http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8589-727X
Figures
Abstract
The ACCESS-model offers integrated care including assertive community treatment to patients with psychotic disorders. ACCESS proved more effective compared to standard care (ACCESS-I study) and was successfully implemented into clinical routine (ACCESS-II study). In this article, we report the 4-year outcomes of the ACCESS-II study. Between May 2007 and December 2013, 115 patients received continuous ACCESS-care. We hypothesized that the low 2-year disengagement and hospitalization rates and significant improvements in psychopathology, functioning, and quality of life could be sustained over 4 years. Over 4 years, only 10 patients disengaged from ACCESS. Another 23 left for practical reasons and were successfully transferred to other services. Hospitalization rates remained low (13.0% in year 3; 9.1% in year 4). Involuntary admissions decreased from 35% in the 2 years prior to ACCESS to 8% over 4 years in ACCESS. Outpatient contacts remained stably high at 2.0–2.4 per week. We detected significant improvements in psychopathology (effect size d = 0.79), illness severity (d = 1.29), level of functioning (d = 0.77), quality of life (d = 0.47) and stably high client satisfaction (d = 0.02) over 4 years. Most positive effects were observed within the first 2 years with the exception of illness severity, which further improved from year 2 to 4. Within continuous intensive 4-year ACCESS-care, sustained improvements in psychopathology, functioning, quality of life, low service disengagement and re-hospitalization rates, as well as low rates of involuntary treatment, were observed in contrast to other studies, which reported a decline in these parameters once a specific treatment model was stopped. Yet, stronger evidence to prove these results is required.
Trial registration: Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT01888627
Citation: Schöttle D, Schimmelmann BG, Ruppelt F, Bussopulos A, Frieling M, Nika E, et al. (2018) Effectiveness of integrated care including therapeutic assertive community treatment in severe schizophrenia-spectrum and bipolar I disorders: Four-year follow-up of the ACCESS II study. PLoS ONE 13(2): e0192929. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192929
Editor: Scott Veldhuizen, Centre for Addictions and Mental Health, CANADA
Received: March 24, 2017; Accepted: January 26, 2018; Published: February 27, 2018
Copyright: © 2018 Schöttle et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: Confidential data cannot be made publicly available due to German data protection and ethic committee laws. Requests for data accession may be sent to the Ethics Committee of Hamburg: Ethikkommission der Ärztekammer Hamburg, Weidestr. 122 b, 22083 Hamburg (Tel: 0049-40 202299-0240, Fax: 0049-40 202299-410, E-Mail: ethik@aekhh.de).
Funding: The author have no funding to report.
Competing interests: Daniel Schöttle has been a consultant and/or advisor to or has received honoraria from Astra Zeneca, Otsuka Pharma GmbH, Lundbeck GmbH, and Janssen Cilag. Benno G. Schimmelmann has been a consultant and/or advisor to or has received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bristol-MeyersSquibb, Eli Lilly, and Janssen. Luise Antonia Nawara has received honoraria from Otsuka Pharma GmbH and Lundbeck GmbH. Thomas Bock and Michael Schödlbauer have received honoraria from Astra Zeneca. Martin Lambert has held lectures for AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly Deutschland GmbH, Janssen Cilag GmbH, Lundbeck GmbH, Otsuka Pharma GmbH, Roche Deutschland Holding GmbH, Sanovi Aventis; Grants: AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly Deutschland GmbH, Janssen Cilag GmbH, Lundbeck, Sanovi Aventis; Consultancy: AstraZeneca, Lilly Deutschland GmbH, Janssen Cilag GmbH, Roche Deutschland Holding GmbH, Trommsdorff GmbH & Co. KG. Anne Karow has received honoraria/grants and is on the speakers’ board of Astra Zeneca. Jürgen Gallinat has served as speaker for Janssen Cilag, Otsuka, and AstraZeneca. Friederike Ruppelt, Alexandra Bussopulos, Marietta Frieling, Evangelia Nika, Andrea Kerstan, Michael Schödlbauer, Anne Daubmann, Karl Wegscheider, Anja Rohenkohl, Gizem Sarikaya, Mary Sengutta, Daniel Luedecke, Linus Wittmann, Gunda Ohm, Dietmar Golks, Christina Meigel-Schleiff report no conflicts of interest. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Introduction
Psychotic disorders are among the most severe mental disorders [1, 2]. Patients often remain highly vulnerable to future episodes and experience persisting or even increasing difficulties in functioning even when not acutely ill [2, 3].
Various outpatient care models have been developed for patients with severe mental illness (SMI) to serve their complex treatment needs (e.g., assertive community treatment [ACT] [4–10] and have generally shown positive effects.
Most of these care models are diagnosis-nonspecific and do not offer continuous and unlimited treatment [9]. However, specific and unlimited care may be important for patients with psychotic disorders as they have high rates of service-disengagement and non-adherence and commonly show a chronic course of illness [10, 11].
In 2006, our group designed and evaluated a diagnosis-specific integrated care treatment model including ACT (the ACCESS-model) for patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSD) [4, 12]. Briefly, the most salient differences to other ACT-care models are the focus on psychotic disorders (and not on severely ill patients in general), the expertise of the ACT-team in treating psychotic disorders with their focus on psychotherapy and family involvement, and the embedment of the ACT-team in an integrated care program allowing nee-adapted treatment. Compared to a reference catchment area offering standard care, the ACCESS-I-study showed a markedly better 1-year efficacy of the ACCESS-model at costs comparable to standard care. In 2007, the ACCESS-model was implemented in routine care and concurrently extended to patients with bipolar disorder with psychotic features (BD), offering continuous and open-ended treatment. Under real-life conditions, the effectiveness of the program was continuously assessed (ACCESS-II-study) [6]. The 24-month follow-up revealed low service disengagement rates and hospital days as well as improvements in psychopathology, illness severity, functioning level, quality of life, and client satisfaction in both SSD and BD [6]. These improvements were similar to those found in ACCESS under research conditions (ACCESS-I-study [4]).
There is some evidence that specific care models are effective only as long as they are delivered. Although not directly comparable to our study cohort because of the focus on first-episode patients, the OPUS-trial revealed that their care model (including ACT) was superior to standard care with most benefits occurring in the early phase, and stabilized as long as the care was delivered (i.e., for 24 months) [13, 14]. However, after OPUS-care was stopped, the 60-month follow-up showed that patients deteriorated after cessation of OPUS-care to the extent that model and standard care produced similar 60-month outcomes [15].
We report the 4-year outcomes of the original 115 patients with severe SSD and BD treated in the ACCESS-model (ACCESS-II-study). We hypothesized that the low service disengagement rates and the 2-year improvements in psychopathology, functioning, and quality of life would be maintained. We also hypothesized that the frequency of outpatient contacts and medication adherence would remain stably high, and rates of inpatient care and involuntary admissions stably low, over the 4 years of treatment in ACCESS.
Materials and methods
Context, sample, inclusion and exclusion criteria
The Psychosis Center of the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf is responsible for the treatment of adult patients with severe SSD or BD in an urban catchment area of 300,000 inhabitants.
The ACCESS-model is described in detail elsewhere [4] [6] (see also S2 and S5 Files). The main characteristics of the integrated care concept, including details on ACT, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and assessments are outlined in Tables 1 and 2. From May 2007 to December 2013, 115 patients with SSD or BD and severe mental illness were treated with the ACCESS-model (Fig 1). All treated patients (N = 115) participated in the assessments, which were administered as part of the clinical routine. The investigation was carried out in accordance with the latest version of the Declaration of Helsinki and informed consent of the participants was obtained. All patients treated in the ACCESS model gave informed consent that their data could be used in the context of the ACCESS-II study whenever they were sufficiently stable and the capacity to consent was determined by a consultant psychiatrist. The local institutional review board (Ethikkommission der Ärztekammer Hamburg) approved the observational study (registration number: PV4059). The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT01888627).
Patients of the study were recruited from 1st of May 2007 to 31st of October 2009. 115 patients with SSD or BD and severe mental illness were included for the study. All treated patients (N = 115) participated in the assessments, which were administered as part of the clinical routine.
Statistical analysis
Descriptive baseline differences between diagnostic groups were assessed via independent-samples t- tests for continuous dependent variables. There were two Tweedie-distributed variables [29], i.e., with ties at 0 (duration of untreated psychosis and untreated illness), which were evaluated by Mann-Whitney U-tests. Categorical variables were assessed with Chi-square tests. To compare baseline with the 48-month follow-up for the binary outcomes (e.g., involuntary admissions), we used McNemar’s test. We evaluated the changes from baseline (admission) via mixed-model repeated measures, considering the follow-up times as repeated measures, the patients as the random effect, the group (if applicable) and time as fixed effects, and the baseline values of the dependent variable as covariates. Outcomes were changes from baseline for BPRS total-score, CGI-S score, GAF, Q-LES-Q-18, and CSQ-P. We examined the interaction between time and diagnostic group (if applicable). In every model, this interaction was not significant. Therefore, we eliminated the interaction-term from all models. We used the baseline values as covariates to minimize variance [30]. The main effects (F), significance levels (p), and effect sizes (d) are reported. Effect sizes (d) were calculated by dividing the differences of adjusted mean scores by the standard deviation of residuals [31]. The level of significance was set at p < .05, two-sided. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Version 20.0 (IBM Corp, 2011).
Results
Baseline characteristics
One hundred and fifteen patients with SSD or BD were treated with the ACCESS-model and participated in the ACCESS-II study. Baseline details are displayed in Table 3. Patients with SSD (n = 92) and BD (n = 23) were severely ill (high CGI-S and BPRS scores and low GAF scores). Quality of life and satisfaction with care before entry into the ACCESS-model were low; 43.5% of all patients had involuntary admissions to inpatient treatment in the past, and only 25.2% (n = 28) were adherent to their most recent medication regime. As expected, patients with SSD and BD had similar baseline characteristics except that those with SSD had a longer duration of untreated psychosis, fewer previous suicide attempts, and less insight into illness. Only 15 of 115 patients (13%) had received psychotherapeutic treatment in the 2 years before admission.
Service use
Service use data are displayed in Table 4. Within the 48-month treatment period, 72 patients (62.6%) were hospitalized, and 9 patients (7.8%) received day-treatment (including the index admission). Days of inpatient treatment significantly reduced from year 1 (22.4 days, SD = 27.9) to year 4 (4.7 days, SD = 10.6; including first admission). Rates of involuntary admission declined significantly (n = 9 in total, 7.8%) compared to the 2 years before ACCESS (n = 40, 34.8%; McNemar test, p < .001).
Patients received 2.0–2.4 outpatient treatment contacts per week. This rate was stable over the 4 years. The ACT team conducted most contacts. Eighty-four patients (73.0%) received psychotherapeutic treatment conducted by the ACT team or private psychotherapists. A significantly higher percentage of patients with bipolar disorder than patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders received psychotherapy (91.3% vs. 68.5%; McNemar test, p = .03).
Service-disengagement
Over the 48-month treatment period, 10 patients (8.7%) were service-disengaged after a median of 115.4 weeks (range 16.0–183.9; quartiles 44.0–162.8) (please see Table A and Table B in S1 File). Furthermore, 23 patients (20.0%) dropped out of the study due to practical reasons (e.g., moved out of catchment area) after a median duration of treatment of 104.4 weeks (range 5.9–181.7; quartiles 61.0–134.4).
Secondary outcomes in SSD and BD
At 48-months, 75.7% (n = 87) were fully adherent (McNemar-test, p < .001), compared to 25.2% (n = 29) at baseline, with no differences between SSD and BD.
All follow-up assessments during the 4 years indicated improved psychopathology, illness severity, global functioning, and quality of life (Table 5). Larger improvements in psychopathology (p = .003; d = .86) and quality of life (p = .033; d = .45), as denoted by medium to large effect sizes, were detected in BD, compared to SSD, between baseline and year 4. Significant improvements in test scores occurred during the first 18 months for the BPRS, during the first 6 months for the CGI and GAF, within the first 3 months for the Q-LES-Q-18-, and during the first 6 weeks for the CSQ-8-scores. Further significant improvements after year 2 were only found regarding illness severity (CGI-scores, p = .03). All other scores remained stable (thus did not deteriorate).
Thirty patients (27.3%) were employed/occupied after 48 months (vs. 18.3% at baseline; McNemar-test, p = .124). The proportions of individuals living independently remained stable (n = 93, 84.5% vs. 88.7% at baseline; McNemar-test, p = .424) with no significant differences between SSD and BD. Analyzing the last two years of treatment separately, no significant differences between employment/occupation (n = 32, 27.3% after 4 years vs. 29.1% at 2 years; McNemar-test, p = .804) and living independently (n = 90, 84.5% after 4 years, 78.3% after 2 years vs.; McNemar-test, p = .375) were detected.
The CSQ-8 scores indicated a significantly better than baseline satisfaction with care, with a mean rating of “good” at 12-, 24-, and 48-month follow-ups. Satisfaction with treatment improved similarly in both patients with BD and with SSD.
Discussion
The ACCESS-model was incorporated into clinical routine as a time-unlimited care model and delivered to a sample of severely ill patients, primarily with multiple-episode SSD and BD, and thus very complex treatment needs. The initial sample of 115 patients treated with ACCESS was assessed over 48 months.
The service disengagement rate over 48 months remained very low at 8.7% overall (3.7% within the first 24 months) and was therefore even lower than the ACCESS-I 1-year disengagement rate of 6.3%. Another 23 patients (20.0%) dropped out for practical reasons. Fourteen of these were transferred to more appropriate care (i.e., 10 to sheltered housing and 4 to other services). For the remaining 9 patients who dropped out for practical reasons (insurance, catchment area) appropriate care outside the ACCESS-model was assured. Even if all non-practical and practical dropouts are counted, the resulting rate of 28.7% over 4 years is very low, indicating excellent engagement rates in ACCESS-II (see Tables A and B in S1 File, supporting information). Shorter-term dropouts in SMI’s have been reported at 30% [32], but most of these patients lost contact with the mental health care system. The positive effect of ACT on sustained service engagement may be related to the lower and shared case load, higher contact frequency, no drop-out policy, 24-hour-per-day availability, and the possibility of visiting patients in the community, especially if at risk of disengagement. Other studies with first-episode patients reported disengagement rates of 21.4% in over 24 months [33] or 23.3% over 18 months [10]. In the latter sample, an important predictor of service disengagement was a medium level of illness severity with little improvement during treatment [34]. Therefore, the low disengagement rates in ACCESS, may be in part related to the high illness severity of our sample.
Patients in ACCESS received intensive outpatient treatment with a mean of 2.0–2.4 contacts per week. This rate remained stable over the 4 years. The majority received between 1 and 3 contacts per week, as indicated by the low standard deviation. This continuously high rate of outpatient contact in ACT was also reported by Gold et al. in a retrospective 4-year study [35]. We assume—without specific empirical evidence from our data—that this continuously high weekly contact rate was a key component of ACCESS in stabilizing patients’ psychopathology, functioning, and satisfaction with care and thereby the therapeutic alliance and service engagement. To further strengthen engagement, we regularly involved family members or significant others and applied a recovery-oriented psychotherapeutic approach.
This, together with the high outpatient contact frequency, may also have led to the very low hospitalization rate. It is important to note that 10 patients (8.7%) were transferred to sheltered homes, which otherwise may have increased the hospitalization rate. That is, without a sheltered home option the hospitalization rate might have been higher. OPUS also reported a significantly lower hospitalization rate (mean = 96 days) compared to conventional treatment (123 days) [15]. This difference was still present at the 5-year, but not at the 10-year, follow-up [15, 36]. However, the hospitalization rates in ACCESS were generally lower, which may be due, among other factors, to the fact that ACCESS offered continuous 4-year ACT/Integrated Care.
Another important result of ACCESS is the much lower rate of involuntary admissions (7.8% over 4 years) compared to the 2 years before ACCESS-care (34.8%). There is evidence that the availability of home treatment can reduce the number of involuntary admissions [37, 38]. This is most likely related to fast and flexible access to treatment, particularly in the event of crises, and to the preventive potential of intensive outpatient care.
Overall, patients’ psychopathology, illness severity, functioning, and quality of life improved with medium to large effect sizes. Comparable to the 24-month outcome of ACCESS-II and consistent with the literature, patients with BD had greater improvements in psychopathology and quality of life than patients with SSD.[39–41] Analyzing the last two years separately, only severity of illness continuously improved from year 2 to year 4, while all other outcome measures remained stable. Although comparability is limited by the sample composition and the care model itself, the OPUS-trials reported a deterioration of patients’ psychopathology after OPUS-care was stopped [15, 36], indicating that care should be offered continuously in an open-ended, need-adapted manner. In this study we observed that ongoing active treatment stabilized severely ill patients. Yet, causal effects cannot be proven due to the non-randomized and single group design of the study. That is, it may be more efficient to offer affordable, flexible, but highly specific long-term care as opposed to intensive, potentially expensive short-term care in first-episode and—as our results confirm—multiple-episode psychosis [42].
The present study has a number of strengths. The introduction of the ACCESS-model into clinical routine after comparing the model to standard care in research settings is an important step to transfer research into practice. Furthermore, the clinical settings led to the inclusion of patients who would probably have declined study participation in a (randomized)-controlled trial. The 4-year follow-up time allowed for the assessment of long-term effects of continuous treatment beyond initial improvements and whether these effects can be sustained.
The main inherent limitation is the absence of a control group in the ACCESS II study. Therefore, a direct causal effect of the treatment program on the experienced improvement can´t be drawn. Instead, other factors may also be responsible for improvements or stability of psychopathology in the patients over 4 years. Thus, the data must be interpreted as observational. After the prospective controlled study confirmed superiority of the ACCESS model above treatment as usual over 1 year, only an observational and non-controlled long-term study was considered ethical in our hospital. Another unavoidable limitation was the non-blinded assessment of patients. We used external raters to assure assessment quality and to reduce—but not to fully avoid—social desirability bias and thus too-positive ratings of psychopathology. One main outcome—service-disengagement—was not biased by social desirability or non-blinded assessments. However, the external assessments themselves may have further strengthened service-engagement. As the sample size of the BD group is rather small, analyses of differences between SSD and BD may be underpowered. In addition, the representativeness of the sample may be limited by the exclusion of homeless patients, who were, by definition of the catchment area, treated elsewhere. Newly established teams have better short-term outcomes due to, for example, team enthusiasm and initially smaller caseloads. Due to the long follow-up time, we can rule out these factors. Furthermore, we cannot rule out that important confounders were not assessed, including the specific effect of antipsychotic or mood stabilizer treatments on outcomes.
Conclusion
To our knowledge, this is the first long-term study confirming the effectiveness of continuous treatment with ACT embedded in an integrated care system in a clinical routine setting for patients with severe and mostly multiple-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders and bipolar I disorder with psychotic features. While other short-term interventions, including ACT with longer-term follow-ups, reported loss of treatment-related improvements in patients with first-episode psychosis after these model interventions were stopped, the open-end ACCESS-model produced stable outcomes with further improvements in illness severity with low disengagement and hospitalization rates. We assume that the following factors explain these beneficial results. The setting should allow for psychosis-specific ACT embedded in integrated care with direct links to inpatient care and a broad spectrum of treatment options for psychosis and comorbidities. It should be offered in an open-ended, need-adapted manner with a low-enough case-load to enable several outpatient contacts per week. The treatment team should be committed to psychotherapy and family involvement, and should be recovery-oriented.
In summary, the results of the study are consistent with good outcomes, but to draw causal conclusions, stronger evidence including a long-term RCT would be required.
Supporting information
S1 File.
Table A time to service-disengagement (non-practical reasons) and table B time to service-disengagement (practical reasons).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192929.s001
(DOCX)
Acknowledgments
The authors express their gratitude to all participating patients and private psychiatrists who were involved in the ACCESS program.
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