http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0467-3475
Figures
Abstract
Dasypyrum villosum has been used as a valuable gene resource for disease resistances, yield increase and quality improvement in wheat. A novel wheat-D. villosum alien introgression line CD-3 was generated through hybridization between the common wheat Chinese Spring (CS) and a CS- D. villosum 3V addition line having considerably high stripe rust resistance, which enable the characterization of a potential new stripe rust resistance gene (s) derived from D. villosum. The results of non-denaturing fluorescent in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) showed that CD-3 contained 42 chromosomes, including a 3V chromosome pair, and the absence of both of the 3D chromosomes. PCR-based Landmark Unique Gene (PLUG) molecular marker analysis supported results from the FISH analysis, revealing CD-3 was a wheat-D. villosum 3V (3D) disomic substitution line. Resistant test of stripe rust on 52 plants of F2 generation (CD-3/CS), CD-3, CS and D.villosum have been conducted at seedling stage. 7 plants of F2 generation possessing two 3V chromosomes exhibited high resistance to stripe rust as CD-3 and D.villosum, 10 plants carrying one 3V chromosome and 35 plants without 3V chromosome were susceptive to stripe rust as CS. The result implied the high stripe rust resistance of CD-3 should be controlled by recessive gene(s) originating from D.villosum. To rapidly detect chromosome 3V in the genetic background of wheat, we developed a novel Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) marker specific for 3V chromosome based on the sequence of a grain size-related gene DvGS5 in D. villosum, an orthologue of TaGS5 from wheat. The SCAR marker was designated DvGS5-1443, which could successfully amplify a unique 3V-specific fragment in CD-3 and D. villosum, suggesting that this SCAR marker could facilitate targeting the chromosome 3V in the genetic background of wheat for wheat improvement.
Citation: Zhang J, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Guo Y, Long H, Deng G, et al. (2018) Molecular markers and cytogenetics to characterize a wheat-Dasypyrum villosum 3V (3D) substitution line conferring resistance to stripe rust. PLoS ONE 13(8): e0202033. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202033
Editor: Aimin Zhang, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, CHINA
Received: February 21, 2018; Accepted: July 26, 2018; Published: August 29, 2018
Copyright: © 2018 Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: This work was supported by National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2016YFD0102101, http://www.most.gov.cn/), YG received the funding; National Key R&D Program of China (No2016YFD0102002, http://www.most.gov.cn/), HL received the funding; Foundation for Excellent Thesis of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (No. 2017LWJJ-001, http://www.chinawestagr.com/), JZ received the funding; Sichuan Wheat Breeding Community (No. 2016NYZ0030, http://www.scst.gov.cn/), YG received the funding; Project of Innovation Ability Improvement, Sichuan Province (No. 2016ZYPZ-004, http://www.sccz.gov.cn/new_web/new_index.jsp), YG received the funding; Applied Basic Research Programs of Science and Technology Department, Sichuan Province (Key Project) grant 2018JY0629 to YG. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Stripe (or yellow) rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Erikss. (Pst), is considered one of the most dangerous diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide, and also in China [1]. It was estimated to commonly reduce crop yield by 10–70%, and even up to 100% [2]. The development of disease-resistant wheat cultivars has been suggested to be the most effective, economical, and environmentally friendly strategy to control stripe rust [3,4]. To date, numerous Yr (yellow rust) genes have been identified, and they have been officially designated as Yr1- Yr78 [5]. However, concerning the coevolution of plants and pathogens, many of the extensively used Yr genes, such as Yr9 and Yr26, did not confer adequate resistance to newly emerging Pst strains [6]. Therefore, there is an urgent need for exploring and identifying novel and effective resistance genes against newly emerged Pst strains. The progenitors and relatives of crops are immensely valuable for modern agriculture, by providing a wide diversity of desirable genetic resources for plant breeding[7]. In particular, a substantial body of evidence supports that wild relatives of wheat constitute a valuable gene pool for disease resistance in wheat[8–10]. For example, chromosome arm 1RS of rye harboring powdery resistant genes (Pm8 and Pm17) and rust resistance genes (Sr31, Lr26 and Yr9) [11–12], and 6VS arm of Dasypyrum villosum carrying powdery mildew resistant gene (Pm21) [13] are prevalent in wheat commercial cultivars.
Haynaldia villosa (L.) Schur (syn. Dasypyrum villosum L. Candargy, 2n = 2x = 14, VV) is of interest as a genetic germplasm source, possessing many agronomically important traits for wheat improvement, such as tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and high nutritional and bread-making quality [14–15]. Since the development of the first set (#1) of Triticum-Dasypyrum alien lines [16], the chromosomes of different D. villosum accessions have been introduced into wheat (set #2 to set #4) [17]. The desirable genes present on V genome chromosomes have been identified and characterized in the genetic background of wheat. For example, the well-known powdery mildew resistant gene Pm21, located on 6VS, has been cloned [18–19] and further used in wheat breeding [20]. However, limited progress has been made in the exploration of stripe rust resistant gene (s) in D. villosum [21].
An effective strategy for utilizing plant genetic resources by employing conventional breeding, molecular genetics, and transformation is gaining ground nowadays [22]. In this study, using functional molecular markers and cytogenetic methods, we characterized a new wheat-D. villosum 3V (3D) substitution line CD-3 showing high resistance to stripe rust.
Materials and methods
Plant materials
D. villosum accession PI 257477 (genome VV, 2n = 2x = 14) was obtained from the National Genetic Resources Program, United States Department of Agriculture. Chinese Spring (CS)—D. villosum addition lines (# 3) Additions 1V, 2V, and 4V-7V were provided by the School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (the D. villosum accession used to develop this set (#3) of additional line was TA10220). Line CD-3 and the sixty plants of CD-3 used for stripe rust test were the F6 progeny derived from hybridization of CS and CS-D. villosum 3V addition line (# 3). F2 population used for genetic analysis of resistance to stripe rust was derived from crosses between CS and CD-3. Other accessions, including common wheat cultivars CS, Chuanmai49, Chuanmai50, Chuanmai60, and rye cultivar JZHM were maintained by our laboratory.
Non-denaturing fluorescent in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) procedures
Root tips from 60 individual seedlings of CD-3 were collected, treated with nitrous oxide for 2h and fixed with 90% acetic acid for 8–10 min. Then, the root tips were washed quickly with dd H2O, and stored in 70% ethanol at -20°C. After being washed with dd H2O, the root tips were digested with 1% pectolyase and 2% cellulase solution (Yakult Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) as the procedures described by Kato et al. [23]. The oligonucleotides Oligo-pSc119.2, Oligo-pTa-535, Oligo-(GAA)7, and Oligo-pHv62-1 used as probes, among which, Oligo-pSc119.2 combined with Oligo-pTa-535 could identify all 42 chromosomes of CS common wheat, as described by Tang et al. (2014), Oligo-(GAA)7 could distinguish all chromosomes of B sub-genome as described by [24], and Oligo-pHv62-1 could highlight the 3V chromosome of D. villosum as reported by Li et al. [25]. The probes mentioned above were synthesized by Invitrogen (Shanghai, China) as described by Tang et al. [26] and Li et al. [25]. ND-FISH analysis was performed as described by Fu et al.[27]. At least three metaphase plates per seedling were analyzed and FISH images were captured using Leica DM2500 microscope (Leica, Shanghai, China).
PCR-based Landmark Unique Gene (PLUG) marker analysis
Genomic DNA was isolated from young leaves using the CTAB method[28]. PLUG primers were designed as described by Ishikawa et al. [29]. PCR was conducted using a T100TM Thermal cycler (Bio-RAD Laboratories, Emeryville, CA, USA) in a 25 μL reaction mixture, containing 2.5 μL of 10× buffer (50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, and 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3), 200 nmol of each dNTP, 100 ng of genomic DNA, 0.2 U of Taq polymerase (TianGen, Beijing, China) and 400 nmol of each primer. The amplification protocol as follows: initial denaturation at 94°C for 3 min; followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 1 min, annealing at 55°C (dependent on different primer sets) for 1 min, extension at 72°C for 2 min, and final extension at 72°C for 10 min. The PCR products were separated on 2% (w/v) agarose gels, and visualized by EtBr staining.
Stripe rust resistance tests
The sixty plants of CD-3 identified by ND-FISH were grown in the field and used for stripe rust resistance tests. During the cropping seasons in 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017, field tests were conducted in Pixian city, Sichuan, China. The mixed Pst strains, mainly consisting of CYR32, CYR33, and CYR34, were used to infect adult plants of CD-3, CS, and D. villosum. The infection type (IT) were recorded 18–20 days after inoculation.
Genetic analysis of resistance to stripe rust was conducted on 52 plants of F2 (CD-3/CS). After identified by ND-FISH, seeds were grown in small pots(5×5×5cm), and one pot was for one seed. Seedlings at two-leaf stage were inoculated with mixed urediniospores and were kept in dew chamber at 9–12°C for 24 h without light. And then, the seedlings were transferred to rust-free greenhouse with daily cycle of 12 h of light and 12 h of dark at 11°C-17°C. The mixed Pst strains mentioned above were used to infect seedling plant. The infection types were recorded 15 days after inoculation.
Infection types were recorded on 1–9 scale as described by Line and Qayoum [30], where IT 0–3 were resistant, IT 4–6 were intermediate, and IT 6–9 were susceptible. The Pst strains used were provided by the Plant Protection Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China, and the Plant Protection Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China.
Development of 3V-specific molecular markers
To monitoring the 3V chromosomes from D.villosum, we chose TaGS5 genes mapped on 3AS and 3DS of wheat for the developing the 3V-specific marker. Five primer pairs for TaGS5 genes (TaGS5-P5, TaGS5-P6, TaGS5-P7, TaGS5-P8, and TaGS5-P9), were used in this study, as described by Wang et al. [31]. PCR was conducted using a T100TM Thermal cycler (Bio-RAD Laboratories). The reaction system and procedure were in accordance with the description of Wang et al. [31]. The amplified products were separated on 2% (w/v) agarose gels. D. villosum-specific bands were excised and purified using gel extraction kit (TianGen Biotech) following the manufacturer’s instructions. After introducing the purified product into the vector pMD19-T (TaKaRa Biotechnology, Dalian, China) following the manufacturer’s instructions, the modified vector was transformed into competent cells of Escherichia coli strain DH-5α. The obtained clones were screened by PCR using M13 universal primers, and three positive clones were randomly chosen for double end sequencing at Shanghai Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China. Sequences obtained were assembled by DNAman (Lynnon Biosoft, San Ramon, CA, USA).Based on sequence alignment between DaGS5 and TaGS5, putative SCAR primers were designed based on the low-homology region using Primer Premier 5.0 (PREMIER Biosoft, Palo Alto, CA, USA), followed by synthesis at Shanghai Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd. PCR was conducted by a T100TM Thermal cycler (Bio-RAD Laboratories), using a 25 μL reaction system, containing 2.5 μL of 10× buffer (50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3), 40–100 ng of genomic DNA, 200 nmol of each primer, and 1 U of Taq DNA polymerase (TianGen Biotech). The PCR protocol was as follows: initial denaturation at 94°C for 5 min, 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 1 min, annealing at 56°C for 0.5 min, extension at 72°C for 0.5 min, and final extension at 72°C for 10 min. The amplicons were separated on a 1% (w/v) agarose gel, and visualized by EtBr staining.
Results
Chromosomal characterization
Sequential ND-FISH was conducted on the mitotic spread chromosomes of CD-3 using probes of Oligo-pSc119.2, Oligo-pTa535, Oligo-pHv62-1 and Oligo-(GAA)7 (Fig 1A–1C). As shown in Fig 1D, we observed that all wheat and D. villosum chromosomes could be accurately distinguished using the probes mentioned above. The Oligo-pSc119.2 and Oligo-pTa535 probe combination could easily distinguish all 42 wheat chromosomes (Fig 1A). As shown in Fig 1B, Oligo-pHv62-1 highlighted a pair of 3V chromosomes of D. villosum with strong hybridization signals on the terminal regions of both chromosomal arms, and a faint signal in the centromeric region. Oligo-(GAA)7 was mainly located in centromeric or sub-terminal regions of the B genome of wheat (Fig 1C). The chromosome number of CD-3 was 42, containing 40 wheat chromosomes and a pair of 3V chromosomes. By comparing the standard wheat karyotype obtained by the combined use of Oligo-pSc119.2 and Oligo-pTa535 as probes [26], we deduced that wheat chromosome 3D was absent in the line CD-3.
(a) Chromosomes of CD-3 stained with DAPI (blue), Oligo-pTa535 (red) and Oligo-pSc119.2 (green), (b) chromosomes stained by DAPI (blue) and Oligo-pHv62-1(green), (c) chromosomes stained with propidium iodide, PI (red) and oligo-(GAA)7, (d) the FISH karyotype of CD-3, (e) The leaf response to stripe rust of D. villosum, CD-3 and CS.
PLUG marker analysis
D. villosum was firstly analyzed by employing 30 PLUG markers specific for wheat homoeologous group 3 chromosomes. Five pairs (three were located on the short arm, and two were located on the long arm) generated stable, clear bands in CS, D. villosum, CD-3, and some CS-D. villosum addition lines (Table 1). Among the five PLUG primers pairs, three primer pairs (TNAC1248, TNAC1294 and TNAC1267) generated D. villosum-specific bands in both D. villosum and CD-3, excluding one fragment from CS, while the remaining two primers (TNAC1301 and TNAC1277) amplified all fragments from D. villosum and CS (Fig 2). By comparing the CS band pattern with the standard bands obtained in nullisomic-tetrasomic lines of CS using the same primer pairs (TNAC1294 and TNAC 1267) described by Ishikawa et al. (2009), we observed that the fragment absented in CD-3 belonged to chromosome 3D. These results showed that CD-3 contained the D. villosum 3V chromosome, and had lost a pair of 3D chromosomes.
(a)-(e) PCR amplification generated by markers TNAC1248, TNAC1294, TNAC1301, TNAC1277 and TNAC1267, respectively; M, Trans2k plus DNA markers (Trangene, Beijing, China); 1, common wheat CS “Chinese Spring”; 2, D. villosum, 3–4, CS-D. villosum 1V -2V additional lines; 5, CD-3; 6–9, CS-D. villosum 4V -7V additional lines. The asterisks indicated the D. villosum-specific bands and the arrows showed the 3D-specific band which was absent in CD-3.
Evaluation of stripe rust resistance
After field resistance evaluations were conducted in four successive seasons, we found that all 60 individuals of CD-3 and the D. villosum plants were highly resistant to the epidemic Pst strains, including CYR32, CYR33 and CYR34, whereas the recipient parent CS was susceptible (Fig 3A–3C). The resistance tests on 52 plants of F2 were conducted at seedling stage. We observed that 7 plants possessing two 3V chromosomes were highly resistant to stripe rust, 10 plants carrying one 3V chromosome and 35 plants without 3V chromosome were susceptible to stripe rust (Fig 3D–3J). These results showed that stripe rust resistance of CD-3 probably originated from recessive gene(s) on the 3V chromosome of D. villosum.
(a-c) The response to stripe rust of D.villosum, CD-3 and CS at adult stage. (d) The response to stripe rust of CS, D.villosum, CD-3 and F2 (CD-3/CS) plants at seedling stage. 2–2 was the F2 plant without 3V chromosome, 3–5 was the F2 plant holding one 3V chromosome, and 19–2 was the F2 plant having two 3Vchromosomes. (e-j) The FISH pattern of 2-2(e, f), 3-5(g-h) and 19-2(i-j). Chromosomes were stained by DAPI(blue), Oligo-pHv62-1(white), Oligo-pTa535 (red) and Oligo-pSc119.2 (green). The arrows showed 3V chromosomes.
Isolation of GS5 gene from D. villosum and development of 3V-specific marker
The yield-related gene TaGS5, present in 3AS and 3DS of common wheat, was used in this study for developing a 3V-specific SCAR marker. PCR analysis was conducted for CS, D. villosum and CD-3 using five primer pairs for TaGS5 genes (TaGS5-P5, TaGS5-P6, TaGS5-P7, TaGS5-P8, and TaGS5-P9) as described by Wang et al. [31] (Table 2). Among them, TaGS5-P6 and TaGS5-P7 could amplify about 1500-bp and 1600-bp fragments (designated DvGS5-P61500 and DvGS5-P71600) from D. villosum, and CD-3 (Fig 4), respectively, which were slightly different from those obtained from CS. Therefore, the DvGS5-P61500 and DvGS5-P71600 were cloned and sequenced bidirectionally. The obtained DvGS5-P61500 and DvGS5-P71600 were 1380-bp and 1594-bp long, respectively, which could be further assembled into a1829-bp fragment, designated DvGS5-1.
The white arrows showed the D. villosum-specific bands.
The alignment of DvGS5-1 and the corresponding region of TaGS5 (designated TaGS5-1) revealed that a 155-bp insert at position 1048–1200, as well as a few short deletions and SNPs, were present in DvGS5-1 (Fig 5). Based on this 155-bp fragment insertion, one primer pair, DG-3VF (5’-AGTTCCGAATCAAAACATAGTC-3’) and DG-3VR (5’-AAATCACAATCCTTCTTTATGC-3’) was further designed, and used for analyzing D. villosum, CD-3, CS-D. villosum 1V-2V and 4V-7V addition lines, rye JZHM, and several common wheat cultivars, including CS, Chuanmai49, Chuanmai50, and Chuanmai60. A targeted 443-bp band, designated DvGS5-1443, could only be obtained from D. villosum and CD-3; however, no PCR product was observed in the other materials (Fig 6).
Arrows showed binding sites of SCAR primer pair DG-3VF and DG-3VR.
1, D. villosum; 2–3, CS -D. villosum 1V-2V additional lines; 4, CD-3; 5–8, CS-D. villosum 4V-7V additional lines; 9–13, common wheat cultivars CS, Chuanmai49, Chuanmai50, Chuanmai60, and rye cultivar JZHM. White arrows indicated the 3V chromosome-specific marker DvGS5-1443.
Discussion
Due to its resistance to several serious wheat diseases, including powdery mildew, rust, eyespot, take-all, and so on [17], D. villosum has been extensively used as a valuable genetic resource for wheat improvement. In the past few decades, D. villosum chromatin from several D. villosum accessions has been introduced into the genetic background of wheat, and several resistant genes have been identified and mapped on individual V-genome chromosomes [17]. For example, chromosome 1V possesses a resistance gene(s) against common bunt (Tilletia tritici) [32] and eyespot [33] as well as genes for enhancing wheat quality [15]. Chromosome 2V carries eyespot resistance gene(s) [33] and gene(s) for increasing wheat yield [34]. The 3V chromosome has resistance genes against take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis) and eyespot [33,35], the 4V chromosome carries the eyespot resistance gene Pch3 [36–37], wheat spindle streak mosaic virus (WSSMV) resistance gene Wss1 [38]. Chromosome 5V possesses the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm55[10] and the 6V chromosome has the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm21 [13], rust resistance genes Lr6V#4 [32]and SrHv6 [39], as well as the CCN resistance gene CreV [9].
To date, a total of 78 stripe rust resistance genes in wheat have been officially designated (Yr1-Yr78). Among them, Yr30 and Yr57 have been mapped on chromosome 3B [40–41], Yr45 and Yr71 has been placed on 3D [42–43], and Yr76 has been mapped on 3A[44]. The resistance genes mentioned above, located on the Triticeae homoeologous group 3 chromosomes, all originated from hexaploid landraces. No previous studies on stripe rust resistance gene(s) present on chromosome 3V originating from the relative of wheat, D. villosum, have been reported.
Meanwhile, previous studies proposed that resistance in different D. villosum accessions may vary. For example, He et al. [45] identified four Pst- susceptible D. villosum accessions from a panel of 110 accessions. Similarly, Yildirim et al. [37] used 115 D. villosum accessions for analyzing Pst resistance, and observed that 33 accessions were resistant to one or more stripe rust fungal strains, and eight accessions were resistant to all strains. These studies implied that different resistance genes exist in different D. villosum accessions. Thus, it is necessary to continuously screen for novel resistance gene (s) from different D. villosum accessions and wheat-D. villosum derived lines. In this study, by using ND-FISH and molecular markers, we identified a novel wheat-D. villosum 3V (3D) substitution line (CD-3) from the progeny of crosses between CS and the CS-D. villosum 3V addition line. Moreover, ND-FISH analysis showed a strong Oligo-pSc119.2 signal on the terminal region of 3VL of CD-3, yet not at sub-terminal site of 3VL, suggesting that the D. villosum chromatin introduced into CD-3 might have originated from a D. villosum accession different from that used in a previous study by Li et al. [25]. More importantly, the test of Pst resistance at adult stage and the genetic analysis of resistance to stripe rust on seedlings of F2 population (CD-3/CS) showed that chromosome 3V of CD-3 probably carried high degree of stripe rust resistance which should be controlled by recessive gene(s), and the resistance gene(s) could function in the genetic background of wheat. Therefore, CD-3 should be considered as a valuable resource for further exploration and utilization in wheat breeding.
PCR-based species-specific markers have proven effective tools to monitor alien chromatin harboring valuable genes in the genetic background of wheat [46]. To date, continuing efforts have been made to develop V genome-specific SCAR markers, as well as a few V chromosome-specific SCAR markers [47–50]. However, no studies on the development of 3V-specific SCAR markers have been reported. In this study, we identified a 155-bp insertion into DvGS5, an orthologue of TaGS5, locating on 3AS and 3DS of common wheat. This helped us in developing a marker to target 3V chromosome in the further transferring of 3V chromosome carrying stripe rust resistance to various wheat genetic background. Based on the polymorphism between DvGS5 and TaGS5 we developed a SCAR marker, designated DvGS5-1443, which could generate a 443-bp band specific to 3V chromosome. We demonstrated that it could indicate the presence or absence of the 3V chromosome in the background of wheat reliably, easily and efficiently. Therefore, it could be used as an efficient tool for monitoring the D. villosum 3V chromosome carrying stripe rust resistant gene (s) for use in wheat breeding programs.
Chromosomal number and structural changes have been monitored and described in numerous wheat-alien genetic stocks, especially the wheat-rye derived lines [51–55]. For wheat-Dasypyrum derived lines, Zhang et al. [56] described structural changes on the short arm of chromosome 6D in the CS-D. villosum nullisomic-tetrasomic (6A/6D) addition (6V) line using Oligo-pTa535 as a probe. Li et al. [25] observed structural changes on chromosomes 1B, 2B, and 7A of a wheat CS-D. breviaristatum partial amphiploid and chromosomes 1D and 3D of wheat- D. breviaristatum 7Vb addition line. In this study, we detected structural aberrations on chromosome 7B, 4D, and 6D of the wheat-D. villosum 3V (3D) substitution line CD-3 using Oligo-pSc119.2 and Oligo-pTa535 as probes, comparing with the ND-FISH karyotype of common wheat, CS [26]. These results indicated that chromosomal structural aberrations possibly arose by introduction of Dasypyrum chromatin into genetic background of wheat. The mechanism of chromosomal alteration induced by alien chromosomes requires further exploration.
Acknowledgments
We particularly thank Dr. Zujun Yang, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, for careful reviewing and helpful comments.
References
- 1. Wan AM, Zhao ZH, Chen XM, He ZH, Jin SL, Jia QZ, et al. Wheat stripe rust epidemic and virulence of Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici in China in 2002. Plant Dis. 2004; 88: 896–904.
- 2. Chen XM. Epidemiology and control of stripe rust [Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici] on wheat. Can J Plant Pathol. 2005; 27(3): 314–317.
- 3. Roebbelen G and Sharp EL. Mode of inheritance, interaction and application of genes conditioning resistance to yellow rust. Fortschritte der Pflanzenzuechtung. 1978; 9: 1–88
- 4. Line RF, Chen XM. Success in breeding for and managing durable resistance to wheat rust. Plant Dis. 1995; 79: 1254–1255
- 5. Dong ZZ, Hegarty JM, Zhang JL, Zhang WJ, Chao SM, et al. Validation and characterization of a OTL for adult plant resistance to stripe rust on wheat chromosome arm 6BS (Yr 78). Theor Appl Genet. 2017; 130: 2127–2137. pmid:28725946
- 6. Zheng SG, Li YF, Lu L, Liu ZH, Zhang CH, Ao DH, et al. Evaluating the contribution of Yr genes to stripe rust resistance breeding through marker-assisted detection in wheat. Euphytica. 2017; 213:50.
- 7. Arzani A and Ashraf M. Smart engineering of genetic resources for enhanced salinity tolerance in crop plants. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 2016; 35(3): 146–189
- 8. Danilova TV, Zhang G, Liu W, Freibe B, Gill BS. Homoeologous recombination-based transfer and molecular cytogenetic mapping of a wheat streak mosaic virus and Triticum mosaic virus resistance gene Wsm3 from Thinopyrum intermedium to wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 2017; 130: 549–556. pmid:27900400
- 9. Zhang RQ, Feng YG, Li HF, Yuan HX, Dai JL, Cao AZ, et al. Cereal cyst nematode resistance gene CreV, effective against Heterodera filipjevi, transferred from chromosome 6VL of Dasypyrum villosum, to bread wheat. Mol Breeding. 2016a; 36(9): 122.
- 10. Zhang RQ, Sun BX, Chen J, Cao AZ, Xing LP, Feng YG, et al. Pm55, a developmental-stage and tissue-specifc powdery mildew resistance gene introgressed from Dasypyrum villosum into common wheat. Theor Appl Genet. 2016b; 129: 1975–1984. pmid:27422445
- 11. Jiang JM, Friebe B, Gill BS. Recent advances in alien gene transfer in wheat. Euphytica. 1994; 73:199–212
- 12. Kim W, Johnson JW, Baenziger PS, Lukaszewski AJ, Gaines CS. Agronomic effect of wheat-rye translocation carrying rye chromatin (1R) from different sources. Crop Sci. 2004; 44:1254–1258
- 13. Chen PD, Qi LL, Zhou B, Zhang SZ, Liu DJ. Development and molecular cytogenetic analysis of wheat Haynaldia villosa 6VS/6AL translocation lines specifying resistance to powdery mildew. Theor Appl Genet. 1995; 91 (6–7): 1125–1128 pmid:24170007
- 14. Gradzielewska A. The genus Dasypyrum—Part 2. Dasypyrum villosum—a wild species used in wheat improvement. Euphytica. 2006; 152(3): 441–454.
- 15. Zhao WC, Qi LL, Gao X, Zhang GS, Dong J, Chen QJ, et al. Development and characterization of two new Triticum aestivum-Dasypyrum villosum robertsonian translocation lines T1DS.1V#3L and T1DL.1V#3S and their effect on grain quality. Euphytica. 2010; 175: 343–350.
- 16. Sears ER. Addition of the genome of Haynaldia villosa to Triticum aestivum. Am J Bot. 1953; 40:168–174
- 17.
De Pace C, Vaccino P, Cionini G, Pasquini M, Bizzarri M, Qualset CO. “Dasypyrum,” in: Wild crop relatives: genomic and breeding resources, cereals, ed. Kole C.: Heidelberg, FL: Springer Press, 2011; 185–292
- 18. He HG, Zhu SY, Zhao RH, Jiang ZN, Ji YY, Ji J, et al. Pm21, encoding a typical CC-NBS-LRR protein, confers broad-spectrum resistance to wheat powdery mildew disease. Molecular Plant. 2018, 11(6). pmid:29567454
- 19. Xing L, Hu P, Liu JQ, Witek K, Zhou S, Xu JF, et al. Pm21 from Haynaldia villosa encodes a CC-NBS-LRR protein conferring powdery mildew resistance in wheat. Molecular Plant. 2018, 11(6): 847–878
- 20. Chen PD, You CF, Hu Y, Chen SW, Zhou B, Cao AZ, et al. Radiation-induced translocations with reduced Haynaldia villosa chromatin at Pm21 locus for powdery mildew resistance in wheat. Mol Breeding. 2013; 31(2): 477–484
- 21. Li GR, Zhao JM, Li DH, Yang EN, Huang YF, Liu C, et al. A Novel Wheat-Dasypyrum breviaristatum Substitution Line with Stripe Rust Resistance. Cytogenet Genome Res. 2014; 143 (4): 280. pmid:25247402
- 22. Varshney RK, Bansal KC, Aggarwal PK, Datta SK, Craufurd PQ. Agricultural biotechnology for crop improvement in a variable climate: hope or hype? Trends in Plant Science. 2011; 16(7): 363–371 pmid:21497543
- 23. Kato A, Lamb JC, Birchler JA. Chromosome painting using repetitive DNA sequences as probes for somatic chromosome identification in maize. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004; 101: 13554–13559 pmid:15342909
- 24. Danilova TV, Friebe B, Gill BS. Single-copy gene fluorescence in situ hybridization and genome analysis: Acc-2 loci mark evolutionary chromosomal rearrangements in wheat. Chromosoma. 2012; 121(6): 597–611 pmid:23052335
- 25. Li G, Gao D, Zhang H, Li J, Wang H, La S, et al. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of Dasypyrum breviaristatum chromosomes in wheat background revealing the genomic divergence between Dasypyrum species. Mol Cytogenet. 2016; 9(1): 6. pmid:26813790
- 26. Tang ZX, Yang ZJ, Fu SL. Oligonucleotides replacing the roles of repetitive sequences pAs1, pSc119.2, pTa-535, pTa71, CCS1, and pAWRC.1 for FISH analysis. J Appl Genet. 2014; 55: 313–318. pmid:24782110
- 27. Fu SL, Chen L, Wang YY, Li M, Yang ZJ, Qiu L, et al. Oligonucleotide probes for ND-FISH analysis to identify rye and wheat chromosomes. Sci Rep. 2015; 5: 10552–10558. pmid:25994088
- 28. Murray MG and Thompson WF. Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1980; 8: 4321–4325 pmid:7433111
- 29. Ishikawa G, Nakamura T, Ashida T, Saito M, Nasuda S, Endo TR, et al. Localization of anchor loci representing five hundred annotated rice genes to wheat chromosomes using PLUG markers. Theor Appl Genet. 2009; 118: 499–514. pmid:19057889
- 30. Line RF and Qayoum A. Virulence, aggressiveness, evolution and distribution of races of Puccinia striiformis (the cause of stripe rust of wheat) in North America. Technical Bulletin. 1992; 1968–1987
- 31. Wang SS, Zhang XF, Cheng F, Cui DQ. A Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism of TaGS5 Gene Revealed its Association with Kernel Weight in Chinese Bread Wheat. Front Plant Sci. 2015; 6:1166. pmid:26779195
- 32. Bizzarri M, Pasquini M, Matere A, Sereni L, Vida G, Sepsi A, et al. Dasypyrum villosum 6V chromosome as source of adult plant resistance to Puccinia triticina in wheat. In: Proceedings of the 53rd Italian society of agricultural genetics annual congress, Torino, Italy, 2009;16–19
- 33. Uslu E, Miller TE, Rezanoor NH, Nicholson P. Resistance of Dasyryrum villosum to the cereal eyespot pathogens Tapesia yallundae and Tapesia acuformis. Euphytica. 1998; 103: 203–209
- 34. Zhang RQ, Hou F, Feng YG, Zhang W, Zhang MY, Chen PD. Characterization of a Triticum aestivum-Dasypyrum villosum T2VS.2DL translocation line expressing a longer spike and more kernels traits. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2015b; 128:2415–2425. pmid:26334547
- 35. Huang DH., Lin ZS, Chen X, Zhang ZY, Chen CC, Cheng SH, et al. Molecular characterization of a Triticum durum-Haynaldia villosa amphiploid and its derivatives for resistance to Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. Agric Sci Chin. 2017; 6: 513–521.
- 36. Yildirim A, Jones SS, Murray TD. Mapping a gene conferring resistance to Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides on chromosome 4V of Dasypyrum villosum in a wheat background. Genome. 1998; 41: 1–6
- 37. Yildirim A, Jones SS, Murray T.D, Line RF. Evaluation of Dasypyrum villosum populations for resistance to cereal eyespot and stripe rust pathogens. Plant Dis. 2000; 84: 40–44.
- 38. Zhang Q, Li Q, Wang X, Wang H, Lang S, Wang Y, et al. Development and characterization of a Triticum aestivum-Haynaldia villosa translocation line T4VS·4DL conferring resistance to wheat spindle streak mosaic virus. Euphytica. 2005; 145: 317–32
- 39.
Pumphrey M, Jin Y, Rouse M, Qi LL, Friebe B, Gill BS. Resistance to stem rust race TTKS in wheat relative Haynaldia villosa. In: Appels R., Lagudah E., Langridge P., Mackay M, editor. Proceedings of the 11th international wheat genetics symposium. University Press, Sydney, Australia. 2008; http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3367
- 40.
McIntosh, R.A., Devos, K.M., Dubcovsky, J., and Rogers, W.J. 2001. Catalogue of gene symbols for wheat: 2001 supplement [online]. Available from http://grain.jouy.inra.fr/ggpages/wgc/2001upd.html [accessed 31 December 2004].
- 41. Randhawa MS, Bariana HB, Mago R, Bansal UK. Mapping of a new stripe rust resistance locus Yr57 on chromosome 3BS of wheat. Mol Breeding. 2015; 35:65–72
- 42. Li Q, Chen XM, Wang MN, Jing JX. Yr45, a new wheat gene for stripe rust resistance on the long arm of chromosome 3D. Theor Appl Genet. 2011; 122(1): 189–197 pmid:20838759
- 43. Bariana H, Forrest K, Qureshi N, Miah H, Hayden M, Bansal U. Adult plant stripe resistance gene Yr71 maps close to Lr24 in chromosome 3D of common wheat. Mol Breeding. 2016; 36: 98–107
- 44. Xiang C, Feng J, Wang M, Chen X, See DR, Wan A, et al. Molecular mapping of stripe rust resistance gene Yr76 in winter club wheat cultivar Tyee. Phytopathology. 2016; 106: 1186–1193. pmid:27050567
- 45. He HG, Zhu SY, Ji YY, Jiang ZN, Zhao RH, Bie TD. Map-based cloning of the gene Pm21 that confers broad spectrum resistance to wheat powdery mildew. BioRxiv. 2017; https://doi.org/10.1101/177857
- 46. Fu SL, Tang ZX, Ren ZL, Zhang HQ, Yan BJ. Isolation of rye-specifi DNA fragment and genetic diversity analysis of rye genus Secale L. using wheat SSR markers. J Genet. 2010; 89:489–492 pmid:21273702
- 47. Liu SB, Tang ZH, You MS, Li BY, Song JM, Liu JT. Development and application of a genome-specific PCR marker for Haynaldia villosa. Acta Genet Sin. 2003; 30:350–356 pmid:12812061
- 48. Tang ZQ, Yang ZJ, Liu C, Liu ZH, Ren ZL. Development and application of ISSR marker specific for D. villosum chromosome 5V. J Agric Biotech. 2007; 15:799–804
- 49. Zhang J, Long H, Pan ZF, Liang JJ, Yu SY, Deng GB, et al. Characterization of a genome specific Gypsy-like retrotransposon sequence and development of a molecular marker specific for Dasypyrum villosum (L.). J Genet. 2013; 92(2):103–108
- 50. Zhang J, Jiang Y, Xuan P, Guo YL, Deng GB, Yu MQ, et al. Isolation of two new retrotransposon sequences and development of molecular and cytological markers for Dasypyrum villosum (L.). Genetica.2017; pmid:28638972
- 51. Sears ER. Cytogenetic studies with polyploidy species of wheat. I. Chromosomal aberrations in the progeny of a haploid of Triticum vulgare. Genetics. 1939; 24: 509–523 pmid:17246935
- 52. Gustafson JP, Lukaszewski AJ, Bennett MD. Somatic deletion and redistribution of telomeric heterochromatin in the genus Secale, and in Triticale. Chromosoma. 1983; 88(4): 293–298.
- 53. Alkhimova AG, Heslop-Harrison JS, Shchapova AI, Vershinin AV. Rye chromosome variability in wheat-rye addition and substitution lines. Chromosome Research. 1999; 7(3): 205–212 pmid:10421380
- 54. Bento M, Gustafson P, Viegas W, Silva M. Genome merger: from sequence rearrangements in triticale to their elimination in wheat-rye addition lines. Theor Appl Genet. 2010; 121(3): 489–497. pmid:20383487
- 55. Fu SL, Lv Z, Guo X, Han FP. Alteration of terminal heterochromatin and chromosome rearrangements in derivatives of wheat-rye hybrids. J Genet Genom. 2013; 40(8): 413–420. pmid:23969250
- 56. Zhang J, Jiang Y, Guo YL, Li GR, Yang ZJ, Xu DL, et al. Identification of Novel Chromosomal Aberrations Induced by 60Co-γ-Irradiation in Wheat-Dasypyrum villosum Lines. Inter J Mol Sci. 2015a; 16(12): 29787–29796. pmid:26694350