of a global COVID-19 pandemic that has implied adapting hospitals and clinical decisions to the needs of each moment. Additionally, we did not assess viral variants during the two different periods of the study. And finally, we did not assess the possible differences of the severity of ICU patients with clinical scores such as SOFA, SAPS II or APACHE.
In conclusion, hospitalized COVID-19 patient characteristics and their management differed between waves. New treatments and clinical strategies appear to improve hospital length, ICU admissions and the requirement for mechanical ventilation. However, no impact on real-life mortality trends was observed between these periods.
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