Figures
Abstract
To search for more effective tuberculosis (TB) subunit vaccines, antigens expressed in different growth stages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), such as RpfE (Rv2450c) produced in the stage of resuscitation, Mtb10.4 (Rv0288), Mtb8.4 (Rv1174c), ESAT6 (Rv3875), Ag85B (Rv1886c) mainly secreted by replicating bacilli, and HspX (Rv2031c) highly expressed in dormant bacilli, were selected to construct six fusion proteins: ESAT6-Ag85B-MPT64190-198-Mtb8.4 (EAMM), Mtb10.4-HspX (MH), ESAT6-Mtb8.4, Mtb10.4-Ag85B, ESAT6-Ag85B, and ESAT6-RpfE. The six fusion proteins were separately emulsified in an adjuvant composed of N,N’-dimethyl-N, N’-dioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA), polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:C) and gelatin to construct subunit vaccines, and their protective effects against M. tuberculosis infection were evaluated in C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, the boosting effects of EAMM and MH in the adjuvant of DDA plus trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM) on BCG-induced immunity were also evaluated. It was found that the six proteins were stably produced in E. coli and successfully purified by chromatography. Among them, EAMM presented the most effective protection against M. tuberculosis. Interestingly, the mice that received EAMM+MH had significantly lower bacterial counts in the lungs and spleens than the single protein vaccinated groups, and had the same effect as those that received BCG. In addition, EAMM and MH could improve BCG-primed protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis infection in mice. In conclusion, the combination of EAMM and MH containing antigens from both replicating and dormant stages of the bacilli could induce robust immunity against M. tuberculosis infection in mice and may serve as promising subunit vaccine candidate.
Citation: Xin Q, Niu H, Li Z, Zhang G, Hu L, Wang B, et al. (2013) Subunit Vaccine Consisting of Multi-Stage Antigens Has High Protective Efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Mice. PLoS ONE 8(8): e72745. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072745
Editor: Pere-Joan Cardona, Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. CIBERES, Spain
Received: March 6, 2013; Accepted: July 12, 2013; Published: August 15, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Xin et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Major Science and Technology Projects (2012ZX10003-008-006, 2008ZX-10003-01305; http://www.nmp.gov.cn/) and NSFC of China (81072499; http://www.nsfc.gov.cn/Portal0/default152.htm). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have applied for a patent (Publication No. WO/2012/126149) that relates to this study. This patent will belong to Lanzhou University (China). The authors have no other competing interests, and will adhere to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Introduction
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is a highly successful pathogen that is notorious for its ability to establish latent infection, which could serve as the source of new tuberculosis (TB) cases as we treat the existing cases [1,2]. More than two billion individuals are latently infected with this pathogen and about 10% of these people will eventually progress to active TB when their immune status declines [3], making it one of the top three infectious diseases globally. The increasing emergence of drug resistant TB, especially the multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB [4] and the extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB [5,6], have made the fight to eliminate TB more difficult. In addition, co-infection with HIV exacerbates TB epidemic globally [7,8].
Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), the currently available vaccine against TB, has been used in humans since 1921 [9]. However, its efficacy in preventing TB remains controversial. BCG appreciably protects newborn babies and children from meningeal and miliary TB [10,11], but shows variable protection against adult pulmonary TB, ranging from 0% to 80% [12]. The high incidence of the disease at 8-9 million cases a year is at least partly a reflection of these problems. Hence, novel vaccines and vaccination strategy with the aim to control adult TB, especially latent TB infection are urgently needed.
At present, there are two major categories of potential vaccine candidates against M. tuberculosis. One is BCG replacement vaccines, including live recombinant BCG (rBCG) [13], attenuated mutants of M. tuberculosis, as well as modified non-pathogenic mycobacteria (M. vaccae, RUTI [14], and M. smegmatis [15]) and the other is booster vaccines, such as fusion protein subunits, viral-vectored candidates (MVA85A, Ad35-TBS) [16,17], inactivated whole cell [18], whole cell lysates, and naked DNA vaccines [19]. One major reason for the failure of BCG in adults is that the protective immune responses induced by BCG inoculation at infant waned as children grow up. For this reason, it is believed that using subunit vaccine consisting of key antigens of M. tuberculosis as a booster vaccine in adolescence or adulthood to restore the immune response is a reasonable and practical vaccination strategy [20].
In the past few years, the TB subunit vaccine research field has made substantial progress, with several vaccines in clinical trials [21] (eg. MVA85A, Phase IIb; AREAS402, Phase IIb; Hybrid-I+IC31, Phase II; M72+AS01, Phase II; Hyvac 4/AERAS-404+IC31, Phase I; H56+IC31, Phase I; ID93+GLA-SE, Phase I). However, except the H56 [22] and ID93 [23] vaccines that consist of both replication stage and dormancy-related antigens, most subunit vaccines are based on antigens expressed in replicating stage, which may limit their protective efficacy. During M. tuberculosis infection, including initial infection stage, active TB and latent TB, tubercle bacilli population consists of growing, slow-growing and non-growing subpopulations with various metabolic states in a continuum and the subpopulations can interconvert to each other [24]. Therefore, ideal subunit vaccines, either prophylactic or therapeutic, should target all mycobacterial subpopulations.
In this study, in order to develop effective multi-stage tuberculosis subunit vaccines, antigens mainly expressed by the bacilli in various metabolic stages were selected to construct fusion proteins. We chose antigen RpfE (resuscitation promoting factor E), which was secreted from slowly replicating bacteria during reactivation as dormant bacteria resume active metabolism [25–27]; Mtb10.4 [28], Mtb8.4 [29], ESAT6 [30], the 190-198 peptide of MPT64, and Ag85B [31,32], which are extracellular proteins expressed by replicating bacilli; HspX, as part of the DosR regulon, which is a dormancy-related protein and accumulated in dormant mycobacteria during long-term survival in the host. These secreted antigens are strongly immunogenic and capable of providing strong protective immunity against M. tuberculosis challenge, suggesting that they are promising antigen candidates [28,33,34]. In this study, we constructed six novel fusion proteins without affinity tag, ESAT6-Ag85B-MPT64190-198-Mtb8.4 (EAMM), Mtb10.4-HspX (MH), ESAT6-Mtb8.4, Mtb10.4-Ag85B, ESAT6-Ag85B, and ESAT6-RpfE. Their protective efficacies were evaluated in a mouse model of M. tuberculosis. Our study showed that EAMM plus MH provided the highest protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis among the different protein subunit vaccine candidate.
Materials and Methods
Ethics statement
Animal experiments were conducted in compliance with the guidelines of China Council on Animal Care and Use. All animal procedures performed in this study were reviewed, approved, and supervised by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Gansu College of Traditional Chinese Medicine (permit number: SYXK(Gan) 2011-001). Animals received free access to water and commercial mouse chow throughout the study. During the experiments, the vaccinated and infected mice were monitored every day. Mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation.
The experiment involving human participants was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Lanzhou University and Lanzhou Pulmonary Hospital. Each individual was introduced the nature of the research and given the study protocol, and they all signed the informed consents.
Animals and Human Subjects
Eight-week-old specific pathogen free 18- to 20-g female C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Slaccas Inc. (Shanghai, China) and kept at the animal facility under specific pathogen free conditions in Gansu College of Traditional Chinese Medicine. M. tuberculosis challenge experiments were performed at ABSL-3 lab at Wuhan University.
Blood cells from three human groups were used to analyze the immune activity in this study. They included TB patients, healthy close contacts (who may latently infected with M. tuberculosis), healthy BCG-vaccinated individuals. The group of patients consisted of 23 patients with pulmonary cavitary TB, 4 patients with pleural TB and 1 patient with miliary TB diagnosed with sputum or pleural fluid smear and culture, and chest X-ray. All TB patients were recruited from Lanzhou Pulmonary Hospital, Lanzhou, China. The group of close contacts consisted of eleven healthy nurses who had close contact with smear-positive pulmonary TB patients for more than five years in Lanzhou Pulmonary Hospital. Ten BCG vaccinated healthy students were recruited from Lanzhou University. IFN-γ responses to the M. tuberculosis-specific antigens ESAT-6, CFP-10 were analyzed in these subjects.
Construction, expression and purification of the fusion proteins
The coding sequences of desired genes were PCR-amplified from the genomic DNA of M. tuberculosis H37Rv, and the generated fragments were directionally inserted into the corresponding multiple cloning sites of pET30a (+) to construct plasmids encoding the six fusion proteins respectively. The sequences of the DNA inserts were verified by sequencing.
The recombinant plasmids were transformed into the E. coli strain BL21 (DE3), and the expression of fusion proteins were induced by isopropyl β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). After induction, cells were harvested by centrifugation and were lysed by sonication. Samples were sedimented by centrifugation at 10,000g for 10 min at 4°C to separate inclusion body proteins and soluble proteins. The overexpressed EAMM, Mtb10.4-Ag85B, ESAT6-Ag85B, and ESAT6-RpfE aggregated into inclusion bodies, while MH and ESAT6-Mtb8.4 remained in supernatant in soluble form. The inclusion bodies were dissolved in Solubilization buffer (8 M urea and 50 mM Tris; PH 8.0) at a ratio of 1: 10 w/v for 30 min at 4°C separately; then they were refolded by gradient dialysis for 60h at 4°C. Successive chromatographic purification steps were used in the purification of the recombinant proteins using AKTA Purifier 100 (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ). The purification of EAMM was performed by one-step ion-exchange chromatography (IEX) on a DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column using buffer A (20 mM Tris, pH 7.5) and buffer B (20 mM Tris and 1M NaCl, pH 7.5) as gradient eluent. Two-step successive chromatography was used in the purification of Mtb10.4-Ag85B, ESAT6-Ag85B, ESAT6-RpfE and ESAT6-Mtb8.4. The protein samples were first loaded on DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column and step-eluted by buffer C (20 mM phosphate buffer; pH 7.4) and buffer D (20 mM phosphate buffer, 1M NaCl; pH 7.4). Then the peak fractions of the target proteins were pooled, and further purified by a hydrophobic chromatography (HIC) on Butyl Sepherose High Performance column. MH was purified by three successive chromatographic purification steps [35]. The molecular mass and purity of these purified proteins were assessed by 12% (v/v) SDS-PAGE.
Cultured ELISPOT in human PBMCs
Human PBMCs were prepared by centrifugation with Human Lymphocyte Separation Tube (Dakewe Biotech Company Ltd., Shenzhen, China). Human IFN-γ ELISPOT kits (Dakewe Biotech Company Ltd., Shenzhen, China) were performed to detect IFN-γ secretion following the manufacturer’s instruction. PBMCs (3×105 cells/well) were cultured in 96-well microtiter plates precoated with anti-human IFN-γ and stimulated with either single antigen HspX (10 µg/ml), ESAT-6 (20 µg/ml) or fusion protein MH (10 µg/ml), EAMM (20 µg/ml). In addition, PBMCs were cultured with medium alone or with PHA (1 µg/ml) as negative or positive control, respectively. The spots were counted using an ELISPOT reader (Bio-sys, GmbH, Karben, Germany) and results were expressed as the mean of spot-forming cells per 3×105 cells ± standard deviation (SD).
Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the fusion proteins
Mice were immunized three times at 3-week intervals with subunit vaccines containing 20 µg of EAMM, MH, ESAT6-Mtb8.4, Mtb10.4-Ag85B, ESAT6-Ag85B, ESAT6-RpfE or 10 µg EAMM plus 10 µg MH emulsified in an adjuvant composed of DDA (250 µg/dose; Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK), poly(I:C) (50 µg/dose; Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK) and gelatin (0.4% W/V; which was added to stabilize the formulations) or with a single dose of BCG. For BCG immunization, mice were inoculated with 5×106 CFU BCG at the time of the first subunit vaccination. BCG and all antigens were applied by subcutaneous (s.c.) route with a total volume of 200 µl/mouse.
At 6 week after the last immunization, animals were sacrificed for immunogenicity detection using ELISPOT assay following 20-h incubation of cells with 10 µg/ml special antigens, such as ESAT-6, Ag85B, Mtb8.4, Mtb10.41-18 peptide, HspX or RpfE. Splenocytes (6×105 cells/well) were cultured in microtiter plates precoated with anti-mouse IFN-γ. The ELISPOT was performed according to manufacturer’s protocol. The spots were counted as described above and results were expressed as the mean spot-forming cells per 6 ×105 cells ± SD.
Ten weeks after the last immunization, mice were challenged with 5×105 CFU of M. tuberculosis H37Rv by caudal vein injection. Six weeks later, the animals were sacrificed, and the tissues (lung and spleen) were homogenised in sterile saline and plated at 10-fold serial dilutions on Middlebrook 7H11 selective agar (BD, NJ, USA) enriched with OADC (BD, NJ, USA). Agar plates were incubated at 37°C and colony forming Units (CFUs) were enumerated 21 days later. Protection results were shown in log10 (mean CFU) ± SD.
Protective immunity and efficacy of EAMM and Ag85B-MPT64190-198-Mtb8.4 (AMM) as boosters of BCG
The BCG - primed mice were boosted with subunit vaccine EAMM or AMM [36] twice at 12 and 14 week after BCG prime. EAMM or AMM (20 µg/dose) was emulsified in adjuvant composed of DDA (250 µg/dose) and trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM) (50 µg/dose). For BCG immunization, mice were inoculated subcutaneously with 5×106 CFU BCG at 0 week.
Splenocytes were isolated from mice at 6 week after the last boosting to determine the relative number of IFN-γ or IL-17 expressing cells. Mouse IFN-γ and IL-17 ELISPOT kits (U-Cytech BV, Utrecht, the Netherlands) were used to analyze the cytokines production according to the instruction manual. Briefly, the spleen cells (5×105 cells/well) were incubated for 48-h with antigens (ESAT-6, 8 µg/ml; Ag85B, 5 µg/ml; PPD, 10 µg/ml) in microtiter plates. The spots were counted as described above. Mice were challenged with M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain 10 weeks after the last vaccination and the CFUs of M. tuberculosis in the lungs and spleens were enumerated as described above.
Results
Construction and purification of the six novel fusion proteins as subunit vaccine candidates
The recombinant plasmids expressing M. tuberculosis antigens RpfE, Mtb10.4, Mtb8.4, ESAT6, Ag85B, Mtb8.4 and HspX were constructed with His-tag. The fusion proteins EAMM, MH, ESAT6-Mtb8.4, Mtb10.4-Ag85B, ESAT6-Ag85B, and ESAT6-RpfE were efficiently expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) respectively. Among these recombinant proteins, EAMM [37], Mtb10.4-Ag85B, ESAT6-Ag85B, ESAT6-RpfE were expressed in inclusion bodies and were purified by one-step or two-step chromatography, whereas MH [35,38] and ESAT6-Mtb8.4 were soluble and mainly expressed in the supernatant and were purified by successive chromatography. The purified fusion proteins were shown to be free of any significant amount of E. coli contaminating proteins on SDS-PAGE and migrated with their expected molecular weight (Figure 1).
Lane 1, Purified MH; Lane 2, Purified ESAT6-Ag85B; Lane 3, Purified ESAT6-Mtb8.4; Lane 4, Purified Mtb10.4-Ag85B; Lane 5, Purified EAMM; Lane 6, Purified ESAT6-RpfE.
Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of the Fusion Proteins in Mice
C57BL/6 mice were immunized three times with the fusion proteins emulsified in the adjuvant of DDA/Ploy(I:C)/Gelatin. The mice were sacrificed 6 weeks after the last inoculation, and the secretion of IFN-γ in spleen lymphocyte was evaluated in vitro by ELISPOT with the stimulation of specific antigens or epitopes. The results showed that the levels of IFN-γ secreted by spleen cells from mice immunized with the protein vaccines were higher than that from the PBS control (p < 0.05), but there was no obvious difference among the six protein vaccine candidates (Figure 2).
Mice were immunized three times (3 weeks apart) with 20 µg of subunit vaccines formulated in DDA/Poly(I:C)/Gelatin or with a single dose of BCG (5×106 CFU). Six weeks after the final vaccination, spleen cells were stimulated with specific antigens separately and the IFN-γ releasing cells were assayed by ELISPOT. Results are presented as mean ± SD from groups of four mice. * p < 0.05 vs. PBS and BCG groups.
As for the protective effects, EAMM showed the most effective protection to contain bacterial growth among the fusion proteins, reducing approximately 0.6 log10 bacterial counts. MH, which contains the dormant antigen HspX, did not show any protection. But it is interesting that MH combined with EAMM significantly reduced bacterial counts in the lungs (1.5 ± 0.13 log10 CFU reduction) and spleens (0.8±0.12 log10 CFU reduction) compared with PBS group (p < 0.05), and was as effective as BCG (Figure 3A, 3B).
The mice received three times of inoculation with the protein vaccine candidates in DDA/Poly(I:C)/Gelatin. The vaccinated mice were challenged with virulent M. tuberculosis 10 weeks after the final vaccination. Six weeks after challenge with virulent M. tuberculosis, the animals were sacrificed, and the numbers of CFU of M. tuberculosis in the lungs (A) and spleens (B) were determined. Results are presented as mean ± SD, n = 4 or 7. p < 0.05 vs. PBS. ** p < 0.05 vs. PBS, EAMM and MH.
IFN-γ profile in response to EAMM and MH in human PBMCs
PBMCs from 28 TB patients, 11 close contacts and 10 healthy BCG vaccinated controls were co-cultured with recombinant proteins separately and the secreted IFN-γ was measured. EAMM stimulated higher numbers of IFN-γ secreting T cells in all three groups than ESAT6 (p < 0.01) (Figure 4). MH also stimulated higher level of IFN-γ than HspX, especially in TB patients (p < 0.01). These results indicate that fusion proteins composed of multiple antigens could induce higher antigen specific immune responses than single antigen in humans.
Healthy BCG-vaccinated donors (HD, n = 5-11), close contacts (CC, n = 4-10) and active TB patients (TB, n = 21-28) were recruited. IFN-γ secreting cells were analyzed using human IFN-γ ELISPOT kits. Freshly isolated PBMCs from these subjects were plated in duplicate at 3 ×105 cells per well in 96 spot and incubated with the recombinant proteins (10 µg/ml or 20 µg/ml) for 48 h at 37°C. Data are shown as mean ± SD. * p < 0.01.
Boosting BCG with EAMM and AMM in adjuvant of DDA-TDM
Six weeks after EAMM and AMM boosting, lymphocytes of vaccinated mice were cultured in the presence of special antigens and analyzed by ELISPOT for the frequencies of IFN-γ and IL-17 secreting cells (Figure 5A, 5B). With the stimulation of specific antigens, the frequencies of IFN-γ and IL-17 secreting lymphocytes from the mice primed with BCG and boosted with EAMM or AMM were higher than that immunized with BCG without boosting (p < 0.05). Our previous study also showed that boosting BCG-immunized mice with MH resulted in higher IFN-γ and IL-17 expression following the stimulation of Mtb10.41–18 peptide, HspX, and PPD, compared with BCG alone (p < 0.05) [35].
C57BL/6 mice were primed with BCG, and boosted twice with EAMM or AMM emulsified in the adjuvant of DDA/TDM by s.c. at 12 and 14 week after prime. Six weeks after the last boosting, spleen cells were stimulated with purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD), ESAT6 or Ag85B in vitro respectively, and IFN-γ and IL-17 were assayed by ELISPOT. (A) IFN-γ secretion in splenocytes. (B) IL-17 secretion in splenocytes. Results are presented as mean ± SD, n = 4. * p < 0.05 vs. PBS and BCG groups;.
** p < 0.05 vs. PBS, BCG and BCG/AMM groups.
To determine the protective efficacy of EAMM, AMM and MH as boosters of BCG, the mice were challenged with virulent M. tuberculosis H37Rv 10 weeks after the last vaccination, and the bacterial counts in the lungs were enumerated six weeks after challenge. In comparison to PBS-vaccinated control, mice boosted with all these three subunit vaccines had lower bacterial counts (p < 0.05) (Figure 6). Among them, EAMM-boosting resulted in a 1.17 ± 0.32 log10 CFU reduction compared with PBS control, lower than BCG vaccine (0.69 ± 0.06 log10 CFU reduction) (p = 0.05), AMM-boosting (0.88 ± 0.012 log10 CFU reduction) and MH-boosting [35] (1.09 ± 0.08 log10 CFU reduction). These findings indicate that among these immunized groups EAMM boost induced the best protection against M. tuberculosis challenge.
Mice were primed with BCG and boosted by EAMM/AMM two times at the 12th and 14th week. Ten weeks after boosting, mice were challenged with 5×105 CFU of M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Six weeks after challenge the bacterial load in the lungs was determined. Results are presented as mean ± SD, n = 7. *p < 0.05 vs. PBS.
Pulmonary histological examination of the challenged mice revealed that all vaccine immunizations had reduced lesions to some extent relative to the PBS control (p < 0.05, Figure 7). The mice primed with BCG and boosted with EAMM resulted in significantly less manifestation of lesions compared with the BCG and BCG/AMM groups (p < 0.05). The acid-fast M. tuberculosis bacilli were hardly present in the lung tissues of EAMM boosted mice (data not shown), which was consistent with the CFU results and lessened histopathological lesions.
After infection, the upper left lobes of the lungs were harvested, fixed in 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin blocks, and then sectioned for light microscopy. Data represents the area ratio of granuloma in sections stained with HE. Seven sections of lungs were selected for each group. * p < 0.05 vs. PBS, BCG and AMM group.
Discussion
In this study, we constructed six novel fusion proteins consisting of 190-198 peptide of MPT64 and antigens RpfE, Mtb10.4, Mtb8.4, ESAT6, Ag85B and HspX, which are expressed in various stages of bacterial life cycle, and analyzed their immunogenicity and protective efficacy. Our study showed that all fusion proteins EAMM, MH, ESAT6-Mtb8.4, Mtb10.4-Ag85B, ESAT6-Ag85B and ESAT6-RpfE could induce robust T cell responses in mice, but their protective efficacies varied. Among them, EAMM vaccine induced the strongest antigen specific immune responses in both humans and mice, and also provided the most effective protection against M. tuberculosis infection in mice while MH and other proteins did not show such significant protective effects. However, the combination of EAMM and MH vaccine showed even better protective efficacy than EAMM or MH alone. Boosting BCG-primed mice with EAMM also induced higher protective effect than AMM, MH, or without boost.
Our previous study had constructed the fusion protein AMM and proved that AMM had the potential to boost BCG primed immunity [36]. To improve the protective efficacy of AMM, ESAT-6 encoded by RD1 region of the M. tuberculosis genome which is absent from M. bovis BCG was linked together with AMM to construct a four-component fusion protein EAMM. AMM-boosted mice showed slightly lower CFUs (0.88 ± 0.012 log10 CFU reduction) than the BCG alone vaccinated mice (0.69 ± 0.06 log10 CFU reduction) (Figure 6). However, boosting BCG-primed mice with EAMM resulted in a 1.17 ± 0.12 log10 reduction of CFU in lungs compared with the PBS-immunized group, which was obviously lower than that provided by BCG vaccination alone (p = 0.05, Figure 6). These findings indicate that adding ESAT-6 enhanced the protective effect of AMM. It has been reported that restoration of RD1 promoted the capacity of BCG vaccination for protection against M. tuberculosis [39]. Vaccine based on fusion protein Ag85B-ESAT6 had been a subunit vaccine candidate that entered into clinical trials [40]. Our work showed that ESAT-6 incorporated into AMM effectively improved the protective efficacy of AMM. However, it is worth noting that in this study, the fusion protein ESAT6-Ag85B in adjuvant of DDA/Poly (I:C)/Gelatin showed only a slight protection (Figure 3A, 3B). But with the same adjuvant, we had much better protection against M. tuberculosis with EAMM than with ESAT6-Ag85B.
Up to now, our lab has evaluated 9 vaccine candidates based on 9 fusion proteins including AMM [36], Ag85B-MPT64190-198-HspX (AMH) [41], EAMM, MH [35], ESAT6-Ag85B, ESAT6-Mtb8.4, Mtb10.4-Ag85B, ESAT6-RpfE, and Ag85B. We found that EAMM provided the most effective protection against M. tuberculosis infection among them all (Figure 3A, 3B), followed by AMM which showed higher immunogenicity and protective efficacy than Ag85B alone [36]. The differences in protective effect among the fusion proteins might reflect that some antigens contain more immunodominant epitopes that could induce higher immune responses and higher protective effect. The same tendency was also observed in human PBMCs responses: EAMM stimulation induced stronger T cell responses than fusion protein MH, ESAT6, and HspX (Figure 4). In addition, multi-component vaccine might be beneficial for vaccination of genetically diverse human populations by decreasing the evasion induced by variations of antigen and antigen presentation [33].
The infecting bacilli, either at initial or late stage of infection, are heterogeneous and consist of at least three subpopulations of M. tuberculosis, including growing, slow-growing and non-growing bacilli [24]. Consequently, antigens in various growth stages should be included to construct novel multi-stage TB subunit vaccines so as to provide complete immune protection against bacteria in different metabolic states [42]. We found that mice receiving EAMM plus MH had significantly lower bacterial counts in the lungs and spleens compared with EAMM or MH alone. In addition, our previous study also found that fusion protein AMH containing dormancy-related antigen could enhance the effect of AMM [41]. MH and AMH alone did not confer obvious protective effect, but when they were combined with EAMM or AMM they improved the protective effect of EAMM and AMM significantly. We evaluated the protective efficacy of the multi-stage vaccine candidates in an active TB model which contains both proliferating and dormant bacteria [24]. The protective effect of them would be more obvious in latent TB infection model [22]. These findings suggest that multi-stage vaccines combining antigens from proliferating and dormant stages could generate broad and strong responses which would provide broad protective activity against M. tuberculosis infection.
Cell-mediated immune (CMI) response is believed to be the primary host protective response against M. tuberculosis infection [43,44]. It was demonstrated that IFN-γ produced from CD4+ T cells regulated the immunity against TB [45]. However, the level of IFN-γ alone cannot reflect vaccine protection against M. tuberculosis infection well. Recently, T helper 17 (Th17) cell, a new CD4 +T cell subset, has been identified [46]. Th17 cells produce IL-17 which is capable of inducing expression of chemokines, such as G-CSF, CXC chemokines, IL-6, and IL-8 that promote Th1 cell recruitment and granuloma organization throughout infection [47,48]. In addition, it was reported that, similar to IFN-γ, IL-17 could act as an effector molecule against M. tuberculosis infection to protect against human TB [49]. Besides producing IFN-γ, mice receiving BCG-prime and EAMM-boost generated robust antigen specific IL-17, while the MH vaccine-boosted mice generated less HspX-specific IFN-γ and IL-17 than EAMM-boost [35]. The production of IFN-γ and IL-17 are consistent with the protective efficacy of EAMM and MH as boosters of BCG.
In summary, we evaluated six fusion proteins as possible vaccine candidates and found that the fusion protein EAMM induced the strongest immune responses and protective efficacy among them all, and the combination of EAMM and MH showed higher protective efficacy than EAMM alone. Furthermore, we found that BCG-prime and EAMM/MH-boost could improve the protective efficacy of BCG. These findings suggest that the combination of EAMM and MH containing multiple antigens from both replicating and dormant M. tuberculosis may be a promising multi-stage subunit vaccine. Inbred mouse strains differ in a large number of genetic factors which may affect the presentation of antigen to T lymphocytes. Future studies are warranted to further evaluate the EAMM and MH vaccine candidate in other animal models including the BALB/c, rabbit, non-human primate model.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: BZ. Performed the experiments: Q. Xin HN ZL GZ LH BW JL HY WL YW ZD RL Q. Xian YW YZ TJ XM. Analyzed the data: Q. Xin HN ZL. Wrote the manuscript: Q. Xin HN BZ.
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