Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence of Two Formulations of Febuxostat 40-Mg and 80-Mg Tablets: A Randomized, Open-Label, 4-Way Crossover Study in Healthy Chinese Male Volunteers

Zhu Luo; Feng Nan; Jia Miao; Zhihui Chen; Mei Li; Maozhi Liang

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150661

Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of febuxostat in healthy Chinese male volunteers and evaluate whether the two formulations of febuxostat 40-mg and 80-mg tablets are bioequivalent. A randomized, open-label, 4-way crossover study was conducted in healthy Chinese male volunteers under fasting conditions. 24 eligible subjects were randomized in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to receive a single dose of test or reference formulation of febuxostat 40-mg or 80-mg tablet. The washout period between each administration was 1 week. Plasma febuxostat was quantified by a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Tolerability was evaluated by monitoring adverse events, physical examinations, 12-lead ECG and laboratory tests. After single-dosing of 1 tablet of 40-mg febuxostat, the pharmacokinetic parameters of test and reference formulations were: T_max 1.22±0.87 and 1.85±1.03 h, C_max 1689.16±461.31 and 1613.80±608.43 ng·mL^-1, AUC_0-t 5139.87±1349.28 and 5517.91±2024.26 ng·mL^-1·h, AUC_0−∞ 5263.06±1339.16 and 5640.48±2040.22 ng·mL^-1·h, t_1/2 4.82±2.61 and 4.85±1.78 h, respectively. After single-dosing of 1 tablet of 80-mg febuxostat, the pharmacokinetic parameters of test and reference formulations were: T_max 1.71±1.21 and 2.23±1.55 h, C_max 2744.47±1157.44 and 2998.17±1200.13 ng·mL^-1, AUC_0-t 9634.03±2768.25 and 10467.95±3501.65 ng·mL^-1·h, AUC_0−∞ 9834.32±2730.51 and 10626.63±3504.08 ng·mL^-1·h, t_1/2 6.25±2.44 and 5.46±1.65 h, respectively. For single-dosing of 1 tablet of 40-mg febuxostat, 90% CIs for the test/reference ratio of AUC_0-t, AUC_0−∞ and C_max were 89.79 to 102.55, 90.14 to 102.56 and 93.99 to 129.63, respectively. For single-dosing of 1 tablet of 80-mg febuxostat, 90% CIs for the test/reference ratio of AUC_0-t, AUC_0−∞ and C_max were 86.67 to 100.00, 87.50 to 100.51 and 79.48 to 105.99, respectively. This single dose study revealed similar pharmacokinetic properties in healthy Chinese male volunteers as those found in Caucasic population. The test and reference febuxostat tablets formulations met the regulatory criteria for bioequivalence at 40-mg and 80-mg strengths in fasting healthy Chinese male volunteers.

Trial Registration: Chictr.org ChiCTR-TTRCC-14004288

Citation: Luo Z, Nan F, Miao J, Chen Z, Li M, Liang M (2016) Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence of Two Formulations of Febuxostat 40-Mg and 80-Mg Tablets: A Randomized, Open-Label, 4-Way Crossover Study in Healthy Chinese Male Volunteers. PLoS ONE 11(3): e0150661. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150661

Editor: Claudio Borghi, University of Bologna, ITALY

Received: October 18, 2015; Accepted: February 16, 2016; Published: March 14, 2016

Copyright: © 2016 Luo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

Funding: This study was funded by Beijing Furuikangzheng Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd.(Beijing, People’s Republic of China). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Competing interests: The study was funded by Beijing Furuikangzheng Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd.(Beijing, People's Republic of China) and this company manufactures the febuxostat tablets tested in the trial. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed online in the guide for authors.

Introduction

Gout is the most common inflammatory arthritis which affects nearly 2% of the total population.[1,2] The prevalence of gout has been increasing in many countries including the United States and China over the past decades.[3–5] Febuxostat is a novel xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor indicated for the chronic management of hyperuricemia in patients with gout. Many previous studies have indicated the efficacy and safety of febuxostat in lowering serum uric acid levels in patients with hyperuricemia and gout.[6–8]

The pharmacokinetic characteristics of febuxostat in human have been studied previously, including data available in Chinese population.[9–13] A previously published study compared the pharmacokinetics of febuxostat between Chinese and other races and indicated that some parameters in Chinese population appeared not to accord with the published literature in Caucasic population.[14]

Febuxostat was first developed in Japan and has been approved in many countries including the USA and the EU.[15,16] Recently, febuxostat was approved in China and recommended at 40 mg or 80 mg once daily. The dosage forms and strengths of the branded formulation in China are tablet 40-mg and 80-mg. Before allowing the marketing of a generic formulation, bioequivalence evaluation of the generic and branded formulations is required by China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA). The present study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of febuxostat in healthy Chinese male volunteers and evaluate whether the two formulations of febuxostat 40-mg and 80-mg tablets are bioequivalent.

This was a registered study approved by China Food and Drug Administration. It was also registered in the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (Chictr.org identifier: ChiCTR-TTRCC-14004288).

Subjects and Methods

Study design

This was a randomized, open-label, 4-way crossover study planning to enroll 24 healthy Chinese male subjects. Based on a computer-generated table of random numbers, 24 subjects were allocated in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to receive a single dose of test or reference formulation of febuxostat 40-mg or 80-mg tablet under fasting conditions. The washout period between each administration was 1 week. The study flowchart is shown in Fig 1.

Download:

Fig 1. Flowchart of the study.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150661.g001

The study protocol was approved by the Independent Ethics Committee of West China Hospital, Sichuan University (Chengdu, China). The protocol for this trial and supporting CONSORT checklist are available as supporting information (see S1, S2 and S3 Files). The approval letter of ethic committee is available as supporting information S4 and S5 Files.

Subjects

Healthy, nonsmoking Chinese male volunteers were recruited according to the following inclusion criteria: aged from 18 to 40, body mass index between 19–24 kg/m², healthy status confirmed by physical examination, medical history, 12-lead ECG and laboratory tests (hematology, blood biochemistry, urinalysis, tests for alcohol and other drugs abuse). Exclusion criteria included any allergic history or history of cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, renal, hematologic or gastrointestinal disease or any other acute or chronic disease. Written informed consent was obtained from each subject before screening procedures.

Test and reference formulations

The generic febuxostat tablets (strengths: 40-mg and 80-mg; lot no. 131101S; expiration date Nov, 2015) manufactured by Beijing Furuikangzheng Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd.(Beijing, People’s Republic of China) were used as test formulation. The branded febuxostat tablets (strengths: 40-mg and 80-mg; lot no. 1308720; expiration date Jan, 2015) manufactured by Jiangsu Wanbang Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd.(Nanjing, People’s Republic of China) were used as reference formulation.

Drug administration and sampling

The study drug administration and blood sampling were conducted in the Phase I Unit of West China Hospital, Sichuan University. In each period, the subjects were given a single dose of test or reference formulation of febuxostat 40-mg or 80-mg tablet after an overnight fast (12 hours). The febuxostat tablets were administered with 200 mL water. Additional water intake was permitted 2 hours after dosing. Standard meals (Food energy ~ 900 kcal; 30% protein, 60% carbohydrate, 10% fat) were offered 4 and 10 hours after dosing. Blood samples (~3.5 mL) were collected before and at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48 hours after dosing. All the drug administration and blood sampling processes were under continuous medical supervision.

Assays of febuxostat

Plasma febuxostat was quantified by a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method developed and validated before the clinical study. Chromatography was performed using a Shimadzu SIL-HTC system (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with a Ultimate C18 analysis column (50×4.6 mm, 5 μm). Mass spectrometric detection employed an API 3000 mass spectrometer with the working station Analyst 1.4.2 (AB Sciex, Ont., USA). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-10mM ammonium acetate in water and formic acid (70:30:0.05, v/v/v) was delivered at a flow rate of 0.35 mL/min. Each 100 μL plasma sample was spiked with 100 μL internal standard (IS) solution. Then 100 μL hydrochloric acid (1mol·L^-1) was added to acidize the spiked sample before the following extracting process. After extracted by 3.5 mL dichloromethane and then centrifuged, the supernatant was evaporated in a 45°C water bath. The residue was dissolved in 100 μL mobile phase and injected 10 μL onto the column. Bezafibrate was used as internal standard (IS). Negative multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) model was used and transitions were at m/z 315.1→271.1 and 361.9→275.6 for febuxostat and IS, respectively. The detailed MS parameters are shown in Table 1. Typical chromatograms are shown in Fig 2. The retention time for febuxostat and IS were 3.2 min and 2.3 min, respectively. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 10 ~ 4000 ng·mL^-1. The lowest concentration of detection of febuxostat in plasma was 10 ng·mL^-1. The method recovery was 98.6% ~ 100.4%. The intra-day RSD were less than 3% and inter-day RSD were less than 5%. The results of all stability studies were qualified for requirements.

Download:

Table 1. The mass spectrometry (MS) parameters for assays of febuxostat.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150661.t001

Download:

Fig 2. LC-MS/MS of febuxostat of blank plasma solution(A), reference standards solution (B), blank plasma with reference standards solution(C) and subject plasma solution (D).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150661.g002

Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence analysis

WinNonlin Version 6.1 (Pharsight Corporation, Mountain View, California) was used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters of febuxostat with noncompartmental analysis method. C_max and T_max were obtained directly from the concentration–time data. Other pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated as previously reported[17]: AUC_0−t was calculated with the linear trapezoidal rule. AUC_0−∞ was obtained as the sum of AUC_0−t and Ct/λ. Ct was the last measured concentration and λ was the slope of linear regression of the log-transformed concentration-time curve. t_1/2 was calculated as 0.693/λ.

The relative bioavailability of the test formulation was calculated as AUC_0−t(test)/AUC_{0–t(reference)} × 100%. 90% CIs for the test/reference ratio of log-transformed C_max and AUC were assessed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) using WinNonlin Version 6.1. Other pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using SPSS Version 18.0 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA). T_max was tested by Wilcoxon signed rank test for significant differences. The two formulations were considered to be bioequivalent if the 90% CI for AUC was located within 80% to 125% and C_max within 70% to 143%, according to China Food and Drug Administration proposal.[18] The study’s sample size was estimated with Software PASS 11.0 (NCSS Statistical Software, Kaysville, Utah) based on the China Food and Drug Administration proposed bioequivalence range of 80% to 125% for AUC and 70% to 143% for Cmax, a power of 80% at an α of 0.05 to show bioequivalence. The test/reference mean ratio was estimated to be 0.95 to 1.05 and the within-subject CV was 25%.

Tolerability assessment

Tolerability was evaluated by monitoring adverse events, physical examinations, laboratory tests (hematology, blood biochemistry and urinalysis) and 12-lead ECG. All the laboratory tests were performed in the laboratory of West China Hospital, Sichuan University and the laboratory was authenticated by College of American Pathologists (CAP).

Results

Subjects

Totally 24 male subjects were enrolled in 2 weeks and completed the study. The demographics of the subjects (mean ± SD, standard deviation) were: age 22.8 ± 1.4 (range, 21.0~26.0) years, weight 65.3 ± 7.5 (range, 50.0~76.0) kg, height 173.0 ± 5.0 (range, 160.0~179.0) cm, body mass index 21.8 ± 1.5 (range, 19.4~23.9) kg/m².

Pharmacokinetics of febuxostat

Table 2 shows the pharmacokinetic parameters of febuxostat in 24 healthy Chinese male volunteers after single-dosing of 1 tablet of 40-mg or 80-mg febuxostat. The mean plasma concentration-time profiles of the two formulations after single-dosing of 1 tablet of 40-mg and 80-mg are shown in Fig 3.

Download:

Table 2. Pharmacokinetic parameters of febuxostat after single-dosing in healthy Chinese male volunteers.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150661.t002

Download:

Fig 3. Mean plasma concentration-time curves of test and reference formulations of febuxostat after single-dosing of 1 tablet of 40-mg (A) and 80-mg (B).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150661.g003

Bioequivalence evaluation

Table 3 shows the 90% CIs for the test/reference ratio of log-transformed C_max, AUC_0-t, AUC_0−∞. For single-dosing of 1 tablet of 40-mg febuxostat, 90% CIs for the test/reference ratio of AUC_0-t, AUC_0−∞ and C_max were 89.79 to 102.55, 90.14 to 102.56 and 93.99 to 129.63, respectively. For single-dosing of 1 tablet of 80-mg febuxostat, 90% CIs for the test/reference ratio of AUC_0-t, AUC_0−∞ and C_max were 86.67 to 100.00, 87.50 to 100.51 and 79.48 to 105.99, respectively. At both 40-mg and 80-mg strengths, the 90% CIs of AUC_0-t and AUC_0−∞ were located within 80% to 125%, 90% CI for C_max was within 70% to 143%. The two formulations met the regulatory criteria for bioequivalence and were bioequivalent at 40-mg and 80-mg strengths.

Download:

Table 3. Bioequivalence evaluation of two formulations of febuxostat tablets after single-dosing in in healthy Chinese male volunteers.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150661.t003

Tolerability

Among the 24 subjects, only one reported abnormal laboratory tests (elevated transaminase) after administration, which was rated as mild and considered possibly associated with the study drug. No other Adverse Events were observed or reported. Single-dosing of febuxostat tablet at 40-mg and 80-mg strengths was considered to be well tolerated by healthy Chinese male volunteers.

Discussion

Febuxostat is a novel xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor approved for the chronic management of hyperuricemia in patients with gout. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of febuxostat in human have been studied previously. After oral administration, febuxostat is well absorbed with the bioavailability about 84%. The time to reach the maximum plasma concentration is 1 to 1.5 hours and half-life is 5 to 8 hours. After a single of 40 mg and 80 mg of febuxostat, C_max is approximately 1.6 ± 0.6 μg/mL and 2.6 ± 1.7 μg/mL, respectively; AUC is approximately 4.0 ± 1.9 μg·h/mL and 9.1 ± 3.8 μg·h/mL, respectively.[11–13]

Pharmacokinetic data of febuxostat is also available in Chinese population. A previous study reported the pharmacokinetics of febuxostat in healthy Chinese volunteers and concluded the pharmacokinetics of febuxostat in Chinese appeared not in accord with the published literature in other races.[14] It was reported that C_max increased 27–58%, AUC increased 70–117%, half-life increased 20–57%, and CL/F decreased 44–57%, respectively, at 40–80 mg dose level for Chinese subjects. The author deduced that body weight and genetic variability should be taken into account to explain the observed ethnic difference.

It was reported that age or gender had no clinically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of febuxostat.[13] Co-administration with food reduced the rate and extent of febuxostat absorption, however, this food effect on absorption was not associated with a clinically significant pharmacodynamic change.[12] Furthermore, febuxostat pharmacokinetic parameters for patients with hyperuricemia and gout estimated by population pharmacokinetic analyses were similar to those estimated in healthy subjects.[16,19] Considering the pharmacokinetic properties of febuxostat and the dosage forms and strengths of the branded formulation, we designed this randomized, open-label, 4-way crossover bioequivalence study in healthy male volunteers under fasting conditions.[20] Our study further investigated the pharmacokinetic properties of febuxostat in healthy Chinese male volunteers and evaluated the bioequivalence of two formulations of febuxostat 40-mg and 80-mg tablets. Our study indicated there were no significant differences between the pharmacokinetic parameters of the branded and generic formulations. The two formulations met the regulatory criteria for bioequivalence proposed by China Food and Drug Administration.

In the present study, we used a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to quantify plasma febuxostat. The method validation results indicated that the specificity, precision, accuracy, stability and recovery of the present method were comparable to those previously reported methods for the determination of febuxostat, suggesting our method was suitable for the determination of febuxostat in human plasma.[21,22]

In the present study, after a single dose of 40 mg and 80 mg of febuxostat tablets, the pharmacokinetic parameters accorded with those reported in Caucasic population.[11–13]

Compared with the subjects in the above mentioned study, the subjects in the present study were of more mean body weight and body mass index, which were more similar to the subjects of Caucasic population.[11–13] This might further confirm that the observed ethnic difference between Chinese and other races were caused by the subjects’ body weight. Another aspect to explain the metabolic difference is the genetic variability between subjects, however, we did not include polymorphism analysis in the present study, which is a limitation of this study. Another limitation of this study is that it only enrolled Chinese male volunteers and the data could not be extrapolated in female subjects or other races, which caused the lack of generalisability of the present study.

Conclusions

The pharmacokinetic parameters in the present study accorded with those reported in Caucasic population and the test and reference febuxostat tablets formulations met the regulatory criteria for bioequivalence at 40-mg and 80-mg strengths in fasting healthy Chinese male volunteers.

Supporting Information

S1 File. CONSORT Checklist.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150661.s001

(DOC)

S2 File. English translation of study protocol abstract.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150661.s002

(DOC)

S3 File. Study protocol of febuxostat-Chinese version.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150661.s003

(DOC)

S4 File. English translation of EC approval letter.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150661.s004

(DOC)

S5 File. Approval letter of ethic committee.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150661.s005

(PDF)

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge all the healthy volunteers for their participating in the present study.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: ZL M. Liang. Performed the experiments: FN ZC JM M. Li. Analyzed the data: ZL M. Liang. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: FN ZC. Wrote the paper: ZL.

References

1. Roddy E, Mallen CD, Doherty M. Gout. Bmj. 2013;347:f5648. pmid:24473446
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
2. Richette P, Flipo RN, Patrikos DK. Characteristics and management of gout patients in Europe: data from a large cohort of patients. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences. 2015;19(4):630–9. pmid:25753881
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
3. Wertheimer A, Morlock R, Becker MA. A revised estimate of the burden of illness of gout. Current therapeutic research, clinical and experimental. 2013;75:1–4. pmid:24465034
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
4. Wallace KL, Riedel AA, Joseph-Ridge N, Wortmann R. Increasing prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia over 10 years among older adults in a managed care population. The Journal of rheumatology. 2004;31(8):1582–7. pmid:15290739
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
5. B L, T W, Hn Z, Ww Y, Hp Y, Cx L, et al. The prevalence of hyperuricemia in China: a meta-analysis. BMC public health. 2011;11:832. pmid:22032610
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
6. Ernst ME, Fravel MA. Febuxostat: a selective xanthine-oxidase/xanthine-dehydrogenase inhibitor for the management of hyperuricemia in adults with gout. Clinical therapeutics. 2009;31(11):2503–18. pmid:20109996
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
7. Frampton JE. Febuxostat: a review of its use in the treatment of hyperuricaemia in patients with gout. Drugs. 2015;75(4):427–38. pmid:25724536
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
8. Ye P, Yang S, Zhang W, Lv Q, Cheng Q, Mei M, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of febuxostat in hyperuricemic patients with or without gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical therapeutics. 2013;35(2):180–9. pmid:23332451
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
9. Grabowski BA, Khosravan R, Vernillet L, Mulford DJ. Metabolism and excretion of [14C] febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in healthy male subjects. Journal of clinical pharmacology. 2011;51(2):189–201. pmid:20354234
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
10. Khosravan R, Grabowski BA, Mayer MD, Wu JT, Joseph-Ridge N, Vernillet L. The effect of mild and moderate hepatic impairment on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. Journal of clinical pharmacology. 2006;46(1):88–102. pmid:16397288
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
11. Khosravan R, Grabowski BA, Wu JT, Joseph-Ridge N, Vernillet L. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of febuxostat, a non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in a dose escalation study in healthy subjects. Clinical pharmacokinetics. 2006;45(8):821–41. pmid:16884320
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
12. Khosravan R, Grabowski B, Wu JT, Joseph-Ridge N, Vernillet L. Effect of food or antacid on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of febuxostat in healthy subjects. British journal of clinical pharmacology. 2008;65(3):355–63. pmid:17953718
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
13. Khosravan R, Kukulka MJ, Wu JT, Joseph-Ridge N, Vernillet L. The effect of age and gender on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. Journal of clinical pharmacology. 2008;48(9):1014–24. pmid:18635756
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
14. Liu XX, Liu RJ, Ding L, Lin YF, Huang NY, Xiao HF, et al. Pharmacokinetics of febuxostat in healthy Chinese volunteers. Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2012;62(10):463–9. pmid:22956350
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
15. Feburic^®: full prescribing information. Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo.
16. Takeda Pharmaceuticals America, Inc. ULORIC (febuxostat) tablet for oral use: US prescribing information.2013. Available: http://general.takedapharm.com/content/file.aspx?filetypecode=ULORICPI&cacheRandomizer=579232da-e46d-4387-95a2-8f36cce19d42. Accessed 28 Oct 2013.
17. Luo Z, Zhang Y, Gu J, Feng P, Wang Y. Pharmacokinetic Properties of Single- and Multiple-Dose Pitavastatin Calcium Tablets in Healthy Chinese Volunteers. Current Therapeutic Research. 2015;77(0):52–7.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
18. State Food and Drug Administration, Peoples' Republic of China. Guideline on techniques for the investigation of drug bioavailability and bioequivalence in humans [in Chinese]. Available: http://www.sda.gov.cn/gsz05106/08.pdf. Accessed 18 December 2014.
19. Grewal HK, Martinez JR, Espinoza LR. Febuxostat: drug review and update. Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology. 2014;10(5):747–58.
- View Article
- Google Scholar
20. FDA Guidance for Industry: Food-Effect Bioavailability and Fed Bioequivalence Studies (2002). Available: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm064964.htm. Accessed 18 December 2014.
21. Vaka VR, Inamadugu JK, Pilli NR, Ramesh M, Katreddi HR. A sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of febuxostat in human plasma and its pharmacokinetic application. Biomedical chromatography: BMC. 2013;27(11):1406–12. pmid:23733262
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar
22. Wang H, Deng P, Chen X, Guo L, Zhong D. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of febuxostat in human plasma. Biomedical chromatography: BMC. 2013;27(1):34–8. pmid:22623034
- View Article
- PubMed/NCBI
- Google Scholar

[ref1] 1. Roddy E, Mallen CD, Doherty M. Gout. Bmj. 2013;347:f5648. pmid:24473446
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[2] View Article

[3] PubMed/NCBI

[4] Google Scholar

[ref2] 2. Richette P, Flipo RN, Patrikos DK. Characteristics and management of gout patients in Europe: data from a large cohort of patients. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences. 2015;19(4):630–9. pmid:25753881
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[6] View Article

[7] PubMed/NCBI

[8] Google Scholar

[ref3] 3. Wertheimer A, Morlock R, Becker MA. A revised estimate of the burden of illness of gout. Current therapeutic research, clinical and experimental. 2013;75:1–4. pmid:24465034
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[10] View Article

[11] PubMed/NCBI

[12] Google Scholar

[ref4] 4. Wallace KL, Riedel AA, Joseph-Ridge N, Wortmann R. Increasing prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia over 10 years among older adults in a managed care population. The Journal of rheumatology. 2004;31(8):1582–7. pmid:15290739
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[14] View Article

[15] PubMed/NCBI

[16] Google Scholar

[ref5] 5. B L, T W, Hn Z, Ww Y, Hp Y, Cx L, et al. The prevalence of hyperuricemia in China: a meta-analysis. BMC public health. 2011;11:832. pmid:22032610
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[18] View Article

[19] PubMed/NCBI

[20] Google Scholar

[ref6] 6. Ernst ME, Fravel MA. Febuxostat: a selective xanthine-oxidase/xanthine-dehydrogenase inhibitor for the management of hyperuricemia in adults with gout. Clinical therapeutics. 2009;31(11):2503–18. pmid:20109996
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[22] View Article

[23] PubMed/NCBI

[24] Google Scholar

[ref7] 7. Frampton JE. Febuxostat: a review of its use in the treatment of hyperuricaemia in patients with gout. Drugs. 2015;75(4):427–38. pmid:25724536
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[26] View Article

[27] PubMed/NCBI

[28] Google Scholar

[ref8] 8. Ye P, Yang S, Zhang W, Lv Q, Cheng Q, Mei M, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of febuxostat in hyperuricemic patients with or without gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical therapeutics. 2013;35(2):180–9. pmid:23332451
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[30] View Article

[31] PubMed/NCBI

[32] Google Scholar

[ref9] 9. Grabowski BA, Khosravan R, Vernillet L, Mulford DJ. Metabolism and excretion of [14C] febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in healthy male subjects. Journal of clinical pharmacology. 2011;51(2):189–201. pmid:20354234
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[34] View Article

[35] PubMed/NCBI

[36] Google Scholar

[ref10] 10. Khosravan R, Grabowski BA, Mayer MD, Wu JT, Joseph-Ridge N, Vernillet L. The effect of mild and moderate hepatic impairment on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. Journal of clinical pharmacology. 2006;46(1):88–102. pmid:16397288
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[38] View Article

[39] PubMed/NCBI

[40] Google Scholar

[ref11] 11. Khosravan R, Grabowski BA, Wu JT, Joseph-Ridge N, Vernillet L. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of febuxostat, a non-purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in a dose escalation study in healthy subjects. Clinical pharmacokinetics. 2006;45(8):821–41. pmid:16884320
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[42] View Article

[43] PubMed/NCBI

[44] Google Scholar

[ref12] 12. Khosravan R, Grabowski B, Wu JT, Joseph-Ridge N, Vernillet L. Effect of food or antacid on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of febuxostat in healthy subjects. British journal of clinical pharmacology. 2008;65(3):355–63. pmid:17953718
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[46] View Article

[47] PubMed/NCBI

[48] Google Scholar

[ref13] 13. Khosravan R, Kukulka MJ, Wu JT, Joseph-Ridge N, Vernillet L. The effect of age and gender on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. Journal of clinical pharmacology. 2008;48(9):1014–24. pmid:18635756
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[50] View Article

[51] PubMed/NCBI

[52] Google Scholar

[ref14] 14. Liu XX, Liu RJ, Ding L, Lin YF, Huang NY, Xiao HF, et al. Pharmacokinetics of febuxostat in healthy Chinese volunteers. Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2012;62(10):463–9. pmid:22956350
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[54] View Article

[55] PubMed/NCBI

[56] Google Scholar

[ref15] 15. Feburic^®: full prescribing information. Teijin Pharma Limited, Tokyo.

[ref16] 16. Takeda Pharmaceuticals America, Inc. ULORIC (febuxostat) tablet for oral use: US prescribing information.2013. Available: http://general.takedapharm.com/content/file.aspx?filetypecode=ULORICPI&cacheRandomizer=579232da-e46d-4387-95a2-8f36cce19d42. Accessed 28 Oct 2013.

[ref17] 17. Luo Z, Zhang Y, Gu J, Feng P, Wang Y. Pharmacokinetic Properties of Single- and Multiple-Dose Pitavastatin Calcium Tablets in Healthy Chinese Volunteers. Current Therapeutic Research. 2015;77(0):52–7.
View Article
Google Scholar

[60] View Article

[61] Google Scholar

[ref18] 18. State Food and Drug Administration, Peoples' Republic of China. Guideline on techniques for the investigation of drug bioavailability and bioequivalence in humans [in Chinese]. Available: http://www.sda.gov.cn/gsz05106/08.pdf. Accessed 18 December 2014.

[ref19] 19. Grewal HK, Martinez JR, Espinoza LR. Febuxostat: drug review and update. Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology. 2014;10(5):747–58.
View Article
Google Scholar

[64] View Article

[65] Google Scholar

[ref20] 20. FDA Guidance for Industry: Food-Effect Bioavailability and Fed Bioequivalence Studies (2002). Available: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm064964.htm. Accessed 18 December 2014.

[ref21] 21. Vaka VR, Inamadugu JK, Pilli NR, Ramesh M, Katreddi HR. A sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of febuxostat in human plasma and its pharmacokinetic application. Biomedical chromatography: BMC. 2013;27(11):1406–12. pmid:23733262
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[68] View Article

[69] PubMed/NCBI

[70] Google Scholar

[ref22] 22. Wang H, Deng P, Chen X, Guo L, Zhong D. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of febuxostat in human plasma. Biomedical chromatography: BMC. 2013;27(1):34–8. pmid:22623034
View Article
PubMed/NCBI
Google Scholar

[72] View Article

[73] PubMed/NCBI

[74] Google Scholar

Figures

Abstract

Introduction

Subjects and Methods

Study design

Subjects

Test and reference formulations

Drug administration and sampling

Assays of febuxostat

Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence analysis

Tolerability assessment

Results

Subjects

Pharmacokinetics of febuxostat

Bioequivalence evaluation

Tolerability

Discussion

Conclusions

Supporting Information

S1 File. CONSORT Checklist.

S2 File. English translation of study protocol abstract.

S3 File. Study protocol of febuxostat-Chinese version.

S4 File. English translation of EC approval letter.

S5 File. Approval letter of ethic committee.

Acknowledgments

Author Contributions

References