http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4211-456X
Figures
Abstract
Background
Osteomyelitis is a bone infection, most often caused by Staphylococcus aureus, in which neutrophils play a key role. Cathepsin G (CTSG) is a bactericidal serine protease stored in the neutrophil azurophilic granules. CTSG regulates inflammation, activating matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and coagulation. Lactoferrin (LF), a neutrophil glycoprotein, increases CTSG catalytic activity and induces inflammation. The aim of this study was to analyze a potential association between a CTSG gene polymorphism (Asn125Ser or N125S, rs45567233), that modifies CTSG activity, and could affect susceptibility to, or outcome of, bacterial osteomyelitis.
Methods
CTSG N125S polymorphism was genotyped in 329 osteomyelitis patients and 415 controls), Blood coagulation parameters, serum CTSG activity, LF, MMP-1, MMP-13, and soluble receptor activator for nuclear factor κ B ligand (sRANKL) levels were assessed in carriers of the different CTSG genotypes.
Results
CTSG N125S (AG) genotype was significantly more frequent among osteomyelitis patients than controls (15.5% vs. 9.4%, p = 0.014). CTSG N125S variant G allele (AG +GG) was also more frequent among osteomyelitis patients (8.1% vs. 4.7%, p = 0.01). Serum CTSG activity and LF levels were significantly higher in osteomyelitis patients carrying the G allele compared to those with the AA genotype, (p<0.04). Serum MMP-1 was lower in the G allele carriers (p = 0.01). There was no association between these genotypes and clinical characteristics of osteomyelitis, or coagulation parameters, MMP-13, and sRANKL serum levels.
Citation: Pérez-Is L, Ocaña MG, Montes AH, Carton JA, Álvarez V, Meana Á, et al. (2019) The N125S polymorphism in the cathepsin G gene (rs45567233) is associated with susceptibility to osteomyelitis in a Spanish population. PLoS ONE 14(10): e0220022. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220022
Editor: Manal S. Fawzy, Suez Canal University Faculty of Medicine, EGYPT
Received: July 4, 2019; Accepted: October 6, 2019; Published: October 24, 2019
Copyright: © 2019 Pérez-Is et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All data are contained within the paper.
Funding: This study was partially funded by a Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (FIS) grant PI16/01999 given to VA. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. There was no additional external funding received for this study.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Cathepsin G (CTSG) is a 26-kDa serine protease stored in the azurophilic granules of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It is released as a consequence of neutrophil stimulation by platelet-activating factor and different cytokines, and CTSG then enhances platelet aggregation. CTSG has antimicrobial activity against several different species of bacteria. It also plays an important role on the breakdown of extracellular matrix (ECM) components by activating different extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) [1–3]. CTSG also stimulates the production of receptor activator for nuclear factor κ B ligand (RANKL), critical in bone remodeling, by virtue of activating osteoclast precursors [4]. CTSG has been reported to play an important role in a variety of inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, coronary artery diseases, and ischemic reperfusion injury, and also response to bone metastasis. It is also implicated in several dental and respiratory infectious and inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and cystic fibrosis [1, 2].
The CTSG gene is located in chromosome 14q11.2, spans 2.7 kb and consists of 5 exons and 4 introns. An A→G missense mutation in exon 4 of the CTSG gene (Asn125Ser or N125S, rs45567233) was reported [5]. This point mutation at position 2108 changes the codon AAC (125Asn) to AGC (125Ser). Single carriers of the variant G genotype are heterozygous (GA), double carriers are homozygous (GG), while those that do not carry the variant G allele are wild type and have the AA genotype. The N125S polymorphism, that might modify CTSG activity, associates with elevated plasma fibrinogen levels in addition to increased platelets activation, contributing to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease [6]. No associations of the CTSG N125S polymorphism with any infections have been reported [7].
Lactoferrin (LF), a glycoprotein also stored in neutrophil granules, and it increases CTSG catalytic activity at physiological concentrations. LF also enhances CTSG-induced platelets activation and inflammatory mediators, modulating the inflammatory response [8, 9]. Interestingly high LF parotid saliva levels have been observed in patients with periodontitis, an inflammatory condition that can progress to mandibular osteomyelitis [9].
Osteomyelitis is a bacterial bone infection characterized by progressive bone inflammatory destruction and necrosis sequestra and new bone formation (involucrum). Adult osteomyelitis is frequently a complication of compound fractures, and/or open bone surgery. This infection can also develop from contiguous spread of infection from open wounds such as chronic pressure ulcers. Hematogenous osteomyelitis occurs mostly in prepuberal children. In adults, hematogenous osteomyelitis usually affects the axial skeleton. Staphylococcus aureus is the microorganism most frequently isolated in both post-traumatic and hematogenous osteomyelitis [10]. In spite of its frequency, complicated therapy and frequent relapses, osteomyelitis pathogenesis has been scarcely studied. Neutrophils, one of the main host defenses against bacterial infections, play a key role in osteomyelitis pathogenesis. Our group has previously reported that there are changes in the life span of neutrophils of osteomyelitis patients [11]. CTSG N125S polymorphism, a genetic variation that might modify neutrophils CTSG activity could influence osteomyelitis pathogenesis by modifying LF production and subsequent cleavage, MMPs-mediated bone inflammation and remodeling, and activating coagulation.
The aim of this study was to analyze a potential association between bacterial osteomyelitis and the CTSG N125S polymorphism, and the effect of that genetic polymorphism on CTSG activity. We also assessed associations with potential downstream consequences of CTSG release on some aspects of coagulation, and levels of circulating LF, MMP -1 and -13 and the soluble receptor activator for nuclear factor κ B ligand (sRANKL).
Patients and methods
Patients
We enrolled 329 adult patients admitted to the Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA) and three affiliated hospitals in the same Northern Spanish region with a diagnosis of bacterial osteomyelitis, between January 1998 and December 2018. These hospitals provide the health coverage to the region of Asturias (total population of 1 million people). Patients with acute and chronic osteomyelitis were included in the study and followed for one year. Clinical information regarding these patients has been published in detail [12]. A diagnosis of osteomyelitis was made by clinical and roentgenographic criteria [10]. Surgical and sinus tract pus samples were cultured in all the osteomyelitis patients to make an etiological diagnosis. The presence of bone sequestra and/or sinus tract in bone X ray, CT or MRI, a positive Ga67 uptake bone scan, or a positive culture of the surgical bone sequestra or sinus tract were diagnostic of osteomyelitis [10]. Patients were diagnosed with hematogenous osteomyelitis if their bone infection was acquired in absence of trauma or bone surgery, lower limb vascular insufficiency, or a contiguous focus of infection. Overall, 56 cases of hematogenous osteomyelitis, 27 (48.2%), with positive blood cultures, were included in the study Bacterial osteomyelitis in immunosuppressed patients undergoing chemotherapy or with bone tuberculosis were excluded. Osteomyelitis that was present for more than 3 months was considered as chronic and if it did not relapse within a year of follow-up was considered as “cured”. The DNA from all enrolled patients was stored at -20° C and has been used previously for several gene association studies [13–19]. In addition, 415 healthy HUCA Blood Bank donors, matched for sex and age with the osteomyelitis patients, were used as controls. Patients and controls were members of a homogeneous Caucasian population, and were residents of Asturias, a Northwestern Spanish region with a small foreign immigrant population (less than 5%). Each participant gave informed written consent for the study, which was approved by the Ethical Committee of Regional Clinical Research of the Principality of Asturias.
Blood coagulation parameters
All the osteomyelitis patients enrolled in the study had 20 ml of blood drawn at hospital admission. Ten ml were used for hemogram, standard biochemistry, and coagulation assays. Routine coagulation parameters included fibrinogen levels, prothrombin time (PT), and international normalized ratio (INR), and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT).
Measurement of the N125S (rs45567233) genetic polymorphism of CTSG gen
Ten ml of blood from each patient and controls were collected in potassium-EDTA glass tubes. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral leukocytes with a salting-out method and stored at -20° C until use. The N125S (rs45567233) polymorphism of the CTSG was analyzed in patients and controls by PCR. The PCR primers used for amplifying the region of the gene containing the N125S polymorphism (rs45567233) were: Forward: 5’-6-FAM-GCTGAGCGGGAACGCCTACA-3’ and Reverse: 5´-GCTGAGCGGGAACGCCTACA-3’ [6––7]. These primers amplified a fragment of 263 bp. The amplification protocol consists on an initial denaturation at 94° C for 5 minutes, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94° C for 1 minute, annealing at 61° C for 1 minute and elongation at 72° C for 1 minute, and a final extension at 72° C for 7 minutes. PCR products were incubated overnight at 37° C with the restriction enzyme SduI (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc, Waltham, MA, USA) followed by capillary electrophoresis on ABI PRISM® 3130xl Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystem, Foster City, CA, USA). Results were assessed using the Peak Scanner™ Software v1.0 (Applied Biosystem, Foster City, CA, USA). The CTSG N125S polymorphism was also genotyped individually for each osteomyelitis patient and control. PCR products were electrophoresed on a 2% low-melting agarose gel, and the fragments were then excised from the gel, purified with spin columns (DNA gel extraction Kit; Millipore, Billerica, MA,USA), and the fragments were directly sequenced on an ABIPrism 310 Genetic Analyser (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA).(Fig 1).
(A): polyacrylamide gel analysis of genomic DNA from 5 patients with acute osteomyelitis (OM) processed as in methods. AA denotes a wild-type sample with two distinct bands of 143 and 89 bp (lanes 1 and 2); AG denotes a heterozygous sample showing three distinct bands of 143, 89 and 31 bp (lanes 3 and 4); GG denotes a double variant sample showing two distinct bands of 143 and 31 bp (lane 5). MW, molecular weight markers; (B) Peak scan analysis of 3 patients with the genotypes AA, AG and GG; (C) Sequencing of the restriction fragment length polymorphism. Samples with no alteration: wild type (upper); with a heterozygous A-to-G replacement (middle) and with a double A-to-G replacement (lower).
CTSG, LF, MMPs and sRANKL assessment
Serum from patients with acute osteomyelitis was used for CTSG, LF, MMPs and sRANKL assessment. All the patients used in CTSG, LF, MMPs and sRANKL assessment assays had been consecutively admitted to the HUCA between 2016–18.
Serum CTSG activity
Cathepsin G activity was determined in serum of 21 patients with acute osteomyelitis and 21 blood donors were used as controls by a commercially available colorimetric assay (Cathepsin G Activity Assay Kit, PK-CA577-K146, PromoCell GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany). CTSG activity levels were expressed as μU/ml.
Serum Lactoferrin (LF)
LF was determined in serum of 27 patients with acute osteomyelitis by an ELISA assay (ab200015 human lactoferrin simpleStep ELISA Kit Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA). LF levels were expressed as ng/ml.
Serum MMPs and sRANKL
MMP-1 and -13 and sRANKL were determined in 21 patients with acute osteomyelitis by ELISA and by commercial available colorimetric assays (Raybiotech, Norcross, GA, USA for MMP-1 and 13, Immunodiagnostics, Bensheim, Gerrmany for sRANKL). Serum MMPs levels are expressed in pg/ml.and sRANKL levels in pmol/L.
Statistics
Sample size calculation
Power calculation using one control for each osteomyelitis patients indicated a need for 746 individuals, 373 osteomyelitis patients and 373 controls to have a power of 80% at a confidence interval of 90% to detect a prevalence of 17% of the CTSG N125S polymorphism carriage among osteomyelitis patients considering that this polymorphism has a known prevalence of 10% in the Caucasian European population.
Results are expressed as median and inter-quartile range (IQR) or proportions as appropriate. As the distribution of some continuous variables was non-Gaussian, natural logarithmic transformation was done for analysis. The reported values are the result of back-transformation into the original units. The Pearson X2 test was used to compare allele and genotype frequencies between the groups. Yates’ correction and Mantel–Haenszel test were also used when indicated. Odds ratios (OR´s) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were also calculated. Serum CTSG, LF, MMP-1, -3, sRANKL were compared for the genotypes with the Student t test or the Mann-Whitney test when appropriate. Serum CTSG and LF, were compared by using the Pearson correlation coefficient. All the reported p values are two-sided. A p-value < 0.05 was considered as significant. The statistical analysis was performed with the computer program statistical package SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 package, IBM New York, NY, USA) and with the GraphPad Prism software (GraphPad Software, version 7.0, San Diego, CA, USA).
Results
Clinical characteristics of osteomyelits patients
Osteomyelitis patients were mainly men over sixty, with infected bones after fractures (38.9%). Pressure ulcers (23.4%), prosthetic joint infection (20.7%) and hematogenous spread (17.2%) were the risk factors for about half the cases of osteomyelitis. The most commonly involved bones were tibia (24.1%) and femur (21.8%). The most common pathogen was S. aureus and most of the bone infections were chronic (Table 1). The controls were blood donors mentioned in methods; 295 (71.1%) were males and 120 (28.9%) were females with a median age of 59.1 years (41–60). Although the controls were on average 2.9 years younger than the patients, there was not a significant difference between the ages of the patients and controls (p = 0.14).
Frequency of the CTSG N125S (rs 45567233) polymorphism in osteomyelitis
Tables 2 and 3 show the genotypic and allelic frequencies of the CTSG N125S (rs 45567233) polymorphism in osteomyelitis patients and controls. The CTSG N125S AG heterozygous genotype was significantly more frequent among osteomyelitis patients compared to controls (15.5% vs. 9.4%; χ2 = 6.5, OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.11–2.84, p = 0.011 by the Mantel-Haenszel test, χ2 = 5.95, p = 0.014 by the Yates correction). The CTSG N125S variant G allele was also more frequent among osteomyelitis patients (8.1% vs 4.7%, χ2 = 7.12, OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.14–2.78, p = 0.0076 by the Mantel-Haenszel test, χ2 = 6.56, P = 0.01 by the Yates correction). Only one carrier of the double variant GG genotype was found among osteomyelitis patients (0.3%) and none among the controls. The CTSG N125S polymorphism was in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium among patients with osteomyelitis and controls. No association of the CTSG N125S polymorphism with type of bone infection (acute vs. chronic) (p = 0.7), source of infection (hematogenous vs. non hematogenous, p = 0.9), (pressure ulcers vs. non pressure ulcers, p = 0.5) or microorganism isolated (S. aureus vs. Gram negative bacteria p = 0.9) was found.
Serum CTSG activity and CTSG N125S (rs 45567233) polymorphism
Serum CTSG activity was significantly higher in carriers of the G allele of the N125S polymorphism compared to those with the AA genotype (p = 0.016) and to uninfected controls (p = 0.005) (Fig 2). No significant differences in serum CTSG activity between osteomyelitis patients and controls were observed (p = 0.1).
Cathepsin G (CTSG) activity was determined in serum of osteomyelitis patients and controls by a colorimetric assay. Data are shown as the median and IQR of 21 patients with acute osteomyelitis, 10 carriers of the AA, 10 of the AG and 1 of the GG genotypes of the CTSG N125S (rs 45567233) polymorphism and 10 blood donors were assessed.
Serum LF and CTSG N125S (rs 45567233) polymorphism
Serum LF was significantly higher in carriers of the G allele of CTNG compared to those with the AA genotype (p = 0.006) (Fig 3). On the other hand, LF levels and CTSG activity were correlated but the association was just below the limit of significance (r = 0.501, p = 0.057 by Pearson correlation coefficient).
Lactoferrin (LF) was measured in serum of osteomyelitis patients by an ELISA assay. Results from individual AA subjects are shown as inverted triangles and AG + GG subjects as squares. The long horizontal bars are the median values and shorter bars show IQR.
Serum MMP-1, -13 and sRANKL levels and CTSG N125S (rs 45567233) polymorphism
Serum MMP-1 levels were significantly lower in osteomyelitis patients with acute infection who were carriers of the G allele of the N125S polymorphism compared to those with the AA genotype (p = 0.024) (Fig 4). We found no differences in MMP-13 or sRANKL serum levels between osteomyelitis patients who were carriers of the different alleles of CTSG 125 (124.3 [8.6–240.0] and 89 [55.05–304.0] pg/ml, p = 0.9 for MMP-13, and 0.165 [0.04–0.250] and 0.08 [0.04–0.210] pmol/L, p = 0.7 for sRANKL for osteomyelitis patients carriers of the AA and AG + GG genotypes of the CTSG).
Serum MMP-1 levels from 27 patients with acute osteomyelitis were determined after the end of treatment by ELISA and the group was divided according to whether or not they carried the G allele. Individual patients’ results are shown and the median and IQR. There were 10 carriers of the AA, 10 of the AG and 1 of the GG genotypes of the CTSG N125S (rs 45567233) polymorphism.
Coagulation parameters and CTSG N125S (rs 45567233) polymorphism
There were no differences in blood fibrinogen levels, PT, or PTT between the osteomyelitis patients who carried the CTSG and those that did not (median [IQR] 621[433–772] and 622 [492.3–783.8] mg/dl, for the AG and AA genotypes, respectively [p>0.6]), (PT: 11.7 [110–12.6] and 11.6 [10.7–12.5] seconds, p = 0.1; INR: 1.1 [1.0–1.2] and 1.1 [1.0–1.1], p = 0.3; aPTT: 31.4 [28.8–33.8] and 32.0[28.4–33.8] seconds, p = 0.4, for the AG and AA genotypes, respectively).
Discussion
We describe for the first time an association in adults between the CTSG N125S polymorphism, previously associated with cardiovascular and neurovascular diseases, and osteomyelitis, a bacterial infection of the bone. This CTSG polymorphism is associated with increased serum CTSG activity and LF levels in our study. Carriers of the G allele were over-represented in patients with osteomyelitis compared to a control population drawn from the same area of Spain where the patients were hospitalized, suggesting that this allele increases the risk of developing osteomyelitis. The carriage of this variant G allele is relatively frequent (9.4%) in the healthy Spanish Caucasian controls in this study, but was even higher (15.5%) in our patients with osteomyelitis. We have previously found that variants in the genes of IL-1α, MMP1, TLR4 receptor, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3), Bax and tPA also contribute to the risk of developing osteomyelitis with prevalences of between 3.8% and 65.3% [14–19]. The CTSG N125S polymorphism frequency in our control population was very similar to that reported by others (10% in healthy Caucasian Americans and 11.7% in healthy French and British Caucasians) [6, 20]. This encourages us to consider that our finding was not due to a peculiarity of the population we studied.
Previous reports did not find increased in vitro transcriptional activities due to the CTSG N125S polymorphism in human monocyte-like U937 cells, a cell-line that expresses 25% more CTSG activity than human neutrophils [6, 21, 22]. We report here for the first time that the CTSG N125S polymorphism is associated with increased plasma CTSG activity in carriers of the variant G allele. This increased activity was due to the effect of the G allele of the CTSG N125S polymorphism and not to the bone infection as it also was true of the uninfected controls.
We also observed that serum LF levels were significant higher in carriers of the variant G allele of the CTSG N125S polymorphism. These individuals also had increased serum CTSG serum activity. Considering that LF increases the catalytic activity of CTSG at physiological concentration and broadens the substrate specificity of CTSG [8], our LF levels finding could partially explain the increased activity of serum CTSG. However, there was not a statistically significant correlation between serum CTSG activity and LF levels, which could mean that the N→S change in CSTG also changed its enzymatic activity.
We also explored the mechanisms whereby the CTSG N125S polymorphism might increase susceptibility to osteomyelitis. CTSG is released after neutrophil stimulation by platelet-activating factor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-8 which, via the CTSG platelet receptor protease -activated receptor 4, leads to calcium mobilization, platelet secretion and aggregation and a systemic release of the platelet thrombogenic products producing intravascular thrombosis [3, 6]. The CTSG N125S G allele has been associated with elevated plasma fibrinogen levels in myocardial infarct patients [6, 23]. Prothrombotic polymorphisms such as the tPA Alu (I/D) have been associated with osteomyelitis [19]. However, fibrinogen levels and other blood coagulation parameters were similar in carriers of the different genotypes of the CTSG N125S polymorphism among osteomyelitis patients in our study.
CTSG plays a role in the inflammatory response and it has been associated with different inflammatory diseases, especially some related to the bone such as rheumatoid arthritis, periodontitis, and bone metastasis. CTSG degrades collagen and proteoglycan and digests ECM components at inflammatory sites to which neutrophils are recruited by activating MMP-1, -2, -3 and RANKL [4, 24–26]. CTSG increases MMP expression in normal human fibroblasts through fibronectin fragmentation, and induces the conversion of pro-MMP-1 to active MMP-1 [24]. CTSG is also capable of activating pro-MMP-9, that cleaves and releases active transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), MMP-13 and RANKL at the tumor-bone interface of mammary tumor-induced osteolytic lesions [26]. These MMPs and RANKL interfere in the bone remodelling by enhancing osteoclasts activation and bone resorption, potentially aggravating the bone damage already induced by infection in osteomyelitis. We have reported increased plasma levels of MMP-1 and MMP-13 in osteomyelitis patients in a previous work [18]. However, although MMP-1 plasma levels were increased in osteomyelitis AA carriers, MMP-1 plasma levels were not increased but were significantly decreased in the osteomyelitis patients with the CTSG N125S allele in this study. There were no differences in plasma levels of MMP-13 and RANKL among osteomyelitis patients with the different genotypes of the CTSG. Therefore, mechanisms other than increased MMP-1, -13 and sRANKL might explain the increased susceptibility to osteomyelitis in carriers of the CTSG N125S polymorphism.
The CTSG N125S polymorphism, increased LF serum and probably bone levels as well As an inducer of inflammation, LF obtained from human parotid saliva increased the production of IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and the activation of NF-κB in human epithelial HSC-2 cells [9]. Perhaps the association of the CTSG N125S polymorphism with osteomyelitis might be mediated by LF. However Komine et al found that the activity was in fragments of LF not in the whole protein and the response was measured with an epithelial cell line that might not be pertinent to bones.
However, there are still other plausible explanations of the association of the CTSG polymorphism with osteomyelitis. Neutrophil CTSG is important during the early inflammation stage of wound healing. CTSG may be involved in processing different soluble mediators in the wound milieu that are responsible for neutrophil chemotaxis. CTSG KO mice have abnormalities in wound healing manifested by a decrease in wound tensile strength in spite of having an increased number of neutrophils and more myeloperoxidase activity in the wound [27]. In spite of the increased serum CTSG activity associated with the CTSG polymorphism we could speculate that there was abnormal wound healing that could play some role in the enhanced susceptibility to osteomyelitis. Many of the patients contracted bone infection as a complication of unhealed open wounds after orthopedic surgery or from contiguous spread to bone from chronic pressure ulcers in patients with spinal cord lesions. However, no association between osteomyelitis due chronic pressure ulcers and the CTSG N125S polymorphism was found in our study. Finally, a linkage disequilibrium of the CTSG gene with another gene located on chromosome 14q11-2 cannot be ruled-out.
In summary, we describe here a potential association between the CTSG N125S polymorphism and osteomyelitis. The effect might be due to bone inflammation enhanced by increased LF local levels. More research in populations with other ethnic background is needed to confirm this observation and to discover the mechanism underneath the increased susceptibility to bone infection due to this genetic variant.
Acknowledgments
The results were presented in part at the 2017 ASM Microbe Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, June 1 to 5, abstract # 855.
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