Real-Time Label-Free Embolus Detection Using In Vivo Photoacoustic Flow Cytometry
Fig 5
Embolus dynamics in tumor-bearing mice before, during and after compression and biopsy.
(A) Profile plot of average detection rate (emboli per hour) from before, during (red region) and after tumor compression with a clamp (8 procedures). Detection-rate values and error bars represent the mean and SEM of detection rates during successive 10-minute time intervals, and are positioned at the intervals’ midpoints. (B) Effects of compression on embolus-detection rates. (C) Profile plot of average embolus-detection rate (counts per hour) for before, during and after a biopsy incision. Red arrow indicates initiation of the procedure (8 procedures). (D) Embolus-detection rates in counts per hour before vs. after a surgical tumor excision. (E) Sample trace of PA signals before and after a representative biopsy. Red arrow indicates initiation of the biopsy procedure. (F) Sample PA signal trace with detection of embolus in the blood vessel of a melanoma-bearing mouse after application of a 120-g weight on the tumor. (G) Shows details of combined PA contrast. (A,C) Values and error bars represent the mean and SEM of embolus detection rates during each 10-minute bin. (B,D) Values (error bars) represent the estimates (90% confidence intervals) determined from mixed-models Poisson-regression analysis.
