Figures
Abstract
Objectives
A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of ulinastatin treatment on adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).
Methods
Seven electronic databases were searched for reports of randomized, controlled trials conducted up to February 2014 in which patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB were administered ulinastatin in the perioperative period.
Results
Fifty-two studies with 2025 patients were retained for analysis. The results showed that the ulinastatin can attenuate the plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhance the anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB. Meanwhile, the ulinastatin had a significant beneficial effect on myocardial injury. The mean differences (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of biochemical markers were −63.54 (−79.36, −47.72) for lactate dehydrogenase, −224.99 (−304.83, −145.14) for creatine kinase, −8.75 (−14.23, −3.28) for creatine kinase-MB, and −0.14 (−0.20, −0.09] for troponin I (all P<0.01). However, neither hemodynamics nor cardiac function improved significantly, except that the MD and 95% CI of mean arterial pressure were 2.50 (0.19, 4.80) (P = 0.03). There were no statistically significant differences in the use of inotropes, postoperative bleeding, postoperative complications, the intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and the hospital stay; however, the frequency of auto resuscitation increased significantly (OR 1.98, 95%CI 1.19 to 3.30, P<0.01), the duration of intubation (MD −1.58, 95%CI −2.84 to −0.32, P<0.01) and the duration of mechanical ventilation (MD −3.29, 95%CI −4.41 to −2.17, P<0.01) shortened significantly in patients who were treated with ulinastatin.
Conclusions
Ulinastatin can reduce the plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and elevate anti-inflammatory cytokine in patients from China and Japan undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB. Ulinastatin treatment may have protective effects on myocardial injury, and can increase the frequency of auto resuscitation, shorten the duration of intubation and mechanical ventilation.
Citation: Zhang Y, Zeng Z, Cao Y, Du X, Wan Z (2014) Effect of Urinary Protease Inhibitor (Ulinastatin) on Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Meta-Analysis for China and Japan. PLoS ONE 9(12): e113973. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113973
Editor: Umberto Benedetto, Harefield Hospital, United Kingdom
Received: July 5, 2014; Accepted: November 1, 2014; Published: December 11, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Zhang et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC: 81201446, https://isis.nsfc.gov.cn). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
A systemic inflammatory response (SIR) and multiple-organ ischemia/reperfusion injury often occur after open-heart surgery carried out under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) [1]. The activation of the complement cascade and fibrinolytic system by multiple physical, chemical, and biological stimuli in CPB, along with neutrophil activation and the generation of a sequential inflammatory cascade, contribute to a series of postoperative complications [2], [3], such as post-surgical bleeding, acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, cardiac insufficiency, and acute renal injury [4], [5]. This results in prolongation of mechanical ventilation and ICU or hospital stay, and increases costs.
Ulinastatin is a broad-spectrum hydrolase inhibitor purified from the urine of healthy men. As a serine protease, ulinastatin is able to inhibit various inflammatory proteases, including trypsin, chymotrypsin, and neutrophil elastase and plasmin. Thus, it is considered an effective anti-inflammatory molecule, and it has been widely used clinically in China, Korea, and Japan to treat pancreatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, and other inflammatory diseases [6], [7]. In recent years, ulinastatin has been used to prevent postoperative complications and post-pump organ injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB [4], [8], [9]. Xu and colleagues found that high-dose ulinastatin can reduce pulmonary injury, improve pulmonary function after CPB, and shorten the duration of intubation and intensive care unit (ICU) stay [8]. However, Park and colleagues observed no significant effect of ulinastatin on major organ dysfunction, SIR, or other postoperative complications [9]. Since the effect of ulinastatin on patients' responses to CPB and the associated potential challenges and complications are not yet clear, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess studies that used ulinastatin in order to evaluate its effect in patients undergoing open-heart surgery with CPB.
Methods
Search strategy
The electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE (using OVID), ISI, ACS, Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry, China National Knowledge infrastructure, and Wanfang Data were searched from their inception up to February 2014. The keywords and terms used were (“ulinastatin” OR “protease inhibitor” OR “UTI” OR “hydrolase inhibitors”) AND (“cardiopulmonary bypass” OR “cardiac surgery” OR “open heart surgery”). Papers in the English or Chinese language were included. All articles were imported into EndNote ×6 software to delete duplicates.
Study selection criteria
The inclusion criteria for the primary studies were as follows: (1) randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials; (2) adults undergoing open-heart surgery employing CPB; (3) ulinastatin was used perioperatively; (4) CPB time or aortic cross-clamping time were reported; (5) outcomes of interest included, ie, the inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10), the myocardial biomarkers: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and troponin I (TnI), the hemodynamic parameters heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) and central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac index and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) as markers of cardiac function, the numbers of patients needing inotropes and auto resuscitation, the postoperative bleeding, the postoperative complications, the duration of mechanical ventilation, the intubation time, and the lengths of ICU stay and hospital stay.
The exclusion criteria for the primary studies were as follows: (1) review, abstract, or case report; (2) animal or cell study; (3) not open-heart surgery; (4) pediatric cardiac surgery; (5) total number of patients <20, and (6) published in any language other than English or Chinese.
Study selection and data extraction were performed by two independent reviewers (YZ and ZW). Disagreements were resolved through consensus.
Data extraction
A data collection form was designed before the data were extracted. The articles finally included were assessed independently by two reviewers (YZ and ZW). The extracted data included: (1) first author and year of publication; (2) total number of patients, number of patients in the ulinastatin and control groups, gender, age, body weight, and body surface area; (3) CPB time, and aortic cross-clamping time in both groups; (4) data regarding outcomes of interest, as described above, in the ulinastatin and control groups. When the results of the trial were reported as median and quartile, the Stela Pudar-Hozo method was used to estimate the mean and standard deviation [10].
Assessment of study quality
Two reviewers (YZ and ZW) independently assessed the risk of bias, using the tool described in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions [11]. The risk of bias was rated as low, high, or unclear with regard to: (1) sequence generation; (2) allocation concealment; (3) blinding; and (4) completeness of outcome data.
Statistical methods
Review Manager Software (version 5.02 for Windows; The Cochrane Collaboration, 2009) was used to perform the meta-analysis, and STATA 12.0 (Stata Corp, College station, TX) was used to evaluate the publication bias (Egger's test and Begg's test). In accordance with the Review Manager Handbook, odds ratio (OR) or mean difference (MD), and their 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to estimate the effective value. Statistical heterogeneity was examined by Cochrane Q-test (significant at P<0.1) and the I2 value. For comparisons with P<0.1 or I2<50%, a fixed-effect model was used; otherwise, a random-effect model was adopted. If necessary, a sensitivity analysis was also performed to evaluate the influences of individual studies on the final effect. All P-values were two-sided, and P<0.05 was considered significant.
Results
Search results and characteristics
Of the initial 3252 records identified, 2159 remained after duplicates were removed. Two thousand thirty-five articles were excluded because they were not clinical trials (in Japanese, review, animal studies, cell studies, comment, etc.). Of the 124 articles reviewed at the full-text level, 72, including 44 pediatric studies, 13 observational studies, 10 retrospective studies, and 5 non-open heart surgery studies were excluded. Finally, 52 articles were eligible for this meta-analysis [4], [8], [9], [12]–[61] (Fig. 1), of which 11 were in English. All were published between 1996 and 2013 (Table 1).
A total of 2025 patients were included in our meta-analysis; 1013 received ulinastatin and 1012 received a placebo saline solution. The groups showed no significant differences with respect to gender [OR (95% CI) were 0.85 (0.69, 1.04), P = 0.12], age [MD (95% CI) were -0.14 (−0.58, 0.31), P = 0. 55], CPB time [MD (95% CI) were −0.95 (−2.34, 0.44), P = 0.18], or aortic cross-clamping time [MD (95% CI) were −0.48 (−1.52, 0.57), P = 0.37] (Table 2). As no heterogeneity existed among these studies, a fixed-effect model was adopted.
Risk of bias of included trials
Overall, 2 trials had a low risk of bias; 47 trials had a moderate risk of bias, due to insufficient information about the sequence generation process, concealed allocation methods, or blinding, and incomplete addressing of outcome data; and 3 trials [4], [26], [29] had a high risk of selection bias, as the patients' ID numbers, the order of admission, or specific groups of people were used for the generation of the randomization sequence (Fig. 2, S1 Figure).
Efficacy of ulinastatin on patients with cardiopulmonary bypass
Inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10).
At first, we perform a meta-analysis to assess the changes of these inflammatory mediators at twenty-four hours postoperatively. The heterogeneities were found, and the random-effect model was used to perform meta-analysis. Pooled analysis showed the significant differences existed in TNF-α (MD-7.53, 95%CI [−9.45, −5.61], P<0.01), IL-6 (MD-32.87, 95%CI [−39.53, −26.20], P<0.01), IL-8 (MD-2.40, 95%CI [−3.40, −1.41], P = 0.02) and IL-10 (MD14.49, 95%CI [4.57, 24.42], P = 0.02) between the ulinastatin and control groups (Table 2). Sensitivity analysis showed that the overall effect was not changed by omitting some studies until these heterogeneities became acceptable (heterogeneity: P>0.10; I2<50%) (Table 3).
Myocardial Biomarkers (LDH, CK, CK-MB, and TnI).
We assessed these myocardial biomarkers: LDH changes in 4 trials, CK changes in 4 trials, CK-MB changes in 12 trials, and TnI changes in 8 trials. The meta-analysis demonstrated that all biomarkers significantly reduced in the ulinastatin group compared with the placebo groups. The MD (95% CI) values were −63.54 (−79.36, −47.72) for LDH (P<0.01), −224.99 (−304.83, −145.14) for CK (P<0.01), −8.75 (−14.23, −3.28) for CK-MB (P<0.01) and −0.14 (−0.20, −0.09) for TnI (P<0.01) (Table 2). As there was significant heterogeneity in the CK-MB values (P<0.01, I2 = 91%), a random-effect model was adopted. Sensitivity analysis showed that the overall effect was not changed by omitting 6 studies until these heterogeneities became acceptable (heterogeneity: P>0.10; I2<50%) (Table 3) [4].
Hemodynamic Parameters (HR, MAP, MPAP, and CVP).
Parameters relating to hemodynamics were measured in some trials after CPB. The meta-analysis results showed that ulinastatin had no significant effect on any of these parameters except MAP. The MD (95% CI) values were −1.63 (−4.11, 0.84) for HR (P = 0.20), 0.84 (−0.64, 2.32) for MPAP (P = 0.26), 0.89 (−0.07, 1.84) for CVP (P = 0.07), Although MAP showed a statistically significant increase—MD (95% CI) 2.50 (0.19, 4.80), P = 0.03—the clinical significance was unclear. Since there was no significant heterogeneity among these analyses, a fixed-effect model was adopted (Table 2).
Cardiac Function (Cardiac index and LVEF).
Only 3 trials reported the cardiac index and 2 trials the LVEF postoperatively. The meta-analysis showed no significant effects on either parameter: MD (95% CI) were −0.18 (−0.42, 0.06) for cardiac index (P = 0.14), and 1.32 (−2.63, 5.26) for left ventricular ejection fraction (P = 0.51). As there was no significant heterogeneity among these analyses, a fixed-effect model was adopted (Table 2).
Important Clinical Outcomes (Including the number of heart auto resuscitations, the number of patients needing inotropes, the postoperative bleeding volume, and the number of complications).
These important clinical outcomes have aroused the concern of clinicians. The results showed that the frequency of autoresuscitation increased significantly (OR 1.98, 95%CI 1.19 to 3.30, P<0.01) in the ulinastatin group, but there were no statistically significant differences in the number of patients needing inotropes (OR: 0.98, 95%CI 0.52 to1.85, P = 0.96), the postoperative bleeding (MD 14.98, 95%CI −69.10 to 99.07, P = 0.73), or the postoperative complications (MD 0.68, 95%CI 0.44 to 1.04, P = 0.07) (Table 2). Postoperative complications, including the number of cases with myocardial injury, wound infection, reoperation for bleeding, liver dysfunction, renal dysfunction, respiratory dysfunction, and neurological problems, as well as the in-hospital mortality, are shown in detail in Fig. 3. Heterogeneity was seen only in the postoperative bleeding (P = 0.03, I2 = 61%), where a random-effect model was adopted. Sensitivity analysis showed that the overall effect was not changed by omitting one study (MD 56.79, 95%CI −2.09 to 115.67, P = 0.06) (Table 3).
OR, Odds Ratio; M-H, Mantel-Haenszel; MD, mean difference; CI, confidence interval.
Duration of Mechanical Ventilation and Intubation.
Eleven trials reported mechanical ventilation time (MVT), and 7 trials reported intubation time (ITT). The meta-analysis results showed that the durations of mechanical ventilation and intubation were significantly shortened in the ulinastatin group compared with the placebo group; MD (95% CI) values were −3.29 (−4.41, −2.17) and −1.58 (−2.84, −0.32) respectively (P<0.01) (Table 2). Significant heterogeneities were found (heterogeneity: P = 0.03, I2 = 57% in the duration of intubation and P<0.01, I2 = 94% in the duration of mechanical ventilation), and a random-effect model was adopted. Sensitivity analysis showed that the overall effects on the durations of intubation and mechanical ventilation were not altered significantly (still P<0.01) (Table 3).
Length of ICU and Hospital Stays.
Finally, we assessed the effect of ulinastatin on the length of the postoperative ICU and hospital stays. Thirteen studies reported the length of stay in the ICU, and 3 studies reported the length of stay in the hospital. The meta-analysis indicated that there were no significant differences in the duration of either ICU stay (P = 0.48) or hospital stay (P = 0.72) between the ulinastatin and placebo groups: the MD (95% CI) values were −2.17 (−8.13, 3.80) and 0.43 (−1.93, 2.79), respectively. Significant heterogeneity was found in the ICU stay analysis (heterogeneity: P<0.01, I2 = 68%), and a random-effect model was adopted (Table 2). After one obviously different study was omitted, the heterogeneity became non-significant (heterogeneity: P = 0.58, I2 = 0%), and the same result was still obtained (P = 0.27) (Table 3).
Discussion
Many studies have claimed that the postoperative complications of cardiac surgery are associated with the activation of inflammatory mediators and the occurrence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Protease inhibitors have been used clinically to treat many diseases, such as HCV [62], HIV [63], and H1N1 virus [64], and also have a potential role as anti-tumor agents [65], [66] and parasiticides [67]. Ulinastatin is a multivalent serine protease inhibitor. It is a glycosylated protein composed of 143 amino acid residues and weighted from 62 kDa to 72 kDa, injected to treat various inflammatory diseases [68]. In CPB, it has been widely used to block the inflammatory cascade with a view to prevent postoperative complications. Several animal studies found that mediators of inflammation after CPB reduced significantly with ulinastatin treatment [69]. The same findings were demonstrated in human studies [70], [71].
As inflammatory mediators and proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and PMNE can lead to an inflammatory cascade by acting on other inflammatory cytokines or influencing the actions of each other. In this study, we found that in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB, the preoperative administration of ulinastatin significantly reduced the levels of these inflammatory mediators, as compare with those in the control group, although not to the baseline preoperative levels at twenty-four hours postoperatively. Moreover, IL-10, also known as the human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor, is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that is capable of inhibiting the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-3, and TNF-α. The levels of IL-10 increase in response to increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines [72]. In our study, the levels of IL-10 also increased after CPB; however, this increase was greater in the ulinastatin groups than in the control groups. Therefore, we consider that the anti-inflammatory function of ulinastatin occurs by blocking the inflammatory cascade rather than by clearing of inflammatory mediators.
In general, the key clinical and prognostic parameters, such as hemodynamics, organ function, duration of mechanical ventilation, and length of ICU or hospital stays, have received more attention from surgeons. Some studies showed that ulinastatin can reduce the risk of myocardial injury in an animal model [73], [74] and in patients undergoing CPB [5], but other studies found that this effect was not remarkable [9], [12], [14]. In this meta-analysis, we focused on biomarkers of myocardial damage and some important clinical outcomes. The results showed a significant decrease in these biomarkers (including LDH, CK, CK-MB, and TnI) in patients treated with ulinastatin. However, we did not find a significant improvement in cardiac function (cardiac index and LVEF) or hemodynamic parameters (MPAP, CVP). Although there was a statistically significant increase in MAP, the clinical significance was not certain, because the magnitude of the increase in the MD value was only 2.5 mmHg. This meta-analysis also showed that ulinastatin may increase the frequency of heart auto resuscitation, and shorten the duration of mechanical ventilation and intubation, but does not change the number of patients needing inotropic agents, the volume of postoperative bleeding, or the complication rate, and does not shorten the ICU or hospital stay.
Cardiac insufficiency, such as postoperative low cardiac output or even cardiogenic shock, is the most common complication after cardiac surgery with CPB. Regional myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in the process of aortic cross clamping and opening, together with the apoptosis or necrosis of cardiomyocytes, are thought to be critical reasons for cardiac insufficiency [75], [76]. Additionally, the activation of inflammatory mediators, finally leading to SIRS, is also thought to be an important factor [76]. These biomarkers, especially CK-MB and cTnI, are predictive factors that reflect myocardial injury [19]; cTnI is the most sensitive indicator of minor myocardial damage and has superior cardiac specificity to CK-MB [77]. Therefore, the protective effect of ulinastatin on myocardium may be related with inhibition or elimination of the inflammatory mediators and alleviation of SIRS. However, cardiac function was not obviously improved in the ulinastatin group, while hemodynamic parameters, which are affected by many factors closely related with cardiac function, blood volume, and systemic inflammatory reaction, also did not improve significantly. Another interesting finding was that ulinastatin did not reduce the number of patients who needed inotropic agents, again suggesting that it did not ameliorate cardiac function, although it may have a benefit in limiting myocardial damage.
Successful auto resuscitation can avoid electrical defibrillation, which may cause damage to the myocardium. Many factors, such as the cardiac conduction system, blood electrolytes, and acid-base balance, are related with the heart's auto resuscitation rate [78]. Nine trials reported data concerning heart auto resuscitation intraoperatively. Overall, the auto resuscitation rate in the ulinastatin group was 80% (140/175), significantly higher than in the control group 66.87% (111/166): OR = 1.98, 95%CI (1.19, 3.30), P<0.05. Ulinastatin's beneficial effect on the heart's autoresuscitation rate may be associated with its alleviation of damage in cardiomyocytes, including the cells of the cardiac conduction system.
We found no significant difference in complications (including key organ function, postoperative bleeding, wound infection and hospital mortality) between the 2 groups according to the current data. However, very few studies in this meta-analysis reported these data; thus, more studies and a larger sample size will be needed before we can discuss the relationship between ulinastatin and complications.
In our study, the outcomes of interest were improved by ulinastatin compared with placebo control as regards the duration of mechanical ventilation and intubation, whereas no effect was noted on the length of ICU or hospital stays. According to a sensitivity analysis, the outcomes were not changed. Some studies found that ulinastatin can reduce pulmonary injury and improve pulmonary function [8], [42], perhaps via a reduction in inflammatory mediators. However, these clinical outcomes are influenced by many factors and a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial is mandated to elucidate these matters.
The heterogeneity of some subgroup analyses was significant. Possible reasons are that the ulinastatin dosage may affect the result, and different dosages were used to investigate the effects. The doses of ulinastatin ranged from 5000 U/kg to 20,000 U/kg, with total doses reported to range from 600,000 U to 1,000,000 U. It seems that a higher dosage produced better effects [8], but no studies discussed the dose-effect relationship. In addition, different drug delivery protocols were used. In some studies, the ulinastatin was administered 3 times (preoperative, operative, and postoperative) [13]; in other studies, it was given twice (preoperatively and postoperatively) [42], or delivered only once by being added to the CPB pump prime [9] or via continuous intravenous infusion [79]. Some researchers think that ulinastatin preprocessing (used preoperatively) can achieve more advantages [80]. In order to explain the effect of ulinastatin adequately, a subgroup analysis is required, taking into account the methods of administration or dosage, but this was not possible in the present study because of the limited quantity of data.
Our study had some limitations and potential biases. First, in our meta-analysis, only randomized controlled trials in English and Chinese were included. However, ulinastatin was allowed first in Japan and is now widely used in Asia. As many studies have been published in the Japanese or Korean languages, there may have been bias owing to the language restriction. Second, in some of these randomized controlled trials, the aspects of the study design relating to patient inclusion, sequence generation, allocation concealment, and blinding were not reported clearly. In some trials, although the designs were reported, the methods adopted were different. Therefore, the quality of these trials was uneven, and this unevenness may have been a main source of heterogeneity. Third, data relating to the functional parameters of main organs were not reported adequately, so we were not able to analyze the effects of ulinastatin treatment on organ function after CPB. Fourth, the data regarding outcomes of interest did not include the same variables in every study, and some data needed to be estimated; thus, the accuracy of some results was affected to some extent. Last, the numbers of patients and studies included were insufficient, especially for subgroup analysis, so a further meta-analysis without language restrictions should be performed.
Summary of findings
The proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8) were significantly reduced and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were significantly increased at 24th hour of plasma levels in the ulinastatin-treated patients from China and Japan undergoing open-heart surgery with CPB.
Ulinastatin treatment had no significant effect on hemodynamics, cardiac function, patients' need for inotropes, complications, or postoperative course (ICU and hospital stay).
Ulinastatin treatment may have protective effects on myocardial injury, and can increase the frequency of auto resuscitation, shorten the duration of intubation and mechanical ventilation.
Supporting Information
S1 Figure.
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgments about each risk of bias item for each included study.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113973.s001
(EPS)
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: YZ ZZ. Performed the experiments: YZ ZW XDD. Analyzed the data: YZ ZW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YZ ZZ. Wrote the paper: YZ ZW YC.
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