Pipoxolan Ameliorates Cerebral Ischemia via Inhibition of Neuronal Apoptosis and Intimal Hyperplasia through Attenuation of VSMC Migration and Modulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2/9 and Ras/MEK/ERK Signaling Pathways
Figure 1
Effects of pipoxolan (PIPO) on cerebral infarction of rats.
(A) Effects of PIPO (10, 30 mg/kg p.o.) groups on cerebral infarct area at 24 hr after reperfusion. The pale area represents infarct tissue and the red area normal tissue. Scale bar = 1 cm.(B) Representative micrographs of TUNEL and cleaved caspase-3 positive staining in ischemic rats treated with/without PIPO. Scale bar = 50 µm. Magnification 200x. (C) Infarction area by TTC staining, (D) neurological deficit score, (E) TUNEL-positive cells and (F) cleaved caspase-3- positive cells (n = 6 in each group). Each vertical bars represented mean ± S.E. *P < 0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p < 0.001 compared to I/R group.
