Introduction

Psoriasis is a common skin disease whose complex pathogenetic mechanisms including vascular remodeling have recently been demonstrated. Dilated and tortuous vessels within elongated dermal papillae represent a histopathological clue also evident by dermoscopy, a non-invasive technique that magnifies (X10) the skin surface, as uniformly distributed “red dots” [1, 2]. A recent study using horizontal histopathological sections (HHS) on psoriatic skin confirmed the presence of roundish dermal papillae at the dermo-epidermal junction each centered by ectatic capillaries [3]. However, the number of dilated capillaries (i.e. capillary density) in psoriasis remains undefined as the results from the available studies differ significantly [4–13].

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the capillary density in psoriasis using HHS and to compare the results with those obtained using dermoscopy, also sharing the horizontal view of the skin, and with the existing data.

Materials and methods

Twenty adult patients with stable plaque psoriasis (9 males, 11 females; median age: 46.3 years) were enrolled in the study after obtaining informed consent. Exclusion criteria were treatments with topical or systemic anti-psoriatic drugs in the last 2 or 4 weeks, respectively, as well as phototherapy/sun exposure in the previous 4 weeks, pregnancy, smoking and/or alcohol assumption, presence of microangiopathic diseases including diabetes and connective vascular diseases. Hyperkeratotic plaques were excluded as scales may hamper the dermoscopic visualization of the vascular pattern. Fifteen minutes before and during the examinations, patients stood in supine position in a temperature/humidity-controlled room. In each patient, a target area of the examined plaque previously engraved by gently rotating a 5-mm biopsy punch device, underwent dermoscopy using a x10 magnification polarized instrument (Dermlite/3Gen^TM) connected to a digital camera, then local anesthesia with 1% mepivacaine solution, and finally skin sampling for HHS (Fig 1A and 1B). After paraffin embedding, consecutive 5-μm thick sections from the stratum corneum down to the superficial dermis were obtained for HHS and stained with standard Hematoxylin-Eosin. For evaluation accuracy, in all examined fields, capillary density was evaluated in a centered 4-mm diameter area, counting the number of red dots at dermoscopy (Fig 1C) and of dermal papillae at the dermo-epidermal junction at HHS (Fig 1D) by 2 different operators (AEV and FL, respectively). For each biopsy, the histological section containing the maximum count of dermal papillae was considered. Pearson’s test was performed to evaluate the correlation between the 2 methods. The study was approved by the local human research board (Catania 1). Written consent was obtained from patients and data were analyzed anonymously.

Download:

• PPT
  PowerPoint slide
• PNG
  larger image
• TIFF
  original image

Fig 1.

Stable psoriatic plaque of the lower leg before (a) and after engraving a target area by gently rotating a 5-mm biopsy punch device (b). Dermoscopy (x10) (c) and HHS (H&E stain: x100) (d) of the target area: the capillary density was evaluated in both cases in a centered 4-mm diameter area (yellow circle) by counting the number of red dots and of dermal papillae, respectively.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247835.g001

Results

A total of 20 target lesions located on the trunk (10 cases), arms (5 cases) and thighs (5 cases) were evaluated.

The mean capillary density resulting from HHS was 50.30±9.05/mm², whereas that from dermoscopy was 43.02±6.60/mm². These results showed a strong correlation at Pearson’s test (r = 0.88).

Discussion

In conjunction with epidermal hyperplasia, papillomatosis and inflammatory infiltrate, the expansion of the superficial dermal microvasculature represents one of the main histopathological changes in psoriatic skin. It consists of the presence of dilated and tortuous vessels within elongated dermal papillae, describing multiple loops in their trajectory [14]. This microvascular aspect has been evaluated by different techniques [Table 1] including dermoscopy, videocapillaroscopy (or capillaroscopy), fluorescence angiography, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and histopathology [15].

Download:

• PPT
  PowerPoint slide
• PNG
  larger image
• TIFF
  original image

Table 1. Main techniques for the evaluation of microcirculation in psoriasis.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247835.t001

The review of the existing literature on the different techniques to evaluate capillary density in psoriasis [4–13] has shown several critical issues [Table 2]. All studies differed for multiple factors including study design, methodology, and heterogeneity of results according to the instrumentation used. Also, many studies dealt with a limited sample of patients [5, 7, 11, 12]. As regards study design, the main differences consisted in non standardized exclusion criteria, with studies excluding subjects with microangiopathic disease such as diabetes and connective vascular disorders [7–10], and others not specifying any [4–6, 11–13]. Also, the site of the target plaque was variable (scalp, elbow, forearm, etc.) or unspecified [6, 7, 13]. Most studies evaluated untreated plaques, and wash out from previous treatments were quite variable [6–8, 10–12]. Methodology also varied as in some studies the instrumental evaluation was preceded by removal of scales using a lancet, a tape stripping or a keratolytic agent [4, 8, 10–12] whereas, in others, hyperkeratotic plaques were excluded a priori [5]. Investigational setting in most of the cases was not standardized, with few studies specifying room temperature and patient position during evaluation [4, 6–8, 10]. Also, terminology of the evaluated parameters varied from number of “capillaries” to “capillary loops”, “microvessels”, “red dots” or “dermal papillae”. The results were also quite heterogeneous as in 4 studies using videocapillaroscopy at different magnifications to count the number of capillary loops, the results ranged from a mean of ~22/mm² to a mean of ~53/mm² [4, 6–8, 10]. Another videocapillaroscopy study estimated the number of capillaries per “field”, but the measurement unit of the observation area was not specified [9]. As regards capillary density evaluation by RCM, considering that each dermal papilla is centred by a capillary loop, the number of capillaries likely corresponds to the number of dermal papillae. Existing studies show contrasting results, with a density ranging from a mean of 8.12/mm² to a mean of ~216/mm² [5, 12, 13]. In another study that compared RCM (8 lesions) with HHS (5 lesions), the number of dermal papillae ranged from ~294/mm² to~100/mm², respectively [11]. In the same study, dermoscopy showed “red dots” density of 36.7/mm² [11].

Download:

• PPT
  PowerPoint slide
• PNG
  larger image
• TIFF
  original image

Table 2. Studies evaluating capillary density in psoriasis.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247835.t002

Peculiarities of our work are represented by a rigorous standardization of the inclusion/exclusion criteria and methods and by the use of 2 different techniques able to provide a horizontal view of the skin, with one of them being histopathology, which represents the gold standard for skin structure evaluation. Of note, the preliminary skin engraving allowed a perfect match between the area undergoing dermoscopy and that of skin sampling for HHS. In our study, HHS showed a mean density of ~50/mm² dermal papillae and the results obtained by dermoscopy were similar (~43/mm²). Pearson’s test demonstrated a strong correlation between the two techniques. Although capillary density resulting from dermoscopy was slightly lower compared to HHS likely due to deep-located vessels that might have gone undetected, dermoscopy, irrespective of the number of capillaries that may be observed, confirmed to be a useful non-invasive technique to evaluate the vascular pattern in psoriasis for diagnostic and research purposes (15).

An average of 50 capillaries/mm² corresponds, in a common 5x5 cm psoriatic patch, to about 125.000 capillaries. These results confirm the extraordinary potential of psoriatic skin to develop such a complex and intricate vascular network. Whether the capillary density is reactive or rather plays a pathogenetic role needs to be defined. For future studies, a standardization of the patient selection and methodology, independently to the imaging technique used, is advisable.

Supporting information