http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8201-4929
Figures
Abstract
Strong early vigour plays a crucial role in wheat yield improvement by enhancing resource utilization efficiency. Synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) combines the elite genes of tetraploid wheat with Aegilops tauschii and has been widely used in wheat genetic improvement for its abundant genetic variation. The two SHWs Syn79 and Syn80 were derived from the crossing of the same tetraploid wheat DOY1 with two different Ae. tauschii accessions, AT333 and AT428, respectively. The Syn80 possessed better early vigour traits than Syn79, theretically caused by their D genome from Ae. tauschii. To dissect their genetic basis in a hexaploid background, 203 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross of Syn79 x Syn80 were developed to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for four early biomass related traits: plant height (PH), tiller number (TN), shoot fresh weight (SFW) and shoot dry weight (SDW) per plant, under five different environmental conditions. Determined from the data of SNP markers, two genome regions on 1DS and 7D were stably associated with the four early biomass related traits showing pleiotropic effects. Four stable QTLs QPh.saas-1DS, QTn.saas-1DS, QSfw.saas-1DS and QSdw.saas-1DS explaining 7.92, 15.34, 9.64 and 10.15% of the phenotypic variation, respectively, were clustered in the region of 1DS from AX-94812958 to AX-110910133. Meanwhile, QPh.saas-7D, QTn.saas-7D, QSfw.saas-7D and QSdw.saas-7D were flanked by AX-109917900 and AX-110605376 on 7D, explaining 16.12, 24.35, 15.25 and 13.37% of the phenotypic variation on average, respectively. Moreover, these genomic QTLs on 1DS and 7D enhancing biomass in the parent Syn80 were from Ae. tauschii AT428. These findings suggest that these two QTLs from Ae. tauschii can be expressed stably in a hexaploid background at the jointing stage and be used for wheat improvement.
Citation: Yang Y, Wan H, Yang F, Xiao C, Li J, Ye M, et al. (2020) Mapping QTLs for enhancing early biomass derived from Aegilops tauschii in synthetic hexaploid wheat. PLoS ONE 15(6): e0234882. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234882
Editor: Aimin Zhang, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, CHINA
Received: February 13, 2020; Accepted: June 3, 2020; Published: June 25, 2020
Copyright: © 2020 Yang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This work was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31661143007, 31401383) and Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province (Grant No. 2017JY0077, 2017JY0286, 2020YJ0469).
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L., 2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD), which is an important food crop throughout the world, originated from the spontaneous hybridization of tetraploid Triticum turgidum wheat (2n = 4x = 28, AABB) with diploid Aegilops tauschii Coss (2n = 2x = 14, DD) [1,2]. It is believed that only a few accessions of the donor species were involved in the evolution of common wheat, especially for the D genome donor. Consequently, the genetic diversity of common wheat decreased significantly compared to its donor species. Due to this evolutionary bottleneck, most of the genetic variation in Ae. tauschii did not exist in the commonly available hexaploid germplasm [3], and only 7% of the variants observed in Ae. tauschii were reserved in common wheat [4,5]. To enhance the transferal efficiency of elite genes from Ae. tauschii species to common wheat, scientists created synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) from crosses between T. turgidum and Ae. tauschii to broaden the genetic variation of hexaploid wheat [6]. Over 1000 SHW lines were produced by using more than 600 Ae. tauschii accessions stored at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT; Mexico City, Mexico) [7]. SHWs with their vast genetic diversity have shown outstanding superiority in resistance to diseases and pests, tolerance to environmental stresses, and desirable quantitative traits, so these have been used widely in common wheat breeding [8–14]. Chinese scientists have shown a high interest in CIMMYT SHW lines since the early 1990s [15–18]. More than 200 CIMMYT SHW accessions were introduced into China in 1995 [14]. In recent years, several commercial wheat varieties have also been created and released in China [9,14,19]. In addition, several favourable introgressions from Ae. tauschii have been identified in synthetic derivatives [19]. A major QTL on 4DL associated with leaf sheath hairiness in a synthetic derivative of the wheat variety Chuanmai42 was identified, and its wild allele was found to have originated from Ae. tauschii, which has significantly increased grain weight, grain yield, and yield-related characters [20].
Vigorous cultivars have advantages for enhancing the population’s water-use efficiency by providing shade to the soil surface faster and thereby reducing evaporative losses from the soil [21–23]. Rapid early development of leaf area and the root system are associated with increased water and nutrient use efficiency, high rates of light interception and biomass production resulting in drought tolerance and high yield potential [22,23]. In recent years, we have screened CIMMYT SHWs for high biomass and found two SHWs (Syn79 and Syn80) derived from the same tetraploid wheat (durum wheat DOY1), with two different Ae. tauschii accessions, which have significantly different biomass during the entirety of the development stage. We attributed the significant difference in biomass between the two SHWs to the different genotypes in the two D genome donors. The vegetative growth, nutrient accumulation, nutrient distribution and utilization of Syn79 and Syn80 were significantly different under different environmental conditions [24]. To evaluate the genetic impact of the different D genomes on early vigour in hexaploid wheat, a population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between Syn79 and Syn80 was developed. The goal of this study was to map the major QTLs associated with early biomass accumulation contributed from Ae. tauschii in a hexaploid wheat background at jointing stage for the molecular breeding of wheat yield using SHWs.
Materials and methods https://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bgrnjv5e
Plant materials
Two hundred and three F9 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a Syn79 x Syn80 cross and their parents were used for QTL mapping in this study. Syn79 and Syn80 were generated from durum wheat DOY1 (2n = 28, AABB) crossed with Ae. tauschii (2n = 14, DD) by CIMMYT [6]. A and B genomes of Syn79 and Syn80 were from the same durum donor DOY1, while their D genomes were from two different Ae. tauschii accessions (AT333 and AT428). Syn80 had stronger early vigour than Syn79 (Fig 1), due to their different D genomes, and AT428 possessed better early vigour traits than AT333.
Field trials
A total of five trials for Syn79, Syn80 and 203 RILs were conducted at Guang-Han Station (GHS) in 2017–2019 (2017GHS, 2018GHS, 2019GHS) and Cang-Shan Station (CSS) in 2017 and 2018 (2017CSS, 2018CSS). Both stations are members of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS). GHS and CSS are representative of the plains and hilly regions in Sichuan province, respectively. The chemical properties of the soil at these sites from five trials are shown in Table 1. The organic matter, total nitrogen and available nitrogen of the soil in GHS were all significantly higher than that in CCS, and the total potassium of the soil in CSS was more than that in GHS (Table 1).
Trait evaluation
Four early biomass related traits, plant height (PH), tiller number (TN), shoot fresh weight (SFW) and shoot dry weight (SDW) per plant were investigated in the RILs and their parents at the jointing stage. The phenology and growing periods of the two parents and the RILs were only slight different, their phenotypic data were collected at one time when the first internode came out about 110 days after sowing. In each plot, 10 plants were randomly selected to evaluate traits associated with early biomass, dislodging plants at the ends of each row avoiding within-row edge effects. PH and TN were investigated in the field, which was finished within 1–2 days under the same trial environment. Then the shoots of these 10 sampled plants were cut for measuring SFW and SDW. SFW was accomplished within 12 hours after sampling. When measuring SDW, the separated shoot was dried to a constant weight at 65 °C after 10-minute exposure to 120 °C. All traits were described based on the mean values of 10 plants in each corresponding row.
SNP genotyping
A total of 50 mg of fresh plant leaves was collected from 2-week-old seedlings and DNA was extracted using the NuClean Plant Genomic DNA Kit (CWBio, Beijing, China). Eluted DNA was quantified using a Qubit 4 Fluorometer (Life Technologies Holdings Pte Ltd, Singapore) and then normalized using a 12-channel electronic pipette with a volume ranging from 10 to 100μL (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany) to obtain the concentration required for genotyping.
The RILs and their parents, Syn79 and Syn80, were genotyped on the Affymetrix platform of the Axiom Wheat Breeder’s Genotyping Array with 13947 SNP markers including 1272 functional markers by China Golden Marker Biotech Co Ltd (Beijing, China). The collected fluorescence signal from the SNP array processed and analyzed using functions in the apt-genotype-axiom for genotype calling, ps-metrics for generating various QC metrics and ps-classification for classifying SNPs in the software of Affymetrix Axiom Analysis Suite version 4.0.1. Among 13947 SNP markers, a total of 3480 SNPs were distributed on the D genome and were used for parental polymorphism analysis.
Statistical and QTL analysis
Descriptive analyses, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and correlation analyses for the phenotypic data were calculated using the SPSS statistical package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Variation of genotypes for phenotypic traits was evaluated using mean, standard deviation (SD), the coefficient of variation (CV), maximum (Max) and minimum (Min). An ANOVA was calculated for all traits based on a general linear model (GLM) to detect the effect of genotypes, environments and genotype × environment interactions. Broad sense heritability (H2) was estimated with the formula: H2 = σ2g/ (σ2g + σ2ge/n + σ2e/nr), where σ2g is the genetic variance, σ2ge is the variance of the genotype-environment interaction, σ2e is the experimental error variance, n is the number of trials and r is the number of replications.
The QTL IciMapping Software version 4.1 [25,26] was used for genetic linkage map construction. The location of the SNP marker was aligned according to the physical map of Ae. tauschii AL8/78 for the D genome [27]. The genetic linkage map was constructed according to 153 polymorphic markers between Syn79 and Syn80 (the parents), which were screened from 3480 SNP markers distributed on the D genome. The map covered over 803.84 cM on the wheat D genome, with an average distance of 5.25 cM between adjacent polymorphic markers.
QTL analyses for the measured traits under the five different environmental conditions were performed using the inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) option on the QTL IciMapping Software version 4.1. The significant LOD threshold was determined by 1000 permutations and a significance threshold of P = 0.05. Linked QTLs with genetic distances of less than 20 cM were considered as one single QTL, which were named according to Ayalew et al. [28].
Results
Phenotypic analysis
Five different field trials were conducted at two locations over 3 years to evaluate early biomass related traits of the RIL population as well as their parents Syn79 and Syn80. Syn80 had greater early biomass than Syn79 (Fig 1). The values of PH, TN, SFW and SDW for Syn80 were significantly larger than those of Syn79 under all five environmental conditions (Table 2). Independent of the differences between the two parents, in all trials there was significant variation in the investigated traits of the RIL populations, with values spanning much larger ranges than those defined by the parental values. The phenotypic data were normally distributed in the RILs (Fig 2). Variation in the phenotypic data was tremendous in the RILs, especially for SFW and SDW. Variation was determined by genotype, environment and genotype × environment interactions. Their heritabilities ranged from 39.20 to 43.27% (Table 2). This suggested that those phenotypic traits were controlled by multiple genes and also significantly affected by the environment.
Correlations among PH, TN, SFW and SDW in each trial are presented in Table 3. This shows that significant positive correlations among these traits were detected in the early growth stage. The average coefficients in the five trials ranged from 0.581 to 0.975. PH was significantly positively correlated with TN, and the coefficients ranged from 0.424 to 0.683 across each trial (Table 3). Both PH and TN showed significant positive correlations with SFW and SDW, and the coefficients were higher than that between PH and TN. These results suggest that greater early biomass is related with higher PH, more TN, heavier SFW and SDW.
Genetic map of the D genome
In this study, we used a Wheat Breeder’s Genotyping Array to genotype the A, B and D genomes. For the A and B genomes, a total of 10467 SNP labels anchored on the genotyping array were used to check the genotype of the A and B genomes in the RIL population and their parents, which were generated from the same A and B genomes’donor. The results showed that almost all SNP markers on the A and B genomes had no polymorphism between the two parents. For the D genome, 3480 SNP labels were selected to fix on the chip by China Golden Marker Biotech Co Ltd (Beijing, China). Among these scanned markers, 153 markers on the D genome had polymorphism between the two parents, which were unequally distributed on the seven chromosomes of the D genome (Table 4). The number of polymorphic markers on different chromosomes ranged from 8 on 3D to 34 on 7D (Table 4).
For linkage map construction, SNP markers were grouped according to their anchored chromosomes in the Ae. tauschii AL8/78 D genome, and then aligned by the nnTwoOpt method [25–27]. The entire genetic map covered over 803.84 cM of the D genome with an average distance between adjacent markers of 5.25 cM (Table 4). The average distance between two adjacent markers ranged from 2.67 cM to 6.93 cM. For all of the 7 chromosomes, the linkage maps ranged from 21.35 cM to 214.50 cM. For the chromosomes 2D and 3D, the total distances of the constructed linkage maps in this population and the Wheat Breeder’s Genotyping Array were 69.22 cM and 21.35 cM, respectively. Out of the genomic regions of the linkage maps, no polymorphic markers were detected by this SNP array.
Genotypic markers were tested for segregation distortion (deviation from the expected 1:1 ratio) by Chi-squared tests. Among the 153 SNP loci, 54 loci showed segregation distortion in RILs (Table 5). Almost all loci were biased to Syn80, showing larger early biomass, which means that in those loci most of the progeny RILs preferentially inherited the female parent Syn80. Only four loci were male-biased (Table 5). Among those female-biased loci, the number of loci on the different chromosomes were distributed from 1 on 3D to 18 on 7D. Three genomic regions were detected as Syn80-biased on chromosome 1D, 2D and 7D (Table 5), and these covered about 50, 20 and 40 cM on 1D, 2D and 7D, respectively.
QTLs on the D genome
With the linkage map constructed by 153 SNP markers on the D genome, QTLs for PH, TN, SFW and SDW were identified under five environmental conditions using the inclusive composite interval mapping program (ICIM).
PH and TN are common agronomic traits in wheat, and the higher PH and TN in the seedling growth stage were positively correlated with the enhanced water-use efficiency of the population due to the soil surface being shading faster, which reduces evaporative losses from the soil. A total of two QTLs for PH were identified on chromosome 1DS and 7D (Table 6; Fig 3). The QTL peak of the first one was located in the interval of AX-94812958 and AX-110910133 under multiple environmental conditions, and its physical position was located on the genomic interval of 8.97–21.51 Mb according to the sequence assembly of Ae. tauschii AL8/78 [27]. Under the five environmental conditions, this QTL explained 6.91–9.17% of the phenotypic variation (PVE). And the QTL allele from Syn80 increased the PH of seedlings, with its additive effect ranging from 1.93 to 2.92 cm (Table 6). The second QTL was located in the interval of AX-109917900—AX-110605376 with its physical interval corresponding to 324.36–557.58 Mb in Ae. tauschii AL8/78. QPh.saas-7D explained an average PVE of 16.12% across the different environments. Seedling height on the QTL allele from the parent Syn80 increased more than 5 cm in the trial of 2019GHS (Table 6). For TN, two QTLs, QTn.saas-1DS and QTn.saas-7D were detected under all five environmental conditions (Table 6; Fig 3). Their intervals were in accordance with the PH QTLs on chromosome 1DS and 7D, respectively (Table 6; Fig 3). The PVE of QTn.saas-1DS ranged from 6.32% to 19.55% with an average of 15.34%, and was able to increase the tiller number by about 2 tillers from Syn80 in the trial of 2018GHS (Table 6).
SDW is positively related to SFW at the seedling stage. In this study, we detected two QTLs for both SFW and SDW on the chromosome 1DS and 7D (Table 6; Fig 3). The QTL intervals for SFW and SDW were in accordance with the QTL intervals for both PH and TN. Since higher plant height and a greater tiller number per plant resulted in larger SFW and SDW, this suggests that these may be the same QTLs. The average PVE for QSfw.saas-1DS and QSdw.saas-1DS was 9.64% and 10.15%, respectively. The QTL allele from Syn80 increased the SFW and SDW (Table 6). In the interval of AX-109937582—AX-110605376 on chromosome 7D, QTLs for both SFW and SDW were identified under all five environmental conditions, and the average PVE of QSfw.saas-7D and QSdw.saas-7D was 15.25% and 13.37%, respectively (Table 6). The QTL alleles that increased SFW and SDW were from the parent Syn80 (Table 6).
In this study, two genomic regions were identified to be associated with early biomass. They were in the interval of AX-94812958—AX-110910133 on chromosome 1DS and the interval of AX-109917900—AX-110605376 on chromosome 7D. The two genomic regions from the parent Syn80 could significantly enhance the early biomass with pleiotropic effects of increasing PH, TN, SFW and SDW.
Discussion
Greater early biomass is visual and important for breeding new varieties and innovative utilization of crop germplasm, especially under adverse environmental conditions. Therefore, it is important to select traits under drought stress [29–31], especially in Sichuan, where drought or seasonal drought occurred frequently in the last 70 years [32]. In this study, the early biomass of the parents and the RIL population showed significant phenotypic differences in PH, TN, SFW and SDW under the five different environmental conditions from 2016 to 2019. Phenotypic and QTL analyses demonstrated that the early biomass related traits, PH, TN, SFW and SDW, were controlled by polygenes. Wheat growth habit types (spring or winter), the wheat growth progress and early biomass were affected by the combination of photoperiod and vernalization genes [33–36]. Photoperiod and vernalization genes on the D genome were located on 2D and 5D [33,34]. Considering that the phenology and growing periods of the two parents and the RILs were slight different, it can be inferred that early biomass in these RILs was controlled by genes, which could not be related to photoperiod or vernalization genes, for no QTLs were detected on the chromosomes 2D or 5D.
In the present study, two synthetic wheat varieties, Syn79 and Syn80, were generated from two different Ae. tauschii accessions crossed with the same tetraploid wheat, and the significant difference in early biomass between them was caused by their different D genome donors. Ae. tauschii, the D genome donor of common wheat, exhibited genetic diversity for early growth and might be a valuable species for improvement of early vigour in wheat [37]. The common wheat D genome progenitor, Ae. tauschii, showed a rapid leaf expansion rate at the seedling stage [21,37], which is beneficial for reducing evaporative losses from the soil [21]. Genetic dissection for early vigour related traits has been reported in several germplasms under different growing conditions, and QTLs for early vigour related traits were distributed through almost the whole genome of the wheat [21,37–41]. ter Steege et al identified 87 QTLs for early growth that were related to 33 traits, 3.1 QTLs per trait, explaining 32% of the PVE by using a population of Ae. tauschii RILs at the seedling stage, but there was no significant QTLs for plant and shoot mass detected in this study, considering that the effects of QTL for the underlying growth traits counterbalanced each other [37]. However, in our study, two chromosome fragments for SFW and SDW were detected, which simultaneously regulated PH and TN. The favorable alleles detected were from Ae. tauschii and they could express stably in a hexaploid genetic background. Few QTLs for biomass have been identified in the diploid populations of Ae. tauschii [37], but in a hexaploidy genetic background. In the present study these expressed stably in synthetic hexaploid wheat. The AABB genome of tetraploid wheat may play a very important role in synthetic wheat derived from crosses of tetraploid wheat and Ae. tauschii. The effects of genome combination between AABB and DD for gene expression need to be analyzed further. And it substantiates the conclusion that using SHW is a more effective method to transfer favourable genes from Ae. tauschii to common wheat [6,7,9,42].
In addition, the two chromosome fragments for PH, TN, SFW and SDW were detected stably on 1DS and 7D, which were located on the genomic intervals of 8.98–21.51 Mb and 324.36–557.58 Mb, respectively. Lr42, Rmg6, Sr33, SrTA1662, LR10, Xa5, Chalk5, MHZ5, B10, Rc, BC10, EBR1 and EBR1 were located in the interval of AX-94812958 -AX-110910133 on 1DS of Ae. tauschii, and 16 QTL/genes (Pid2, IPA1, Xa13, Hd18, GW8, Xa27-Xa27-IRBB27, qUVR-10, Yr33, Dn2, Ehd3, Nud, OsABCG15, MOC1, Lks2, TaD27 and QTls for antixenosis) were in the interval of AX-109917900 -AX-110605376 on 7D [43]. Among these reported genes, none except for TaD27 on 7D, which was associated with tiller number in hexaploidy, has been found to be related to early vigour previously.
Segregation distortion is a common phenomenon among many plants [44]. In the present study, 54 of 153 SNP loci showed segregation distortion in the RILs, and 50 makers were skewed to Syn80, while 4 were biased to Syn79. Segregation distortion loci accounted for 35.29% of the total polymorphic loci, and 92.59% of the loci were preferentially biased to the female parent Syn80, with only 7.41% coming from male parent Syn79. At the same time, we found that Syn80 had stronger seedling vigour than that of Syn79. Therefore, the early vigour which afforded a high survival ratio in the RILs containing the Syn80 loci, was higher than that of the RILs containing the Syn79 loci. The proportion of segregation distortion was high in the RILs. Xu et al found a similar phenomenon, finding that the purer the population, the higher separation ratio [45]. In the present study, three genomic regions were detected to be Syn80-biased on chromosome 1D, 2D and 7D (Table 5), which were involved with the QTL intervals for early biomass. The centre of segregation bias on chromosome 1DS was located in the interval of AX-110090502—AX-109911195 with a genetic location from 8.26 cM to 12.44 cM, as 96.4% of the progeny shared the same genotype with the parent Syn80 at the SNP site of AX-110090502 and 97.9% for AX-109911195. On chromosome 2D, the segregation bias region was framed from AX-108911375 to AX-110935958 across about 20 cM. On 7D, the centre of segregation bias was located in the interval of AX-110271371 to AX-94807766. The centre of segregation bias on 1DS was about 25 cM away from the detected QTL peaks for early growth-related traits, and the centre of segregation bias on 7D was located in the interval of the QTL peaks detected on this chromosome. Many factors may cause segregation distortion, these can be genetic factors such as reproductive isolation, or incoordination between the cytoplasm and nucleus, or hybrid necrosis etc. [46], and these can be due to natural or artificial selection [47]. In most cases, segregation is controlled by reproductive isolation factors such as gametophyte genes on the nucleus or sterility genes [48–51]. Several types of hybrid abnormalities including hybrid necrosis were reported in the process of synthetic wheat production [52,53]. Usually, these abnormal growth phenotypes are classified into hybrid necrosis (Types II and III), hybrid chlorosis and severe growth abortion [54,55]. Two genes derived from Ae.tauschii related to type II and III necrosis symptoms have been mapped [53,54]. The gene Nec1 of type III necrosis was on chromosome 7DS [54], while the gene Nec2 of type II necrosis was on chromosome 2DL [56]. The locations of Nec2 and Nec1 were close to the segregation bias region on chromosome 2D and the segregation bias centre on chromosome 7D. One possible reason for the segregation bias for Syn80 in these loci was that Syn79 may have carried the Nec2 and Nec1 alleles for hybrid necrosis. Thus, the segregation bias would have spread from the location of Nec2 or Nec1 across the QTL regions in this population. Segregation distortion regions may be related to certain genes, the gene location of the target trait can be preliminarily determined according to the segregation distortion region of the genetic map and the phenotypic data. However, no strong evidence showed that the early biomass QTL was caused by the segregation bias to Syn80.
In the present study, 3480 SNP markers were used on the D genome, and only 153 polymorphic markers were detected between the parents, a percentage polymorphism of 4.40%. Comparing to the genetic diversity of Ae. taushcii and the wheat cultivars reported by previous authors [56–58], Syn79 and Syn80 had low genetic diversity on the D genome. It has been widely accepted that Ae. tauschii ssp. strangulata is the D genome donor of hexaploid wheat [56,59–63]. Ae. tauschii was classified into two groups, lineage 1 and lineage 2 [56,64]. Lineage 1 is broadly related to Ae. tauschii ssp. tauschii and lineage 2 is broadly related to Ae. tauschii ssp. strangulata. The Infinium SNP array for the D genome was developed mainly according to the SNP polymorphism between Ae. tauschii ssp. tauschii and Ae. tauschii ssp. strangulata. Therefore, the D genome donors (AT333 and AT428) of synthetic hexaploid wheat Syn79 and Syn80 may belong to the same group (Lineage 1 or Lineage 2), and their genetic relationship is very close. Although the number of polymorphic loci in the D genome between Syn79 and Syn80 was low, two genome regions on 1DS and 7D for four early biomass related traits were still detected under five different environmental conditions. This provided a basis for further fine mapping and candidate gene analysis of a few QTLs for early biomass related traits. On the other hand, each of the synthetic wheat Syn79 and Syn80 combining elite genes from tetraploid wheat and Ae. tauschii is a potential resource to broaden the genetic diversity for wheat breeding programs.
Conclusion
By using a set of recombinant inbred lines derived from two synthetic hexaploid wheat varieties (Syn79 and Syn80) re-synthesized from the same tetraploid wheat DOY1 and two different Ae. tauschii accessions (AT333 and AT428), two genomic regions on 1DS and 7D were detected to be associated with early biomass, with pleiotropic effects on PH, TN, SFW and SDW. The QTL alleles from Syn80 enhanced the early biomass by increasing PH, TN, SFW and SDW, and these originated from the Ae. tauschii AT428, which expresses stably in a hexaploid background. The framed SNP markers could be used for wheat improvement.
Acknowledgments
We thank the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center for providing synthetic hexaploid wheat parents (Syn79 and Syn80). The National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province supported this work. We also thank our colleagues and staff at the Guang-Han Station and the Cang-shan Station of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences for their helps in this study.
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