http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-6325
Figures
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation and mucosal damage in Crohn’s disease (CD) are believed to progress even during clinical remission. We investigated the long-term prognosis of CD patients in clinical remission according to serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. This study included 339 CD patients in clinical remission (Crohn’s disease activity index < 150) for more than 6 months between January 2008 and December 2010. Clinical outcomes were compared between patients with normal and elevated CRP levels during clinical remission. During clinical remission, 150 patients had normal CRP consistently and 189 had elevated CRP at least once. During follow-up (median, 7.9 years [interquartile range, 6.8–8.0]), the Kaplan–Meier analysis with the log-rank test showed that normal CRP group had a longer CD-related hospitalization-free survival (P = 0.007) and a longer CD-related intestinal resection-free survival (P = 0.046) than elevated CRP group. In multivariate analysis, elevated CRP was significantly and independently associated with an increased risk of subsequent CD-related hospitalization (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.787, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.245–2.565, P = 0.002) and of subsequent CD-related intestinal resection (aHR 1.726, 95% CI: 1.003–2.969, P = 0.049). The most common reason for CD-related hospitalization was penetrating complications (35.6%). Even when CD patients are in clinical remission, elevated CRP is significantly associated with subsequent CD-related hospitalization and CD-related intestinal resection during follow-up. CD patients in clinical remission but elevated CRP should receive more careful attention and timely interventions to improve long-term outcomes.
Citation: Oh K, Oh EH, Baek S, Song EM, Kim G-U, Seo M, et al. (2017) Elevated C-reactive protein level during clinical remission can predict poor outcomes in patients with Crohn’s disease. PLoS ONE 12(6): e0179266. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179266
Editor: John Green, University Hospital Llandough, UNITED KINGDOM
Received: February 14, 2017; Accepted: May 27, 2017; Published: June 16, 2017
Copyright: © 2017 Oh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Crohn’s disease (CD) is among the major types of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) that affect the whole gastrointestinal tract, and its global incidence and prevalence are increasing [1–3]. Most patients with CD experience a waxing and waning clinical course of relapse and remission and develop cumulative structural damage to the bowel over time [4]. It is believed that a preclinical stage of CD exists before the development of clinical symptoms and that inflammation begins before the clinical diagnosis of CD, resulting in progressive bowel damage even in the preclinical stage [4]. Therefore, effective medical treatment to stop or slow the progression of bowel damage is critical, and early, aggressive therapy is recommended to prevent major complications such as bowel stricture or perforation [5]. The identification of risk factors for disease progression in CD patients is crucial for the individualization of appropriate therapy [4].
Historically, the Crohn’s disease activity index (CDAI), which is based primarily on subjective symptoms, has been widely used in the medical management of CD [6]. However, CDAI scores reportedly have poor correlation with both inflammatory biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and endoscopic disease activity [7–9]. Therefore, there may be a subgroup of CD patients who despite being in clinical remission, have a high burden of bowel inflammation and a high probability of progressive bowel damage.
Recently, a study by Click et al. reported that asymptomatic CD patients with elevated CRP levels had a risk of hospitalization higher than that in patients with normal CRP levels [10]. However, the study was limited because CRP levels were measured only once at enrollment and only a small number of CD patients with elevated CRP were included [10]. Moreover, observations among CD patients in Western countries may not apply directly to Asian patients owing to differences in genetic background, clinical characteristics, and long-term prognosis [11]. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that Asian CD patients in clinical remission who have high CRP levels show poorer long-term prognosis compared with that of similar patients with normal CRP levels.
Materials and methods
Study population
Patients with confirmed CD who were prospectively enrolled in the IBD registry of Asan Medical Center, a tertiary care center in Korea, were included. The diagnosis of CD was based on conventional clinical, radiologic, endoscopic, and histopathologic criteria [12–14]. The characteristics of the IBD registry are previously described in detail [15]. Eligible patients were defined as those who visited the clinic at least twice within 6 months between January 2008 and December 2010, and had records of same-day measurements of CDAI and CRP level for each clinic visit. All patients with confirmed CD in our hospital were instructed via demonstration to record their symptoms during 7 days before a clinic visit to calculate CDAI. Complete blood count, serum chemistry, and CRP were also checked on the day of the visit. At every visit, CDAI score was calculated using a computerized program incorporated into our electronic medical record system, and the value was recorded in the clinical note. Patients without CDAI or CRP data and those with ileostomies or colostomies were excluded from the study.
Among 1262 eligible subjects, 147 subjects were excluded due to lack of CDAI or CRP data, 228 due to inadequate length of follow-up (less than 6 months), and 32 due to having an ileostomy or colostomy (Fig 1). Of the remaining 855 subjects, 516 had CDAI values of ≥150 on at least one visit within 6 months (Fig 1). Therefore, a total of 339 patients with CD in clinical remission for at least 6 months were enrolled (Fig 1). The study population was divided into patients with elevated CRP levels and those with normal CRP levels (Fig 1).
CD, Crohn’s disease; CDAI, Crohn’s disease activity index; CRP, C-reactive protein.
Patients in the elevated CRP group showed elevated CRP levels on one or more clinic visits, whereas patients in the normal CRP group showed normal CRP at all visits for 6 months.
The upper limit of CRP at our laboratory was 0.6 mg/dL and a CRP level of > 0.6 mg/dL was defined as elevated. CRP was measured with latex particle–enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay using the Cobas® 8000 c702 Chemistry Autoanalyzer (Roche Diagnostic International Ltd, Rotkreuz ZG, Switzerland). Baseline characteristics such as age, sex, height, weight, smoking status, family history of IBD, comorbidities, disease duration, Montreal disease location and behavior [16], extraintestinal manifestations (arthralgia/arthritis, uveitis, erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum, and oral aphthous ulcers), history of CD-related surgery, and history of perianal surgery were collected. Medication data including use of 5-aminosalicylic acids, systemic corticosteroids, immunomodulators (azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and methotrexate), and anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) agents (infliximab and adalimumab) were also collected.
Outcome variables
Clinical follow-up data were collected retrospectively from the last clinic visit during the 6 months of CDAI and CRP measurement. Our treatment protocol for CD patients was described in detail elsewhere [15].
The co-primary outcome variables were CD-related hospitalization and CD-related intestinal resection during follow-up. CD-related hospitalization was confirmed through the detailed review of all admission records, including admission notes and discharge summaries. Admissions for non CD-related reasons or solely for the injection of infliximab were excluded. CD-related intestinal resection was confirmed through detailed review of operative notes and discharge summaries.
The co-secondary outcome variables were new perianal surgery, new CD-related intestinal complications, and step-up of CD medication. New perianal surgery (perianal abscess incision and drainage, seton ligation, fistulotomy, modified Hanley procedure, and stem cell implantation) was also confirmed through the detailed review of operative notes and discharge summaries. New CD-related intestinal complications were defined as both new Montreal stricturing (B2) or penetrating (B3) complications in patients with B1 behaviors at the beginning of follow-up and new Montreal B3 complications in patients with B2 behaviors at the beginning of follow-up. Step-up of medication was defined as the addition of immunomodulators or anti-TNF-α agents, or both, in 5-aminosalicylic acid agent users and the addition of anti-TNF-α agents in immunomodulator users during follow-up.
Statistical analysis
Continuous variables were expressed as means with standard deviation or medians with interquartile range (IQR) as appropriate. Categorical variables were expressed as proportions and percentages. Continuous variables were compared using the Student’s t-test or the Mann–Whitney U test. Categorical variables were compared using Pearson’s chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. The cumulative probabilities of developing outcome events were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared between the elevated CRP and normal CRP groups using the log-rank test.
To identify factors predictive of CD-related hospitalization and intestinal resection, we performed multivariate Cox regression analysis. All variables with P values of < 0.2 from univariate Cox regression analysis were included in the multivariate model.
All tests were two-sided with the statistical significance set at a P value of 0.05. Analyses were performed with SPSS statistical software, version 23.0 for Windows (IBM, New York, NY, USA).
Results
Baseline characteristics
The median number of clinic visits over 6 months was 4 (IQR 3–6) in a total of 339 patients. We found no significant differences in age, sex, smoking status, family history of IBD, Montreal location and behavior of CD, extraintestinal manifestations, medications used, or history of bowel or perianal surgery between the elevated CRP group (n = 189) and the normal CRP group (n = 150; Table 1). Disease duration in the normal CRP group (median, 4.1 years [IQR, 2.1–7.1]) was longer than that in the elevated CRP group (median, 3.0 years [IQR, 1.3–6.1], P = 0.022). Median CRP at the beginning of follow-up was 0.1 mg/dL (range, 0.03–0.6) in the normal CRP group and 0.82 mg/dL (range, 0.05–8.91) in the elevated CRP group (P < 0.001).
Hospitalization during follow-up
At the final follow-up date (July 31, 2016), 64 patients had been lost to follow-up (26 patients in the normal CRP group [17.3%] and 38 patients in the elevated CRP group [20.1%], P = 0.420), and 275 patients were followed to the final date. During the follow-up period (median, 7.9 years [IQR, 6.8–8.0]), more patients with elevated CRP levels were hospitalized than patients with normal CRP (normal CRP group, 48 patients [32.0%] versus elevated CRP group, 84 patients [44.4%], P = 0.025; Table 2). Additionally, in the Kaplan-Meier analysis with the log-rank test, elevated CRP group showed a significantly shorter time to hospitalization than normal CRP group (P = 0.007; Fig 2a).
CD, Crohn’s disease; CRP, C-reactive protein.
The most common reason for hospitalization was Montreal B3 complications in the entire study subjects (35.6%), and in each group (39.6% in normal CRP group and 33.3% in elevated CRP group, Table 2). We found no significant differences between the groups in the reasons for hospitalization (P = 0.750).
In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, patients with elevated CRP levels were 1.787 times more likely to be hospitalized (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.787; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.245–2.565, P = 0.002). In addition, patients with Montreal B3 behavior at baseline were 2.175 times more likely to be hospitalized (aHR = 2.175, 95% CI: 1.489–3.177, P < 0.001), and patients with Montreal perianal modifier were 1.446 times more likely to be hospitalized (aHR = 1.446, 95% CI: 1.016–2.058, P = 0.040; Table 3).
Intestinal resection during follow-up
In the Kaplan–Meier analysis with the log rank test, elevated CRP group showed a significantly shorter time to subsequent intestinal resection than normal CRP group during follow-up (P = 0.046; Fig 2b). In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, patients with elevated CRP levels had 1.726 times the risk of CD-related intestinal resection (aHR = 1.726, 95% CI: 1.003–2.969, P = 0.049; Table 4). In addition, patients with Montreal B2 or B3 behavior at baseline also had a higher risk of CD-related intestinal resection (B2: aHR = 2.722, 95% CI: 1.223–6.058, P = 0.014: B3: aHR = 4.149, 95% CI: 2.177–7.907, P < 0.001). Furthermore, compared with patients who had used 5-aminosalicylic acids only, patients who had used immunomodulators (without ever using anti-TNF-α agents) experienced more frequent CD-related intestinal resection during follow-up (aHR = 2.147, 95% CI: 1.076–4.284, P = 0.030).
New perianal surgery and new intestinal complications
Among patients who did not experience prior perianal surgery at starting follow-up (n = 176), more patients required new perianal surgery in elevated CRP group than in normal CRP group (8 patients [7.8%] versus 2 patients [2.7%]). However, the Kaplan-Meier analysis with the log rank test showed no statistically significant difference (P = 0.143; Fig 3a) between two groups. Similarly, no significant difference was found between two groups regarding the development of new CD-related intestinal complications (Fig 3b).
CD, Crohn’s disease; CRP, C-reactive protein.
Step-up of medical therapy
After excluding 23 patients who had already been receiving anti-TNF-α therapy at beginning of follow-up, a total of 316 patients were analyzed for step-up in medical therapy. With regard to step-up of therapy, the Kaplan-Meier analysis with the log rank rest found no significant difference between two groups (P = 0.749; Fig 3c).
Diagnostic test characteristics of elevated CRP in predicting outcome variables
The diagnostic test characteristics of elevated CRP for co-primary outcome variables (CD-related hospitalization and new CD-related intestinal resection) and secondary outcome variables (new perianal surgery, new CD-related intestinal complications, and step-up of medication) are shown in Table 5. Elevated CRP showed high negative predictive values for CD-related intestinal resection (92.2%). Also, elevated CRP showed substantial negative predictive values for CD-related hospitalization (79.4%) and new perianal surgery (74.8%), as well.
Discussion
In this retrospective observational study, patients with CD in clinical remission showed a higher risk of subsequent CD-related hospitalization and CD-related intestinal resection if they had elevated CRP levels during period of clinical remission. To the best of our knowledge, there have been three studies which described the association between CRP level and prognosis in quiescent CD patients. André et al. found that raised CRP could predict relapse in asymptomatic patients with CD [17]. In addition, Boirivant et al. reported that elevated serum CRP was related to high relapse rate during follow-up [18]. In 2015, Click et al. reported that elevated CRP levels were associated with a higher risk of hospitalization in asymptomatic patients with CD [10]. Our findings are similar; however, our study is more robust. First, we assessed CD patients using CDAI score, which has been the gold standard for multiple clinical trials and studies [19]. Second, we used CDAI and CRP data measured two or more times over 6 months to ensure consistency in clinical status and laboratory values. Single Harvey–Bradshaw Index and CRP measurements might have caused misclassification bias in the earlier study [10]. Third, our study included a larger number of patients with elevated CRP levels (n = 189) compared with that in the previous study (n = 69), and we followed patients for a longer time (median, 7.9 years versus 2 years) [10].
We demonstrated that in CD patients in clinical remission, the risk of subsequent CD-related hospitalization was higher in patients with elevated CRP levels than in patients with normal CRP levels. The independent association between CRP level and subsequent CD-related hospitalization was also confirmed with the multivariate analysis. This result is consistent with the observation from the previous study, although hospitalization itself cannot be compared between studies due to differences in medical environment between the studies [10]. In our study, Montreal B3 behavior and perianal disease at baseline were also significantly associated with subsequent CD-related hospitalization, which is consistent with an observation in a prospective population-based study in an Australian cohort [20]. The association between perianal disease and further hospitalization risk was also observed in the study by Click et al. [10].
The new finding in this study is the association between elevated CRP and subsequent CD-related intestinal resection, which was a co-primary endpoint. Even during clinical remission, patients with elevated CRP levels had a higher risk of intestinal resection on follow-up, and this association was confirmed in the multivariate analysis as well. As observed in our study, B2 and B3 behaviors are well known as risk factors for intestinal resection [21–23].
The association between the use of immunomodulators and subsequent intestinal resection might suggest that patients with severe disease activity requiring immunomodulators have a higher risk of subsequent intestinal resection as well. However, the association between immunomodulator therapy and intestinal resection should be interpreted cautiously considering that data on duration and dosage of immunomodulator therapy was limited by our retrospective study design.
In this study, we found that CRP had a high negative predictive value for CD-related intestinal resection, CD-related hospitalization, and new perianal surgery. Therefore, if CRP level is maintained within normal range during clinical remission in patients with CD, favorable prognosis could be predicted and the frequency of unnecessary evaluation such as computed tomographic scan or endoscopy could be reduced.
CRP is a serum biomarker produced in the liver in response to several cytokines when inflammation is present in various tissues [24]. In CD, CRP levels reportedly reflect the inflammatory burden and can be used to predict short- and mid-term clinical flare-up [25]. Moreover, CRP levels show a correlation with endoscopic and histologic findings, which are reliable measures of CD activity [26]. Our findings suggest that similar to endoscopic or radiologic tools, elevated CRP may be a useful marker necessitating more detailed evaluations of intestinal inflammation even for CD patients in clinical remission.
Recent trends in CD management emphasize the progressive nature of the disease, which leads to cumulative structural damage regardless of symptoms [4]. Therefore, early diagnosis, early aggressive therapy, and close monitoring of disease activity are emphasized with the understanding that symptom-based treatment strategies are insufficient to modify the outcomes of disease progression such as intestinal resection [27, 28]. In line with this trend, mucosal healing is currently being emphasized as a treatment target because patients who achieve mucosal healing have a better prognosis than who do not [29, 30].
Recently, therapeutic targets of CD were proposed to achieve clinical/patient-reported outcome remission plus endoscopic/radiologic remission in the Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (STRIDE) initiative [30]. In this initiative, biomarker remission (normal CRP and fecal calprotectin levels) was considered an adjunctive target, and it was strongly agreed that the failure of CRP or fecal calprotectin normalization should prompt further endoscopic or radiologic evaluation irrespective of symptoms [30]. CRP-guided endoscopic/radiologic evaluation and proper step-up therapy based on endoscopic/radiologic findings could control inflammation better and could result in mucosal healing and better prognoses [31, 32].
Our study has several limitations. First, although we prospectively enrolled CD patients in our IBD registry and actively managed our registry data according to the clinical status of the patients, the data for this study were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Second, we have not included information about other biomarkers such as fecal calprotectin, which was unavailable between 2008 and 2010 in our center. Compared with CRP, fecal calprotectin reportedly shows a stronger correlation with endoscopic findings [33], and evaluation of calprotectin together with CRP would have increased the quality of our study. Third, similar to the previous study, we did not mandate regimented clinical visits and monitoring at pre-specified time points as in prospective clinical trials [10]. However, on the contrary, our data reflect the natural disease course and true-to-life routine clinical care of CD patients, which makes our data collection more realistic than that in clinical trials, which usually exclude IBD patients in clinical remission. Finally, our study is based on data collected at a tertiary care center and may therefore have referral bias. However, in Korea, nearly all suspected CD patients are referred to tertiary hospitals for confirmatory diagnoses, and after the diagnosis of CD is confirmed, most patients are not referred back to private clinics and are instead retained at tertiary hospitals, which alleviates concern about referral bias.
Conclusions
We found that among CD patients in clinical remission, those with elevated CRP had a higher risk of subsequent CD-related hospitalization and CD-related intestinal resection. Our findings suggest that even if patients with CD are in clinical remission, the presence of elevated CRP levels mandates additional evaluations of intestinal inflammation, which can lead to earlier and more aggressive therapeutic interventions and better clinical outcomes.
Author Contributions
- Conceptualization: BDY.
- Data curation: KO EHO SWH SHP KJK SKY BDY.
- Formal analysis: KO EHO SB BDY.
- Investigation: KO EHO EMS GUK MS SWH SHP DHY KJK JSB SJM SKY BDY.
- Methodology: KO SB BDY.
- Project administration: BDY.
- Resources: SWH SHP DHY KJK JSB SJM SKY BDY.
- Supervision: JSB SJM BDY.
- Validation: BDY.
- Visualization: KO BDY.
- Writing – original draft: KO.
- Writing – review & editing: JSB SJM BDY.
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