Figures
Abstract
Introduction
The highest number of maternal deaths occur during labour, delivery and the first day after delivery highlighting the critical need for good quality care during this period. Therefore, for the strategies of institutional delivery to be effective, it is essential to understand the factors that influence individual and household factors to utilize skilled birth attendance and institutions for delivery. This study was aimed to assess factors affecting the utilization of institutional delivery service of women in rural districts of Wolaita and Dawro Zones.
Methods
A community based cross-sectional study was done among mothers who gave birth within the past one year preceding the survey in Wolaita and Dawro Zones, from February 01 –April 30, 2015 by using a three stage sampling technique. Initially, 6 districts were selected randomly from the total of 17 eligible districts. Then, 2 kebele from each district was selected randomly cumulating a total of 12 clusters. Finally, study participants were selected from each cluster by using systematic sampling technique. Accordingly, 957 mothers were included in the survey. Data was collected by using a pretested interviewer administered structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was prepared by including socio-demographic variables and variables of maternal health service utilization factors. Data was entered using Epi-data version 1.4.4.0 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Bivariate and multiple logistic regressions were applied to identify candidate and predictor variables respectively.
Result
Only 38% of study participants delivered the index child at health facility. Husband’s educational status, wealth index, average distance from nearest health facility, wanted pregnancy, agreement to follow post-natal care, problem faced during delivery, birth order, preference of health professional for ante-natal care and maternity care were predictors of institutional delivery.
Conclusion
The use of institutional delivery service is low in the study community. Eventhough antenatal care service is high; nearly two in every three mothers delivered their index child out of health facility. Improving socio-economic status of mothers as well as availing modern health facilities to the nearest locality will have a good impact to improve institutional delivery service utilization. Similarly, education is also a tool to improve awareness of mothers and their husbands for the improvement of health care service utilization.
Citation: Arba MA, Darebo TD, Koyira MM (2016) Institutional Delivery Service Utilization among Women from Rural Districts of Wolaita and Dawro Zones, Southern Ethiopia; a Community Based Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS ONE 11(3): e0151082. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151082
Editor: Mohd Noor Norhayati, Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA
Received: December 19, 2015; Accepted: February 23, 2016; Published: March 17, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Arba et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: Due to the presence of identifying patient information, data are available upon request to the authors.
Funding: This research is funded by Wolaita Sodo University. The institution supported by providing transportation service and allocating budget for data collection.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Maternal mortality is a sensitive indicator of the quality of a health care system in any country. it refers to death of a woman during the pregnancy, delivery or postpartum period [1]. Globally, 287 000 mothers die from complications of pregnancy and childbirth. Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia accounted for 85% of the global burden of maternal deaths [2]. In sub-Saharan Africa, a woman’s risk of dying from treatable or preventable complications of pregnancy and childbirth over the course of her lifetime is 1 in 22, compared to 1 in 7,300 in the developed regions [3] Maternal mortality of Ethiopia is one of the highest figure, accounting for 676 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2012 [4].
The highest number of maternal death occur during labour, delivery and up to 24 hours postpartum (the first day after delivery) highlighting the critical need for good quality care during this period [5, 6]. Evidence from developed countries shows that for the strategies of institutional delivery to be effective, it is essential to understand the factors that influence individual and household factors to utilize skilled birth attendance and institutions for delivery [7, 8]. Maternal mortality and morbidity can be reduced through access to appropriate health care during pregnancy and delivery. However, in sub-Saharan Africa women continue to face limited access to such services [9]. In order to reduce the risk of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality, especially in places where the general socio-economic status is low, access and utilization of the obstetric services is an effective means [10]. Lack of access to appropriate obstetric care, especially during labor, compounds the risk of adverse fetal outcomes such as death or disability [11]. Skilled attendance during labor, delivery and the early post-partum period could reduce an estimated 16–33% of maternal deaths [12–14]. In Ethiopia, 34% of pregnant women received antenatal care from a skilled provider at least once, that is, from a doctor, nurse, or midwife, for their most recent birth. And one woman in every five (19%) made four or more antenatal care visits during the course of pregnancy. However, only 10% of births were delivered by a skilled provider [4]. The most important barrier to access to health services that Ethiopian women mention is taking transport to a facility, lack of money and distance to a health facility [4].
Improving maternal and infant health continues to be a major challenge such that a woman living in sub-Saharan Africa has higher chance of dying during pregnancy or childbirth, as compared to high-income countries [15]. Institutional delivery service utilization of Ethiopian mothers is low. However, study on the factors contributing for safe delivery service utilization was scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to assess factors associated with institutional delivery service utilization among mothers from Wolaita and Dawro Zones, Southern Ethiopia.
Methodology
Study area and design
A population based cross-sectional study was done in Southern Ethiopia in two zones, Wolaita and Dawro, from February 01 –March 30, 2015 to assess institutional delivery service utilization. Wolaita and Dawro Zones are among the 13 zones of Southern nations, nationalities and peoples’ region located in southern Ethiopia. According to 2007 national census, these zones (Wolaita and Dawro) have a total population of 1,52,7908 and 492,742 respectively and projected to be 1,838,073 and 592,768 in 2014 respectively. The zones are characterized by high rural population in which 88.3% and 92.9% of Wolaita and Dawro zone inhabitants were rural dwellers respectively [16]. Wolaita zone has 12 districts whereas Dawro zone has 5 districts. Wolaita Sodo, the capital of Wolaita zone is located 330 km south of Addis Ababa, whereas Tarcha, the capital of Dawro zone is located 510 km southwest from Addis Ababa. Wolaita zone is characterized by its dense population whereas Dawro zone is characterized by its difficult topography.
Study population and sampling
A three stage sampling technique was applied to select study participants from the overall mothers who gave birth in the last 12 months preceding the survey. In the first stage of sampling technique, 6 districts were selected randomly (i.e. 1) Damot Gale, 2) Boloso Sore, 3) Humbo, 4) Ofa, 5) Tocha and 6) Mareka districts). Then, the second stage of sampling technique was employed by randomly selecting two kebeles (the smallest administrative unit in Ethiopia consisting of nearly 5000 total population) from each selected district. Finally, the third stage of sampling technique was accomplished by selecting study participants through systematic sampling technique from their respective kebeles. Accordingly, 957 mothers were included in the survey.
Sample size was calculated using single population formula based on the following assumptions. Using 27% prevalence of institutional delivery service utilization [17], 95% confidence interval, 5% precision, and 10% non response rate and design effect 3, the final sample size was calculated to be 1000.
Data collection instrument and procedure
Data was collected by using interviewer administered structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was prepared in English language including all relevant variables based on the objectives of the study and translated to local language (Wolaitigna) for Interview. The information included socio-demographic variables and variables of maternal health service utilization factors prepared by reviewing different literatures and guidelines.
Data management and analysis
Data were coded and entered using Epi-data version 1.4.4.0 and all analyses were done with SPSS version 20. Proportions and means (SD) were used to describe the study population by explanatory variables and place of delivery. Bivariate logistic regression was done to identify the differentials of institutional delivery utilization in the study population. The important predictors of institutional delivery service utilization were determined using multivariable logistic regression model. Stepwise backward procedure was used for modeling by including variables with significant or marginally significant association in the bivariate logistic regression (p-value <0.25). All statistical tests were considered significant at alpha <0.05.
Quality control
The interviewers were trained prior to data collection. Pretest was done on 50 mothers in the HumboLarenakebele to ensure appropriateness of the study tools and to acquire common understanding on the assessment tools. There was regular supervision of the data collection process by the investigators and supervisors.
Ethical consideration
Actual data collection was started after Wolaita Sodo University approved the study. Permission from each district was received and verbal consent was obtained from participants since most of them cannot read and write. Their consent was recorded with questionnaire. Participants were informed that they have full rights to participate or not in the study. Furthermore, the objective of study and benefits were clearly communicated. Respondents were also informed that their responses will be kept confidential. In order to keep their response confidential, response of participants was filled by a questionnaire distinguished by code number.
Result
Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants
Nine hundred and fifty seven mothers who gave birth within the past 12 months were involved making a response rate of 95.7%. The mean and standard deviation age of study participants was 27.9 and 5.5 years respectively. Majority of them were married, and found in the age category of 21–30 years which accounts for 96% and 63.1% respectively. The mean family size of study participants was 5.6 persons per household. Wolaita and Dawro ethnic groups made up 97.3% of total participants. (Table 1)
Maternal health service utilization
Majority (i.e. 765 (82.3%)) of participants visited health facility for ANC service at least once, for their index child. Regarding place of ANC visit, most of them (757 ANC attendee mothers) visited health center and health post; whereas only 8 mothers visited hospital. In Ethiopia, it is recommended that all ANC service provisions must be done either at health centers or hospitals except the first visit, in which the service can be provided at health post level. However, 150 participants visited health post for their second visit and above, where comprehensive service could not be obtained.-Concerning the WHO recommendation of focused ANC visit, it is recommended that at least four ANC visits are needed for a pregnant mother till delivery. Nevertheless, in the current study 197 (20.6%) participants visited at least four times. Majority (75.9%) of study participants prefer health center to get a skilled provider followed by health post and hospital. (Table 2)
Regarding knowledge towards danger signs of pregnancy, the most commonly known danger sign was bleeding, followed by severe headache and severe fatigue in which 561(58.6%), 228(23.8%) and 216(22.6%) of mothers knew the condition as a danger sign of pregnancy, respectively. However, only 3(0.3%), 18(1.9%) and 19(2%) of study participants knew that convulsion, loss of consciousness and difficulty of breathing are considered as a danger sign of pregnancy, respectively.
The most common delivery related health problem was massive vaginal bleeding followed by birth canal laceration and retained placenta accounting for 86(9%), 23(2.4%) and 19(2%) of mothers affected, respectively.However,only10(1.1%)of study participants faced unconsciousness during their last child birth.
38% of study participants delivered the index child at health facility (i.e. Health center or hospital), whereas their counterparts delivered outside health facility. However, only 215(23%) of them visited health facility for post natal care. (Table 2 and Fig 1)
Concerning preference for ANC follow up, 655 (70.1%) mothers prefer family members to care for their antenatal care; whereas 196(21%) mothers prefer health professionals. Similarly, 682(73.6%) of mothers prefer family members for maternity care. Seven hundred and twelve (75.9%) of them also prefer health center to get skilled provider followed by health post and hospital, accounting for 134(14.6%), and 60(6.4%), respectively.
Predictors of institutional delivery
Bivariate analysis indicated that husband’s educational status, age of mother, agreement to give birth at health facility, number of live born children, number of parity, maternal educational status, birth order of index child, wealth index, wanted pregnancy, agreement to visit post natal care, knowledge towards danger signs of pregnancy, distance from nearest health facility, problem faced during delivery, religion and ethnicity of mothers were significantly associated with institutional delivery service utilization.
Factors which showed significant and marginally significant association in Bivariate analysis were further tested by backward stepwise logistic regression, which revealed husband’s educational status, wealth index, average distance from nearest health facility, wanted pregnancy, agreement to follow post natal care, problem faced during delivery, birth order, preference of health professional for ANC and maternity care as the independent predictors of institutional delivery service utilization. (Table 3)
Discussion
In the current study, 38% of study participants delivered their index child at health facility (i.e. Health center or hospital). This shows improvement as compared to the national level of 10% [4] and 27% institutional delivery service utilization prevalence among mothers from Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia [17]. However, the result is nearly in-line with a study done in Uttarakhand, India in which 33% of study participants delivered their index child in health facility [18]. Nevertheless, our finding is far lower than 65.8% institutional delivery service utilization of a study conducted in Kano state, Northern Nigeria [19].
Educational status of head of household is one of the factors which affect institutional delivery service utilization. This study showed that mothers whose husbands were educated for at least secondary level and above were twice more likely to give birth at health facility as compared to mothers whose husbands didn’t attend any formal education, AOR = 2.044(1.206, 3.467). This could be due to the reason that the more a husband (household head) is educated, the more he would be aware of the benefits of institutional delivery, so that he could encourage his wife to give birth at health facility. This is in-line with a study conducted in Woldia and Goba, Ethiopia [20,21].
Household economic status is positively associated with institutional delivery. I.e. mothers who were classified as middle household wealth index were two times more likely to give birth at health facility as compared to mothers from lower household wealth index, AOR = 2.01(1.30, 3.09). Similarly, mothers from higher household wealth index were also 1.6 times more likely to give birth at health facility as compared to mothers from lower household wealth index,AOR = 1.56(1.01, 2.44).This could be due to the fact that eventhough delivery service provision of Ethiopia is free of charge, indirect costs could compromise utilization of institutional delivery. This is in line with a study conducted in Meskan and Mareko districts, Ethiopia [22].
Availability of health facility is also one of the factors which can affect mothers’ utilization of institutional delivery. In the current study, mothers whose residence islocated at a distance of 30 minute or less foot walk from the nearest health facility were two times more likely to give birth at health facility as compared to their counterparts AOR = 2.21(1.54, 3.17).This finding is consistent with a study conducted in Meskan and Mareko districts, Ethiopia, in which distance from health facilities was significantly associated with service utilization (χ2 = 6.67, p<0.05) [22].
Lack of planning and preparation to have a child could also influence maternal place of delivery. Accordingly, mothers whose index child was a wanted pregnancy were 1.7 times more likely to give birth at health facility as compared to their counter parts, AOR = 1.68(1.11, 2.54). Preference of health professional also determines maternal utilization of institutional delivery. In the current study, mothers who prefer health professional for anti-natal care follow-up were 2.7 times more likely to give birth at health facility, AOR = 2.69(1.48, 4.88); whereas mothers who prefer health professional for their maternity care were 1.7 times more likely to give birth at health facility, AOR = 1.70(1.06, 2.75).Mothers who faced problem during earlier child birth were 1.7 times more likely to give birth at health facility as compared to their counterparts, AOR = 1.698(1.060, 2.721).
As number of parity increases, the probability to give birth at health facility decreases. Accordingly, mothers who had one to two children were twice more likely to give birth at health facility as compared to mothers who have more than five children, AOR = 2.10(1.33, 3.30). This is in line with a study conducted in Uttarakhand, India which indicated that mothers of higher birth order were less likely to deliver with the attendance of skilled personnel as compared to lower birth order [18].
Conclusion and Recommendation
Eventhough utilization of institutional delivery service shows improvement as compared to earlier national figure; still it is low among mothers of Wolaita and Dawro zone. ANC service utilization also shows improvement. Nevertheless, nearly two in every three mothers delivered their index child outside health facility. Controlling the effect of other variables, husband’s educational status, wealth index, average distance from nearest health facility, wanted pregnancy, agreement to follow PNC, problem faced during delivery, birth order, and preference of health professional for ANC and maternity care were significant predictors of place of delivery. Therefore, improving socio-economic status of mothers as well as availing modern health facilities to the nearest locality will have a good impact to improve the practice of institutional delivery. Similarly, education is also a tool to improve awareness of mothers as well as their husbands for the improvement of maternal health care service utilization.
Acknowledgments
Our gratitude goes to Wolaita Sodo University for its financial support. We would also like to extend our whole-hearted gratitude to the respective Woreda administrative bodies for their assistance. Last but not least, data collectors and study participants deserve our special thanks.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: TDD. Performed the experiments: MAA TDD MMK. Analyzed the data: MAA. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MAA TDD MMK. Wrote the paper: MAA.
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