http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9068-3487
Figures
Abstract
Understanding forest carbon budget and dynamics for sustainable resource management and ecosystem functions requires quantification of above- and below-ground biomass at individual tree species and stand levels. In this study, a total of 122 trees (9–12 per species) were destructively sampled to determine above- and below-ground biomass of 12 tree species (Acer mandshuricum, Acer mono, Betula platyphylla, Carpinus cordata, Fraxinus mandshurica, Juglans mandshurica, Maackia amurensis, P. koraiensis, Populus ussuriensis, Quercus mongolica, Tilia amurensis and Ulmus japonica) in coniferous and broadleaved mixed forests of Northeastern China, an area of the largest natural forest in the country. Biomass allocation was examined and biomass models were developed using diameter as independent variable for individual tree species and all species combined. The results showed that the largest biomass allocation of all species combined was on stems (57.1%), followed by coarse root (21.3%), branch (18.7%), and foliage (2.9%). The log-transformed model was statistically significant for all biomass components, although predicting power was higher for species-specific models than for all species combined, general biomass models, and higher for stems, roots, above-ground biomass, and total tree biomass than for branch and foliage biomass. These findings supplement the previous studies on this forest type by additional sample trees, species and locations, and support biomass research on forest carbon budget and dynamics by management activities such as thinning and harvesting in the northeastern part of China.
Citation: He H, Zhang C, Zhao X, Fousseni F, Wang J, Dai H, et al. (2018) Allometric biomass equations for 12 tree species in coniferous and broadleaved mixed forests, Northeastern China. PLoS ONE 13(1): e0186226. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186226
Editor: Dusan Gomory, Technical University in Zvolen, SLOVAKIA
Received: December 26, 2016; Accepted: September 27, 2017; Published: January 19, 2018
Copyright: © 2018 He et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This research is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (41330530) and the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program: 2011CB403203).
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Forests can accumulate a large amount of biomass and play an important role in regulating greenhouse gas emissions and maintaining atmospheric CO2 balance on earth[1]. About one third of the earth surface is covered by forests, of which China is one of the countries with abundant forest resource in world[2]. The contribution of forests to national carbon stock has been increasing in the last few decades, due to continued efforts of afforestation. According to the eighth national forest resource inventory (2008~2013), total area of forest has reached to 2.08×109 ha, total growing stock to 1.51×1011 m3, and total forest cover to 21.4% [3]. The northeastern part of China has the largest reservoir of natural forests, representing 27.8% of the total area of forests and 27.5% of the total growing stock in the country [3]. The importance of quantifying biomass and carbon storage addresses the need to study relationships between growth and biomass components[4]. However, there are few studies which have adequately explored the relationships, especially in temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in northeastern China[5–7].
Among the various methods available, allometric equations are the most common and reliable method for determining tree biomass[4] and carbon storage and flux[5,6] and a large number of allometric biomass equations have been developed for different forest tree species in many parts of the world[5,7–11]. Among the tree growth variables, diameter and height are most commonly used[11–14], due to their availability and easy to measure in forest inventories. Comparatively, diameter at breast height (DBH) can be more accurately measured and therefore, is relatively more reliable when using a single independent variable to develop biomass equation[5,7,8,11], although other growth variables such as tree height(H)[12,13,15,16], basal diameter (BD)[14,17], or even wood specific gravity (WSG)[5,18,19] are also used.
Relative to above-ground biomass (AGB) of tree stems, branches, and foliage, below-ground biomass (BGB) is harder to measure. While few studies have focused on determination BGB by developing equations based on easy to measure tree variables [9,20–23], it is still necessary for developing reliable BGB equations[24]. As a such, the root to shoot ratio (R:S) is commonly used to estimate BGB from AGB[2] in both in forest [1] and grassland [25] biomass studies.
In this study, we focused on 12 major tree species in the coniferous and broadleaved mixed forests, Northeastern China, Pinus koraiensis, Quercus mongolica, Tilia amurensis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Juglans mandshurica, Acer mandshuricum, Acer mono, Ulmus japonica and Betula platyphylla that dominate the upper layer and Rhamnus davurica, Corylus mandshurica, Acer barbinerve, Carpinus cordata and Syringa reticulata var. Mandshurica that dominate the lower canopy (see Table 1). Our objectives were: (1) to examine stand structures and species composition, (2) to develop allometric equations of individual species or general biomass equations for various biomass components (stems, branches, foliage and roots) using DBH, and (3) to investigate biomass allocation and above- and below-ground biomass relationships. Because the differences in environmental conditions caused by different study areas affect tree growth and biomass[22,26], we hope that this study will supplement these studies by Wang[22] and Cai et al[19].
Methods
Ethics statement
All field studies were conducted in Jiaohe Forestry Experimental Bureau, who approved the permission for this research to conduct. We confirm that the field studies didn’t involve sampling of any endangered or protected species.
Study site
The study was carried out in the Jiaohe Forestry Experimental Bureau(43°58′N, 127°43′E, elevation of 450 m a.s.l.), Jilin Province, Northeastern China. The climate is temperate continental, with a mean annual temperature of 3.8°C and a mean annual precipitation of 695.9 mm. The hottest month is July with a mean temperature of 21.7°C and the coldest month is January with the mean temperature of -18.6°C. The soil is a dark brown forest soil, and 20-100cm in depth [27].
In 2011, four 100m × 100 m plots were established in the relatively homogeneous natural coniferous and broadleaf mixed stands. All trees with DBH ≥ 1 cm were measured for species name, DBH, tree height (H), and crown width (CW), tagged, and mapped for location. The characteristics of trees within the stands are shown in Table 1 and stand diameter distribution in Fig 1.
Data collection
Destructive sampling in the field was conducted in July and August of 2012 when foliage biomass is the maximum[22]. A total of 122 healthy, defect-free trees were harvested, with 9–12 trees for each species (Table 2). After sample trees were felled at the ground surface, tree height (H), height to first live branch (H1), diameter at breast height (DBH), and diameter at the tree base (D0) were recorded. The crown length (CL) was defined as the difference between total tree height and height to the base of first live branch. Each tree crown was divided into three equal parts (upper layer, middle layer and lower layer). Within each layer, foliage was separated from branches, and both were weighed for total fresh weight. Stems were cut at 1.0 m, 1.3 m, 3.0 m and then at every 2 m above. The fresh weight of each stem section was recorded. A 5 cm thick disc was taken at the bottom of each stem section for moisture content determination in the laboratory. The moisture content of branches and foliage was determined from 500-1000g of fresh samples randomly selected within each layer. All branches and foliage of each layer were used for moisture content determination if their total weights were less than 1 kg.
Each sample tree was excavated for determination of root biomass. Because of high uncertainty and small proportion of fine roots in total root biomass, only coarse roots (diameter ≥ 5 mm) were counted[22]. The excavated roots were cleared of soil and foreign roots (roots from other plants), separated into stump and coarse roots, and weighed for fresh mass. About 500–1000 g fresh coarse roots and stump were chosen for each tree to determine moisture content (again, all coarse roots and stump were used if sample tree DBH was less than 10cm).
The stems, branches and root system of each sample tree were weighed with electronic platform balance (DCS-HT-A1, accuracy = 0.2kg), while the fresh weights of biomass samples for moisture content were determined with YP 30000 balance (accuracy = 1g). The biomass samples were dried at 85°C in the laboratory until a constant weight was reached. The dry weight of each biomass component was calculated with the dry/fresh weight ratio of biomass samples. Stem biomass was the total biomass of all stem sections, which, along with the sum of branches and foliage biomass in three crown layers, made above-ground biomass (AGB), while below-ground biomass (BGB) included biomass of stump and coarse roots. The biomass components of sample trees were summarized in S1 Table.
Statistical analysis
We took the general biomass equation that has been widely used by others[8,28,29] to link diameter (X) with biomass components (Y) of each individual trees:
(1)
Because of the violation of heteroscedasticity assumption in nonlinear regression with original scales of measurements [30], the Eq (1) was log transformed:
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
The transformation, however, introduced a systematic bias, which can generally be corrected with the following correction factor (CF) [31]:
(6)
where CF is the correction factor, and SEE is the standard error of the estimate calculated as follows:
(7)
The Eqs (2) and (3) were back-transformed to get biomass equation[32]:
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
The above-ground biomass was calculated by adding the foliage, branches and stems biomass. And the total biomass was calculated by adding the foliage, branches, stems and roots biomass.
The goodness of fit of models was evaluated by the coefficients of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) calculated as follows:
(14)
Where Yi and are observed and predicted biomass values of the ith sample tree, n is the number of sample trees, and a, a1, a2, a3 and a4 is the scaling coefficient (or allometric constant) and b, b1,b2,b3 and b4 is the scaling exponent. The modeling was performed with R package lm() function and statistical comparisons were with R base package under R version 3.2.3.
The one Way-ANOVA was used to test the difference of above- and below-ground ratio among 12 species. The test was completed by SPSS 19.0 (SPSS, Inc, Chicago, IL) and the statistically different at p<0.05 level was significance.
Results
Stand characteristics
Stand density and basal area by species are presented in Table 1. A. mono was the most abundant species in density, accounting for 17.74% of the stand total trees, which is followed by U. Japonica (12.95%), T. amurensis (10.31%) and P. koraiensis (8.09%). The most abundant species by basal area is F. mandshurica, accounting for 18.28% of the stand total.
The DBH distribution of the studied stands followed a typical reversed J-shape curve (Fig 1) with the smallest diameter class (from 1.0 to 4.9 cm) accounting for 46.1% of the stand total and with the largest DBH class (≥ 50 cm) only for 0.1% of the stand total. The largest DBH (97.3 cm) and height (24.8 m) were in Q. mongolica and F. mandshurica, respectively. The largest average DBH and height were in P. ussuriensis (30.86cm and 17.17m, respectively) and the smallest were in A. Mandshuricum (6.62 cm and 5.67 m, respectively).
Biomass allocation
Although total biomass and proportions of different biomass components varied among tree species, stems took the largest proportion of total tree biomass (57.1% on average), followed by roots (21.3%), branches (18.7%), and foliage (2.9%) (Table 3; Fig 2). Among the 12 species, P. koraiensis and C. cordata had the highest biomass allocation in foliage and A. mandshuricum and F. mandshurica had the lowest (p<0.05). The biomass allocation to branches was similar among the 12 species except for C. cordata and B. platyphylla (C. cordata was significantly higher than B. platyphylla). The largest stem allocation was in P. ussuriensis (65.0%) was the largest (65.0%) and the smallest in A. mandshuricum (50.2%). The biomass allocation to roots ranged from 15.6% to 25.8%, and was higher in A. mandshuricum, A. mono, B. platyphylla and T. amurensis than in C. cordata, M. amurensis and P. ussuriensis.
Allometric biomass equations
The coefficients of log-transformed allometric biomass equations on DBH was significant for all species and biomass components (p<0.001, Fig 3, Table 4 and Table 5). In general, the allometric models were more accurate for individual species than for all species combined, and more robust for stem biomass, root biomass, above-ground biomass, and total biomass than for branch and foliage biomass. For example, the species-specific models explained more than 95% of the total variations, except for roots (R2 = 0.883) and stems (R2 = 0.942) in C. cordata. The biomass models for all species combined explained 97.8% of the total variation in total biomass, 97.2% in stem biomass, 94.6% in root biomass, 89.7% in branch biomass, and 83.7% in foliage biomass.
AMA: Acer mandshuricum; AMO: Acer mono; BP: Betula platyphylla; CC: Carpinus cordata; FM: Fraxinus mandshurica; JM: Juglans mandshurica; MA: Maackia amurensis; PK: Pinus koraiensis; PU: Populus ussuriensis; QM: Quercus mongolica; TA: Tilia amurensis; UJ: Ulmus japonica.
Where, when i = 1, the Y = YF = foliage biomass; when i = 2, the Y = YB = branch biomass; when i = 3, the Y = YS = stem biomass; when i = 4, the Y = YR = root biomass.
Above-and below-ground biomass relationships
The below ground biomass (BGB) to above ground biomass (AGB) ratios ranged from 0.14 to 0.46 (average = 0.30) and significantly differed among the 12 species (p < 0.05. The lowest ratio was in C. cordata and the highest in B. platyphylla (Table 6). There was a significant linear relationship between AGB and BGB for individual species and all species combined (Fig 4 and Table 6). The coefficients of determination exceeded 0.9 for all species, except for C. cordata (R2 = 0.769).
AMA: Acer mandshuricum; AMO: Acer mono; BP: Betula platyphylla; CC: Carpinus cordata; FM: Fraxinus mandshurica; JM: Juglans mandshurica; MA: Maackia amurensis; PK: Pinus koraiensis; PU: Populus ussuriensis; QM: Quercus mongolica; TA: Tilia amurensis; UJ: Ulmus japonica.
Discussion
The tree species we studied are commonly found in temperate coniferous and broadleaved mixed forests[33]. The reversed J-shape diameter distribution indicates a relative early stage of stand development, which helps explain lack of some shade tolerant conifers such as Picea jezoensis[22], Picea koraiensis, and Abies nephrolepis[19,34] that occur more at late successional stage of mature and over-mature stands.
Our findings on the biomass allocation among different parts of trees are consistent to the observations in temperate forests[34,35] and elsewhere with highest biomass allocation on stems and the lowest on foliage, while the ranking of biomass allocation on roots and branches varies among studies[23,36]. P. ussuriensis had the highest 65.0% allocation to stem biomass, likely due to their greater height and height to first live branch and therefore relatively smaller crown length and biomass allocation to branches and foliage biomass. Similarly, A. mandshuricum was relatively smaller in total height and the height to first live branch, resulting in proportionally small stem biomass (50.2%) and larger in branch and foliage biomass.
P. koraiensis was the only one coniferous tree species and had the highest foliage biomass allocation ratio among 12 species, and other studies also showed that the ratio of foliage biomass of coniferous species was generally higher than that of broadleaf species.[19,37–39]. This is likely due to evergreen nature of conifers that carry multi-year growth of foliage. Grote[38] studied foliage and branch biomass of six spruce and six beech species in Bavaria and shown that foliage biomass per unit area in spruce was almost three times greater than that in beech. In our study, P. koraiensis, F. mandshurica, A. mono and T. amurensis were similar in averages DBH (≈24 cm) and the average foliage biomass in P. koraiensis was about twice that in F. mandshurica and three times that in A. mono and T. amurensis.
As suggested by other studies[7,16,34,40–42], diameter is a reliable indicator for various biomass components of trees. Our findings are also along with those of others that stem, above-ground, roots and total biomass have less variations than branches and foliage and can be more accurately estimated with allometric equations in some tree species[35,36,43,44] such as A. mandshuricum, C. cordata and J. mandshurica in this study. This may have to do with the variation of local conditions, such as tree position in the canopy and light availability. The inclusion of tree height in diameter models may enhance model precision[13,19,22]; however, height may be more useful for stand biomass than for individual tree biomass according to the study by Wang et.al [45] in northeastern China.
As expected, all species combined, general biomass models have lower predicting power than species-specific models, consistent with the findings by others[5,46]. However, general biomass models can be an option when species-specific models are not available, particularly in estimation of large scale forest biomass. This approach can also be taken in estimation of below-ground biomass using BGB:AGB ratio [47], although the ratio differs with environmental (e.g., precipitation, soil moisture, soil texture and fertility)[48] and stand (such as stand age, height, forest type or forest origin) conditions[1,47,49], or even among different studies[2,22]. Again, species-specific ratio would be more accurate than all species combined, average BGB:AGB ratio (0.30 in this study), which was quite different from the estimates by Zhu et al.[33] (0.22) and Wang et al.[2] (0.39) in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest under similar climatic conditions of northeastern China. Other than the effects of environmental and stand conditions mentioned above, this difference may be largely due to the proportions of different tree species included, according to the species range of BGB:AGB ratio in this study (0.14 to 0.46).
Conclusion
We examined biomass allocation including above- and below-ground biomass ratio and developed allometric equations for different biomass components of 12 individual tree species and all the species combined, in temperate coniferous and broadleaved mixed forests, northeastern China. Average biomass allocation was 57.1% on stems, 21.3% on roots, 18.7% on branches, and 2.9% on foliage, which varied among the species examined. Species-specific biomass allocation and allometric equations should be used for more accurate estimation; however, all species combined, general biomass allocation and allometric equations could provide good approximations when species-specific information is not available. Although models can be further refined by inclusion of more destructive samples and biomass allocation to roots can be slightly greater if fine roots are included, our results supplements the previous studies on this forest type by additional sample trees, species and locations, and would support biomass research on forest carbon budget and dynamics by management activities such as thinning and harvesting in the northeastern part of China.
Supporting information
S1 Table. Biomass data of 122 sample trees belonging to 12 species about foliage, branch, stem, coarse roots, AGB, BGB and TB.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186226.s001
(DOC)
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. Ruiqiang Ni at the Department of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University for helpful and constructive comments. We gratefully acknowledge Guichun Wang, Guowen Sun, Haitao Gao, and Fengjie Wang in Jiaohe Forestry Experimental Bureau, and Fucai Xia, Changhua Li, and Shiwei Chen from Beihua University for their help on field plot establishment and sampling. The English editing was provided by Tom Hazenberg.
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