Figures
Abstract
For multiple sclerosis, genome wide association studies and follow up studies have identified susceptibility single nucleotide polymorphisms located in or near CLEC16A at chromosome 16p13.13, encompassing among others CIITA, DEXI and SOCS1 in addition to CLEC16A. These genetic variants are located in intronic or intergenic regions and display strong linkage disequilibrium with each other, complicating the understanding of their functional contribution and the identification of the direct causal variant(s). Previous studies have shown that multiple sclerosis-associated risk variants in CLEC16A act as expression quantitative trait loci for CLEC16A itself in human pancreatic β-cells, for DEXI and SOCS1 in thymic tissue samples, and for DEXI in monocytes and lymphoblastoid cell lines. Since T cells are major players in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis, we have performed expression analyses of the CIITA-DEXI-CLEC16A-SOCS1 gene cluster in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells isolated from multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls. We observed a higher expression of SOCS1 and CLEC16A in CD4+ T cells in samples homozygous for the risk allele of CLEC16A rs12927355. Pair-wise linear regression analysis revealed high correlation in gene expression in peripheral T cells of CIITA, DEXI, CLEC16A and SOCS1. Our data imply a possible regulatory role for the multiple sclerosis-associated rs12927355 in CLEC16A.
Citation: Leikfoss IS, Keshari PK, Gustavsen MW, Bjølgerud A, Brorson IS, Celius EG, et al. (2015) Multiple Sclerosis Risk Allele in CLEC16A Acts as an Expression Quantitative Trait Locus for CLEC16A and SOCS1 in CD4+ T Cells. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0132957. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132957
Editor: Taishin Akiyama, University of Tokyo, JAPAN
Received: March 24, 2015; Accepted: June 20, 2015; Published: July 23, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Leikfoss et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: This study has been supported by The South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority, the Norwegian Research Council, the Odd Fellow Society, Novartis and Henrik Homans Minde (UNIFOR). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system [1]. The cause of MS is not completely understood, however, both environmental and genetic factors contribute to disease risk [2, 3]. In addition to HLA-DRB1*15:01, which is the strongest genetic risk allele in MS, 110 non-HLA MS risk variants have been identified [4]. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the C-type lectin like domain family 16, member A (CLEC16A) gene was among the first genetic variants outside the HLA-region that showed suggestive association in the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) on MS [5]. SNPs in CLEC16A have since then been convincingly replicated in MS studies [6, 7]. Although there are additional independent genetic signals from SNPs located in the 16p13.13 chromosomal region, such as in the CLEC16A-SOCS1 intergenic region [8], in CIITA [9, 10] and in SOCS1 [11], CLEC16A has been suggested to be the most likely causal gene in this region as it contains the strongest MS-associated SNPs [4, 8]. In addition to MS, SNPs in CLEC16A have been shown to be associated with several other autoimmune diseases, as reviewed in [7], including type 1 diabetes (T1D), Crohn`s disease, Addison’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Disease-associated SNPs in CLEC16A are mainly located in intronic regions and display strong linkage disequilibrium (LD), making it difficult to comprehend their independent functions or identify the direct causal variant(s). Non-coding disease-associated SNPs may contribute to disease by acting as expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL). In a previous report, we showed that the expression of DEXI and SOCS1 in human thymic tissue samples was associated with the genotype of CLEC16A SNPs [12] that displayed the strongest association with MS in a combined British and Norwegian cohort [13]. The top-hit from that screen, rs12708716, is in strong LD (r2 = 0.82, D’ = 1.00) with the CLEC16A SNP rs12927355, which is the primary SNP at this locus identified through a large-scale consortium based analysis using the ImmunoChip [4]. In addition, others have shown association of rs12708716 with DEXI expression in monocytes [14] and B lymphoblastoid cell lines [15] and with the expression of CLEC16A itself in human pancreatic β-cells [16]. Taken together, this indicates that this intronic CLEC16A SNP represent eQTLs for at least three of the genes in this region, i.e. CLEC16A, DEXI and SOCS1.
Both CIITA and SOCS1 are compelling candidate genes for autoimmune diseases [11, 17–21] as their functions in immune cells are well established. CIITA encodes the MHC class II transactivator, which is a co-regulator of MHC class II gene expression [22], whereas the protein encoded by SOCS1 is a negative regulator of cytokine signaling important for immune cell homeostasis and regulation of inflammation [23]. Although CLEC16A has been implicated in endosomal transport and autophagy in Drosophila melanogaster [24, 25], mitophagy in murine β cells [16], B cell development in a Clec16a knock-down mouse model [26] and late endosome biogenesis and HLA class II expression in human antigen-presenting cells (APCs) [27], its function in human T cells is poorly understood. DEXI, a dexamethasone induced gene, encodes a protein with unknown function [28].
T cells are major players in MS pathogenesis [29], and a recent study showed that SNPs associated with MS and other autoimmune diseases preferentially map to enhancers and promoters active in T cell subsets [30], indicating that these cells are indeed relevant for eQTL studies of MS-associated SNPs. We have analyzed the gene expression of CIITA, DEXI, CLEC16A and SOCS1 in peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells obtained from MS patients and healthy controls (HCs). First, we compared the overall expression of these genes between MS patients and controls. Thereafter, the expression of these genes was tested for association with the primary and secondary MS-associated CLEC16A SNPs reported by the ImmunoChip study, rs12927355 and rs4780346, respectively [4]. Furthermore, since pair-wise co-expression of several of the CIITA, DEXI, CLEC16A and SOCS1 genes have been observed in thymic tissue samples [12], in human lymphoblastoid cell lines [8] and in whole blood [31], we aimed to determine whether this co-expression persisted in peripheral T cells.
Materials and Methods
Subjects and genotyping
A collection of 33 untreated, female Norwegian MS patients with relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) and 29 age-matched female HCs were included. All patients and controls were of Nordic ancestry. Patients were recruited from the MS clinic at the Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway and controls either through the patients or among hospital employees (Table 1). None of the patients had ever received immune-modulatory drugs except steroids. Patients had not experienced a relapse or received steroids in the three months prior to enrolment and fulfilled the revised McDonald criteria [32]. The Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics South East, Norway, approved this study. Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants. Genome-wide SNP genotypes for patients and controls were assessed using the Human Omni Express BeadChip (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) as described previously [33]. We obtained genotypes for two SNPs in CLEC16A, rs2041670 and rs7203535, which are in full LD (r2 = 1.00, D` = 1.00) with the ImmunoChip hits rs12927355 and rs4780346, respectively, for all except four samples, which were excluded from the expression analyses of samples grouped based on genotype. We will refer to the ImmunoChip SNP IDs throughout the paper.
Sample collection
CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells were isolated from whole blood from MS patients and healthy controls as described previously [33]. Briefly, 64 ml of whole blood was collected in EDTA coated vacuum tubes (Greiner Bio-One, Frickenhausen, Germany). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were separated from EDTA-blood, washed and resuspended in ice cold PBS (Life Technologies, Paisley, UK) following centrifugation. CD8+ microBeads (Miltenyi Biotec, Lund, Sweden) were added to PBMCs and positively isolated using autoMACS cell separator (Miltenyi Biotec) and a positive selection program. CD4+ T cells were then isolated from the negative fraction using CD4+ negative selection microBeads (Miltenyi Biotec) and the negative selection program. Cell purity was assessed by flow cytometry as described [33], and the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell fractions were > 95% pure. For each cell type, 2x106 cells were stored in RNA protect (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) at -80°C.
Isolation of RNA, cDNA synthesis and gene expression analysis
RNA from CD4+ T cells (RRMS = 28, HC = 26,) and CD8+ T cells (RRMS = 17, HC = 23) stored on RNA protect was isolated using RNeasy Mini Kit and Qiashredder spin columns (Qiagen). The RNA concentration, quality and integrity were measured by Nanodrop 2000c spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Madison, WI, USA) and Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). 200 ng RNA was reverse transcribed (RT) to cDNA using the Maxima First Strand cDNA synthesis Kit (Thermo Scientific) in a 20 μl reaction. RT was performed using the GeneAmp PCR system 9700 thermo cycler (Applied Biosystems) for a one-step PCR (25°C for 10 min, 48°C for 30 min and 95°C for 5 min) as per manufactures instructions. cDNA was diluted 9 fold in RNase-free water (Qiagen) prior to the real time PCR reaction, to a final concentration of 1.11 ng/μl. A standard curve was prepared from PBMCs from healthy donors as a 1:3-fold dilution series (50–0.20 ng/μl). The quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was performed in 10 μl final volume containing 0.5 μl of 20x Primer Probe (as specified below; Applied Biosystems), 0.96 ng cDNA, 5 μl TaqMan Gene Expression Mastermix (Applied Biosystems) and 4 μl RNase-free water (Qiagen). The PCR plate included a negative control without cDNA and a no-RT control. Primers and probes against TBP (4326322E), 18S rRNA (4319413E-1006049), SDHA (Hs00188166_m1), total CLEC16A (HS00389799_m1), DEXI (HS00360234_m1), total CIITA (HS00172094_m1) or SOCS1 (HS00705164_s1) (all from Applied Biosystems) were added to each reaction. For the genes with more than one transcript, the assay covering most transcripts was selected. QPCR amplification was performed using the ViiA7 Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystem). The samples were run in duplicates on a MicroAmp Optical 384 well reaction plate (Applied Biosystems) and analyzed by sequence detection systems (SDS) v. 2.3 (Applied Biosystems) relative to three reference genes. TBP was selected as the preferential reference gene given its low variance in CT between the different samples (data not shown). PCR specificity was confirmed by a single band after agarose gel electrophoresis.
Statistical analysis
A Mann—Whitney U test was performed to compare gene expression levels between MS patients versus controls and for the gene expression in relation to genotypes (creating pools for carriers of the minor alleles). Pair-wise linear regression analysis was used to obtain coefficient of determination (r2) for the gene expression between CIITA, DEXI, CLEC16A and SOCS1. All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 6 (GraphPad software, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA).
Results
No difference in gene expression between MS patients and healthy controls
The risk locus containing CLEC16A is a well-established susceptibility gene region for autoimmune diseases, including MS. We have previously analyzed gene expression of CLEC16A and the surrounding genes, CIITA, DEXI and SOCS1 (S1 Fig), in whole blood and thymic tissue samples [12, 13]. T cells are major players in the development of MS [29]. Genetic data further indicate that an enrichment of MS risk loci is identified in DNase hypersensitive sites (DHSs), i.e. associated with active transcription, in cell types of relevance for the MS disease, among them CD4+ and CD8+ T cells [34, 35]. We first set out to measure gene expression of CLEC16A and the surrounding genes, CIITA, DEXI and SOCS1, in peripheral T cells purified from treatment-naïve, female RRMS patients and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (Table 1). We did not observe any significant differences in gene expression between MS patients and controls for any of the four genes in CD4+ (Fig 1A) or in CD8+ T cells (Fig 1B). When subdividing the samples from the MS patients based on disease duration, we did not observe any differences in 16p13.13 gene expression between patients who had MS for several years (8–33 years) compared to patients who were relatively newly diagnosed with MS (0–3 years) (data not shown).
The plots show gene expression of CIITA, DEXI, CLEC16A and SOCS1 relative to TBP in (A) CD4+ T cells (MS: n = 28; HC: n = 26) and (B) CD8+ T cells (MS n = 17; HC: n = 23). Mann-Whitney U-test was performed to compare the groups. The median value in each group is indicated as a horizontal line.
CLEC16A, DEXI and SOCS1 expression is affected by CLEC16A genotype
CLEC16A SNPs have been suggested to act as eQTLs for the genes in the CIITA-DEXI-CLEC16A-SOCS1 gene complex [8, 12, 14, 15, 36]. We analyzed whether the ImmunoChip CLEC16A hits had an impact on the expression of the genes encoded at this locus in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Since we did not observe any differences in gene expression between MS patients and controls for those genes, samples were pooled by carriers of the minor allele for rs12927355 (minor allele frequency; MAF = 0.275, minor allele = A) and rs4780346 (MAF = 0.325, minor allele = A), the primary and secondary ImmunoChip signals, respectively [4].
In CD4+ T cells, we observed a significantly higher SOCS1 and CLEC16A expression in the samples homozygous for the rs12927355 risk allele (GG) compared to the samples carrying the non-risk allele (AG/AA; Fig 2A), whereas we observed no differences in gene expression in samples sorted for the genotype of rs4780346 in these cells (Fig 2B). We did not observe any significant association between gene expression of CIITA, DEXI, CLEC16A or SOCS1 and the two SNPs in CD8+ T cells (Fig 3).
The plots show gene expression of CIITA, DEXI, CLEC16A and SOCS1 relative to TBP in CD4+ T cells (n = 50) from MS patients (n = 27) and HCs (n = 23). The samples were sorted according to CLEC16A genotype of two MS-associated SNPs (A) rs12927355 (risk allele = G): GG: n = 35, AG: n = 14 and AA: n = 1, and (B) rs4780346 (risk allele = A): AA: n = 4 and AG: n = 19, GG: n = 27. Mann-Whitney U-test was performed to compare the groups. Significant P-values are shown in the figure. The median value in each group is indicated as a horizontal line.
The plots show gene expression of CIITA, DEXI, CLEC16A and SOCS1 relative to TBP in CD8+ T cells (n = 35) from MS patients (n = 15) and HCs (n = 20). The samples were sorted according to CLEC16A genotype of two MS-associated SNPs (A) rs12927355 (risk allele = G): GG: n = 23, AG: n = 10 and AA: n = 2, and (B) rs4780346 (risk allele = A): AA: n = 1 and AG: n = 15, GG: n = 19. Mann-Whitney U-test was performed to compare the groups. The median value in each group is indicated as a horizontal line.
CIITA, DEXI, CLEC16A and SOCS1 are co-expressed in human T cells
We and others have previously observed an association between CLEC16A expression and that of SOCS1 and DEXI in thymic tissue samples [12] and lymphoblastoid cell lines [8], but not in whole blood [12] nor in monocytes [14]. Since approximately 30% of all genes show discordant tissue-dependent regulation [37], we investigated whether there was any correlation in gene expression between CIITA, DEXI, CLEC16A and SOCS1 in peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We performed a pair-wise linear regression analysis between the expression of the genes for both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Table 2). A high correlation was observed between all four genes in CD4+ T cells, with especially high correlation between DEXI and SOCS1 expression (r2 = 0.62, P < 0.0001). Additionally, all gene combinations except CIITA and DEXI showed high correlation in gene expression in CD8+ T cells (Table 2).
Discussion
GWASs have identified several loci associated with autoimmune diseases, however, the causal variants remain largely unknown [30]. In MS, samples were typed on a genotyping platform (ImmunoChip) designed to deeply interrogate 184 non-MHC loci with genome-wide significant associations in at least one autoimmune disease. This study identified rs12927355 as the primary signal within CLEC16A [4]. Here we report that the genotype of rs12927355 (intron 19 of CLEC16A) associates with gene expression of CLEC16A and SOCS1 in human peripheral CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, we show that the four studied genes, i.e. CIITA, DEXI, CLEC16A and SOCS1, are co-expressed in peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
Several GWASs have identified SNPs in the CIITA-DEXI-CLEC16A-SOCS1 gene cluster on chromosome 16p13.13, as associated with autoimmune diseases [4] (reviewed in [7]). In human islet cells, increased CLEC16A expression was associated with the MS risk variant at rs12708716 [16], while we previously observed that this SNP was associated with reduced SOCS1 expression in thymic tissue samples, but had no impact on CIITA, DEXI or CLEC16A expression [12]. Recently, stratification according to the risk SNP rs7200786 in LD with rs12708716 and rs12927355 (both r2 = 0.61, D’ = 1) revealed no effect on CLEC16A expression in blood. However when correcting for immune cell frequencies in blood, a weak correlation was found with CD4+ T cells in samples from MS cases [27]. When analyzing gene expression of CLEC16A, DEXI and SOCS1 in whole blood from common variable immunodeficiency patients, higher level of CLEC16A expression was only observed in the AA group (homozygous for the protective allele) of rs17806056, also in partial LD with rs12708716 (r2 = 0.555) [26]. Our current finding in CD4+ T cells where higher CLEC16A and SOCS1 expression was associated with the MS-risk allele at rs12927355 partially supports these previous observations. This SNP is in strong LD with rs12708716 (r2 = 0.82, D` = 1.00). In addition, both rs12927355 and rs12708716 are located in active regions with H3K27 acetylation, a marker for active enhancers [38]. However, we cannot exclude the possibility that another causal variant in LD with those SNPs might have effects on the expression of 16p13.13 genes in CD4+ T cells as well as in other cell types. In fact, for most of the SNPs that have been shown to be associated with complex diseases, the underlying SNP is predicted to be located within the LD block of the associated SNP [30].
For the secondary ImmunoChip signal, rs4780346, we did not observe any association with gene expression for any of the four genes, neither in CD4+ nor in CD8+ T cells. This SNP is in partial linkage with the primary ImmunoChip SNP, rs12927355 (r2 = 0.18, D` = 1.00), indicating that the significant changes in CLEC16A and SOCS1 expression observed for rs12927355 are likely not attributable to functional properties of rs4780346 in these cell types. In contrast to the CD4+ T cells, we did not observe any genotype dependent expression differences for either of the SNPs in CD8+ T cells. This is in line with the pathway analyses of MS associated loci, identifying an overrepresentation of genes involved in T helper cell differentiation [6]. On the other hand, another study showed that MS associated SNPs overlap with immune-specific DHSs more than expected by chance, especially DHSs from T cell subsets including CD8+ T cells and Th1 and Th17 CD4+ T cells [34]. The reason for the lack of association between genotype and gene expression could be due to the smaller sample size of CD8+ T cells compared to CD4+ T cells, or due to cell-specific differences in gene regulation, where the causal SNP(s) in this region might affect binding of CD4+ T-cell specific transcription factors.
Different cell types have different epigenetic profiles [39] and can give rise to the observed gene expression differences described above. As epigenetics is changed by aging and hormones [40–42] it might influence gene expression differently in the cohorts. For instance, the thymic tissue samples were collected from young children of both sexes undergoing cardiac surgery [12, 13], whereas the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in our study were isolated from women aged 21–63 and the islets were isolated from non-diabetic cadaver donors [16]. Thus, the 16p13.13 gene expression differences observed between different tissues could be explained by differences in accessibility of promoters and enhancers in the different cell types, or by cell-type dependent eQTLs [37, 43]. Whether CLEC16A genotype affects expression of these 16p13.13 genes in other immune cells or in subtypes of the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell lineages remains to be studied.
A pair-wise linear regression analysis of the four genes studied showed that their expression was highly correlated in peripheral T cells, with the exception of CIITA and DEXI in CD8+ T cells. For three of the genes, this is supported by previous findings in human thymic tissue samples [12] as well as in human lymphoblastoid cell lines [8], where CLEC16A, SOCS1 and DEXI were shown to be co-expressed. This correlation in gene expression was not observed in whole blood [12] nor in monocytes [14], indicating different expression patterns in different cell types.
We did not observe differences in gene expression of CIITA, DEXI, CLEC16A or SOCS1 in T cells between MS patients and controls, indicating that the MS disease itself does not impact the expression of these genes in the studied cells. Of note, our cohort of untreated MS patients are either recently diagnosed with MS or have a benign disease course. It remains uncertain whether possible differences in gene expression in T cells from patients and controls could have been detected at a different stage of the disease, as gene expression changes over time or can be altered by factors such as inflammation and oxidative stress [44–46].
Whether the genotype-dependent association with CLEC16A and SOCS1 expression also exists at the protein level remains to be studied. Based on studies from other immune cells, altered CLEC16A expression affects antigen presentation and HLA-II expression in APCs [27] and T cell selection due to an effect of CLEC16A on autophagy in murine thymic epithelial cells [47]. The biological function of CLEC16A in T cells has so far not been assessed. Thus, further studies to explore the impact of CLEC16A on the T cell phenotype are necessary. SOCS1 act as a negative regulator of cytokine signaling by regulating the JAK-STAT pathway [48]. T and NK cells from Socs1 knockout mice produce more IFNγ and show resistance to Th17 dependent autoimmunity due to reduced Th17 cell differentiation [49]. Consequently, increased SOCS1 expression in T cells might be unfavorable in relation to autoimmunity as a result of an increased Th17 inflammatory profile. An increase in the CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio has been observed in peripheral blood from MS patients compared to controls [50]. Since homozygosity for the risk allele for rs12927355 correlates with increased CLEC16A and SOCS1 expression in CD4+ T cells, but has no significant impact in CD8+ T cells, the increase of the CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio in MS patients would lead to an even higher total T cell expression of CLEC16A and SOCS1 in MS patients homozygous for the risk allele compared to healthy controls with the same genotype. We do not know what impact this has for our cohort of MS patients and healthy controls as we have not measured the CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio prior to cell purification. In the current study, we showed that the genotype of rs12927355 has functional impact in CD4+ T cells. Further studies regarding the functional implications of this regulatory region, and a more detailed investigation into the putative roles in immune homeostasis of the different genes harbored in this region in immune cell subsets are warranted to understand the role of these genes in autoimmune disease.
Supporting Information
S1 Fig. Schematic drawing of the CIITA-DEXI-CLEC16A-SOCS1 gene complex on chromosome 16p13.13.
The primary ImmunoChip SNPs in CLEC16A, rs12927355, is located in intron 19, while rs4780346, the secondary immunoChip SNP is located in the CLEC16A-SOCS1 intergenic region.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132957.s001
(TIF)
Acknowledgments
We thank all patients and controls for participation. We also acknowledge Professor Dag E. Undlien and Professor Benedicte A. Lie at the Department for Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, for use of facilities and the doctors and research nurses at the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, for help with collecting samples.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: ISL PKK AS SDB HFH TB. Performed the experiments: ISL PKK MWG AB SDB ISB. Analyzed the data: ISL PKK ISB SDB TB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MWG EGC HFH. Wrote the paper: ISL PKK MWG EGC AS SDB HFH TB ISB. Patients/control recruitment: MWG EGC HFH.
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