Figures
Abstract
This article examines the impact of Cattaneo-Christov heat flux in flows of viscoelastic fluids. Flow is generated by a linear stretching sheet. Influence of thermal relaxation time in the considered heat flux is seen. Mathematical formulation is presented for the boundary layer approach. Suitable transformations lead to a nonlinear differential system. Convergent series solutions of velocity and temperature are achieved. Impacts of various influential parameters on the velocity and temperature are sketched and discussed. Numerical computations are also performed for the skin friction coefficient and heat transfer rate. Our findings reveal that the temperature profile has an inverse relationship with the thermal relaxation parameter and the Prandtl number. Further the temperature profile and thermal boundary layer thickness are lower for Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model in comparison to the classical Fourier’s law of heat conduction.
Citation: Hayat T, Muhammad T, Alsaedi A, Mustafa M (2016) A Comparative Study for Flow of Viscoelastic Fluids with Cattaneo-Christov Heat Flux. PLoS ONE 11(5): e0155185. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155185
Editor: Zhong-Ke Gao, Tianjin University, CHINA
Received: February 14, 2016; Accepted: April 24, 2016; Published: May 13, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Hayat et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Mechanism of heat transfer occurs when there is a difference of temperature between the bodies or between the various parts of the same body. Such mechanism has widespread industrial and technological applications like cooling of nuclear reactors, cooling of electronic devices, energy production, power generation and many others [1–3]. Fourier [4] was the first who developed the classical law of heat conduction. This well known law has been the basis to study the heat transfer mechanism since it appeared in the literature. But one of the major limitation of this model is that it leads to a parabolic energy equation which means that an initial disturbance would instantly experienced by the system under consideration. This fact is referred in literature as “Paradox of heat conduction”. To overcome this limitation, Cattaneo [5] modified this law by adding a relaxation time term. Then Christov [6] further modified the Cattaneo model [5] by replacing the ordinary derivative with the Oldroyd's upper-convected derivative in order to maintain the frame-indifferent generalization. He developed a single energy equation for the governing problem. This model is known as the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model. Ciarletta and Straughan [7] explored the uniqueness and structural stability of solutions for energy equation using Cattaneo-Christov theory. Straughan [8] used the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model for the thermal convection in a horizontal layer of viscous fluid. Straughan [9, 10] also examined the models of acoustic waves and Gene-culture shock waves using the heat flux by Cattaneo-Christov theory. Han et al. [11] analyzed the flow of Maxwell liquid past a linearly stretching surface through the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model. Mustafa [12] employed the Cattaneo-Christov theory in stretched flow and heat transfer of Maxwell liquid. He developed both analytic and numeric solutions of the governing problems. Recently Khan et al. [13] performed a numerical study to examine the thermal relaxation in the flow of Maxwell liquid by an exponentially stretching surface.
The analysis of boundary-layer flow past a stretching surface is significant in various industrial and technological processes. Examples of such practical applications are wire drawing, extrusion of plastic sheets, hot rolling, paper production, glass fiber etc. There are many fluids in our daily life usage like shampoos, certain oils, sugar solution, tomato paste, mud, apple sauce, chyme, personal care products and several others which do not satisfy the classical Newton's law of viscosity. Such fluids fall in the class of non-Newtonian fluids. All the non-Newtonian fluids through their distinct features cannot be explained by using a single constitutive relationship. This fact of non-Newtonian fluids are quite distinct than that of viscous fluids. In the past various models have been developed to characterize the properties of non-Newtonian fluids. Amongst these the simplest subclasses of differential type fluids are the elastico-viscous and second grade [14–20]. Further the study of gas-liquid two-phase flow is widely encountered in several industrial processes like natural gas networks, lubrication, spray processes, nuclear reactor cooling etc. Thus Gao et al. [21] performed a multivariate weighted complex network analysis to explore the nonlinear dynamic behavior in two-phase flow. Gao et al. [22] also reported the multi-frequency complex network to study the uncovering oil-water flow structure. Recently Gao et al. [23] examined the slug to churn flow transition by considering the multivariate pseudo Wigner distribution and multivariate multiscale entropy.
This communication presents a comparative study for Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model in boundary layer flow by considering the two classes of viscoelastic fluids. Constitutive relations for second grade and elastico-viscous fluids are considered. Most of the studies in the literature are explained through the classical Fourier’s law of heat conduction. There is not a single study in the literature that present the characteristics of Cattaneo-Christov heat flux in boundary layer flow of viscoelastic fluids. Hence the purpose here is to employ the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model in the boundary layer flow of viscoelastic fluids. To the best of the author's knowledge, no such consideration has been discussed in the literature yet. Similarity approach is adopted to convert the partial differential system into the set of nonlinear ordinary differential system. The governing nonlinear system is solved through the homotopy analysis method (HAM) [24–32]. Impacts of various influential parameters on the velocity and temperature are studied and examined.
Formulation
We consider the steady two-dimensional (2D) flows of viscoelastic fluids over a linear stretching surface. Flow models for second grade and elastico-viscous fluids are considered. The Cartesian coordinate system is adopted in such a way that the x—axis is taken along the stretching surface and y—axis is orthogonal to it. Let Uw(x) = ax denotes the surface stretching velocity along the x—direction. The heat transfer process is studied through the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux theory. The governing two-dimensional (2D) boundary-layer flows in two cases of fluids are under consideration
(1)
(2)
(3)
Note that (u,v) are the fluid velocities in horizontal and vertical directions respectively, v = μ / ρ the kinematic viscosity, μ the dynamic viscosity, ρ the density, cp the specific heat, k0 = −α1 / ρ the elastic parameter, T the temperature and q the heat flux. Here k0 > 0 is for elastico-viscous fluid, k0 < 0 corresponds to a second grade fluid and k0 = 0 is for Newtonian fluid. According to the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model [3], one can write
(4)
where λ is the relaxation time of heat flux and k the thermal conductivity. For λ = 0, Eq (4) is reduced to the classical Fourier's law of heat conduction. Omitting q from Eqs (3) and (4), the energy equation becomes
(5)
The subjected boundary conditions are
(6)
(7)
in which α = k / ρcp is the thermal diffusivity, Tw the constant surface temperature, T∞ the ambient fluid temperature and a the positive constant. Using
(8)
Now Eq (1) is satisfied and Eqs (2) and (5)–(7) lead to the following forms
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
In the above expressions is the viscoelastic parameter, Pr the Prandtl number and γ the thermal relaxation parameter. It is noticed that
for elastico-viscous fluid and
for the second grade fluid. These parameters have values
(13)
The expression of the skin friction coefficient is
(14)
Skin friction coefficient through dimensionless scale is
(15)
in which Rex = Uwx/v represents the local Reynolds number.
Homotopic Solutions
The appropriate initial approximations (f0,θ0), linear operators (Lf,Lθ) and deformation problems at zeroth and m th orders are
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
Here Þ∈[0,1] is the embedding parameter, ℏf and ℏθ the non-zero auxiliary parameters and Nf and Nθ the nonlinear operators. The expressions of general solutions (fm,θm) of the Eqs (24) and (25) through the special solutions are presented as follows:
(30)
(31)
in which the constants Bj (j = 1−5) subject to the boundary conditions Eq (26) are defined by
(32)
Convergence Analysis
No doubt the approximate homotopic solutions contain the non-zero auxiliary parameters ℏf and ℏθ. Such non-zero auxiliary parameters are important in accelerating the convergence of obtained homotopic solutions. The proper values of such parameters are important to get the convergent approximate homotopic solutions. To get the appropriate values of ℏf and ℏθ, the ℏ—curves are plotted at 14th order of homotopic deformations. Figs 1 and 2 clearly indicate that the convergence region exists inside the ranges −1.80 ≤ ℏf ≤ −0.40 and −1.70 ≤ ℏθ ≤ −0.40 for elastico-viscous fluid and −1.50 ≤ ℏf ≤ −0.20 and −1.50 ≤ ℏθ ≤ −0.50 for second grade fluid
Table 1 presents that 15th order of homotopic deformations is necessary for convergent approximate homotopic solutions in elastico-viscous fluid case whereas the 20th order of homotopic deformations is necessary for convergent approximate homotopic solutions in second grade fluid case (see Table 2).
Discussion
The present section has been arranged to examine the impacts of viscoelastic parameter , thermal relaxation parameter γ and Prandtl number Pr on the non-dimensional velocity distribution f′(η) and temperature distribution θ(η). Here the elastico-viscous
and second grade
fluids are considered. This purpose is achieved through the plots 3–6. Impact of viscoelastic parameter
on the velocity distribution f′(η) for both fluids is sketched in Fig 3. Here the velocity f′(η) is reduced for larger values of elastico-viscous parameter
while the velocity f′(η) is higher for larger values of second grade parameter
. The results corresponds to the Newtonian fluid situation when
. Fig 4 presents the influence of viscoelastic parameter
on the temperature distribution θ(η) for both fluids. Temperature distribution θ(η) and thermal boundary layer thickness are enhanced for elastico-viscous fluid while opposite behavior is observed in case of second grade fluid. Fig 5 presents the impact of thermal relaxation parameter γ on the temperature distribution θ(η). Temperature distribution θ(η) and thermal boundary layer thickness are decreasing functions of thermal relaxation parameter. Here the thermal relaxation parameter γ = 0 shows that the heat flux expression is reduced to the classical Fourier's law. Effect of Prandtl number Pr on the temperature distribution θ(η) for both fluids is displayed in Fig 6. Both the temperature distribution θ(η) and thermal boundary layer thickness are reduced when Prandtl number Pr increases. Prandtl number has an inverse relationship with the thermal diffusivity. High Prandtl fluid possess weaker thermal diffusivity and the low Prandtl fluid has stronger thermal diffusivity. When we enhance the Prandtl number, then weaker thermal diffusivity appears. Such weaker thermal diffusivity creates a reduction in the temperature distribution and thermal boundary layer thickness for both fluids. Table 3 is computed to investigate the behavior of skin friction coefficient
for different values of
Tabulated values depict that the skin friction coefficient is higher for second grade fluid
while opposite behavior is noticed for elastico-viscous fluid
Tables 4 and 5 include the values of heat transfer rate at the surface −θ′(0) for various values of thermal relaxation parameter γ for elastico-viscous
and second grade
fluids respectively. Heat transfer rate at the surface −θ′(0) is enhanced for larger values of thermal relaxation parameter γ in both fluids. It is also analyzed that the values of heat transfer rate at the surface −θ′(0) in second grade fluid
are higher when compared with the elastico-viscous fluid
Conclusions
Boundary layer flows of two viscoelastic fluids over a linear stretching surface satisfying Cattaneo-Christov heat flux is analyzed. The main observations of this study are summarized below:
- Velocity profile f′(η) and momentum boundary layer thickness are reduced when we enhance the positive values of
while opposite behavior is observed for the negative values of
.
- Both the temperature distribution θ(η) and thermal boundary layer thickness are decreased when Pr enhances.
- Increasing values of thermal relaxation parameter γ show a reduction in the temperature distribution θ(η) and thermal boundary layer thickness.
- Skin friction coefficient is reduced when we enhance the positive values of
while opposite behavior is noticed for the negative values of
.
- Heat transfer rate at the surface is more for increasing values of thermal relaxation parameter γ for both fluids.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: TH TM AA MM. Performed the experiments: TH TM AA MM. Analyzed the data: TH TM AA MM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TH TM AA MM. Wrote the paper: TH TM AA MM.
References
- 1. Kandelousi MS. KKL correlation for simulation of nanofluid flow and heat transfer in a permeable channel. Phys Lett A. 2014; 378: 3331–3339.
- 2. Sheikholeslami M, Ellahi R. Three dimensional mesoscopic simulation of magnetic field effect on natural convection of nanofluid. Int J Heat Mass Transfer. 2015; 89: 799–808.
- 3. Sheikholeslami M, Rashidi MM, Hayat T, Ganji DD. Free convection of magnetic nanofluid considering MFD viscosity effect. J Mol Liq. 2016; 218: 393–399.
- 4.
Fourier JBJ. Théorie Analytique De La Chaleur. Paris 1822.
- 5. Cattaneo C. Sulla conduzione del calore. Atti Semin Mat Fis Univ Modena Reggio Emilia. 1948; 3: 83–101.
- 6. Christov CI. On frame indifferent formulation of the Maxwell-Cattaneo model of finite-speed heat conduction. Mech Res Commun. 2009; 36: 481–486.
- 7. Ciarletta M, Straughan B. Uniqueness and structural stability for the Cattaneo-Christov equations. Mech Res Commun. 2010; 37: 445–447.
- 8. Straughan B. Thermal convection with the Cattaneo-Christov model. Int J Heat Mass Transfer. 2010; 53: 95–98.
- 9. Straughan B. Acoustic waves in a Cattaneo-Christov gas. Phys Lett A. 2010; 374: 2667–2669.
- 10. Straughan B. Gene-culture shock waves. Phys Lett A. 2013; 377: 2531–2534.
- 11. Han S, Zheng L, Li C, Zhang X. Coupled flow and heat transfer in viscoelastic fluid with Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model. Appl Math Lett. 2014; 38: 87–93.
- 12. Mustafa M. Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model for rotating flow and heat transfer of upper-convected Maxwell fluid. AIP Adv. 2015; 5: 047109.
- 13. Khan JA, Mustafa M, Hayat T, Alsaedi A. Numerical study of Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model for viscoelastic flow due to an exponentially stretching surface. Plos One. 2015; 10: e0137363. pmid:26325426
- 14. Ariel PD. On the flow of an elastico-viscous fluid near a rotating disk. J Comput Appl Math. 2003; 154: 1–25.
- 15. Tan WC, Masuoka T. Stokes problem for a second grade fluid in a porous half space with heated boundary. Int J Non-Linear Mech. 2005; 40: 515–522.
- 16. Fetecau C, Fetecau C. Starting solutions for the motion of a second grade fluid due to longitudinal and torsional oscillations of a circular cylinder. Int J Eng Sci. 2006; 44: 788–796.
- 17. Turkyilmazoglu M. The analytical solution of mixed convection heat transfer and fluid flow of a MHD viscoelastic fluid over a permeable stretching surface. Int J Mech Sci. 2013; 77: 263–268.
- 18. Hayat T, Muhammad T, Shehzad SA, Alsaedi A. Similarity solution to three dimensional boundary layer flow of second grade nanofluid past a stretching surface with thermal radiation and heat source/sink. AIP Adv. 2015; 5: 017107.
- 19. Hayat T, Hussain Z, Farooq M, Alsaedi A. Effects of homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions and melting heat in the viscoelastic fluid flow. J Mol Liq. 2016; 215: 749–755.
- 20. Hayat T, Aziz A, Muhammad T, Ahmad B. On magnetohydrodynamic flow of second grade nanofluid over a nonlinear stretching sheet. J Magn Magn Mater. 2016; 408: 99–106.
- 21. Gao ZK, Fang PC, Ding MS, Jin ND. Multivariate weighted complex network analysis for characterizing nonlinear dynamic behavior in two-phase flow. Exp Therm Fluid Sci. 2015; 60: 157–164.
- 22. Gao ZK, Yang YX, Fang PC, Jin ND, Xia CY, Hu LD. Multi-frequency complex network from time series for uncovering oil-water flow structure. Scientific Reports. 2015; 5: 8222. pmid:25649900
- 23. Gao ZK, Yang YX, Zhai LS, Ding MS, Jin ND. Characterizing slug to churn flow transition by using multivariate pseudo Wigner distribution and multivariate multiscale entropy. Chem Eng J. 2016; 291: 74–81.
- 24. Liao SJ. On the homotopy analysis method for nonlinear problems. Appl Math Comput. 2004; 147: 499–513.
- 25. Dehghan M, Manafian J, Saadatmandi A. Solving nonlinear fractional partial differential equations using the homotopy analysis method. Numer Meth Partial Diff Eq. 2010; 26: 448–479.
- 26. Sheikholeslami M, Ashorynejad HR, Domairry G, Hashim I. Flow and heat transfer of Cu-water nanofluid between a stretching sheet and a porous surface in a rotating system. J Appl Math. 2012; 2012: 421320.
- 27. Sheikholeslami M, Ashorynejad HR, Domairry D, Hashim I. Investigation of the laminar viscous flow in a semi-porous channel in the presence of uniform magnetic field using optimal homotopy asymptotic method. Sains Malaysiana. 2012; 41: 1281–1285.
- 28. Sheikholeslami M, Hatami M, Ganji DD. Micropolar fluid flow and heat transfer in a permeable channel using analytic method. J Mol Liq. 2014; 194: 30–36.
- 29. Ellahi R, Hassan M, Zeeshan A. Shape effects of nanosize particles in Cu-H2O nanofluid on entropy generation. Int J Heat Mass Transfer. 2015; 81: 449–456.
- 30. Hayat T, Muhammad T, Alsaedi A, Alhuthali MS. Magnetohydrodynamic three-dimensional flow of viscoelastic nanofluid in the presence of nonlinear thermal radiation. J Magn Magn Mater. 2015; 385: 222–229.
- 31. Hayat T, Muhammad T, Shehzad SA, Alhuthali MS, Lu J. Impact of magnetic field in three-dimensional flow of an Oldroyd-B nanofluid. J Mol Liq. 2015; 212: 272–282.
- 32. Hayat T, Waqas M, Shehzad SA, Alsaedi A. A model of solar radiation and Joule heating in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) convective flow of thixotropic nanofluid. J Mol Liq. 2016; 215: 704–710.