Determining Connections between the Daily Lives of Zoo Elephants and Their Welfare: An Epidemiological Approach
Fig 1
The associations between each welfare outcome and its independent variables are represented by connecting lines.
Independent variables are grouped categorically by icon shape as follows: Housing (Rectangle); Social (Oval); Management (Octagon); Life History/Demographic (Diamond) factors. For more information on the welfare outcomes studied, please see: (1) Greco et al. [60]; (2) Brown et al. [63]; (3) Miller et al. [58]; (4) Morfeld et al. [59]; Holdgate et al. [61]; Holdgate et al. [62]. For more information about the independent variables tested, please see: (A) Meehan et al. [55]; (B) Greco et al. [56]; and (C) Prado-Oviedo et al. [57]. Note that this diagram displays non-directional associations. For details on the directionality and magnitude of associations, see Fig 2.
