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Engagement of monocytes, NK cells, and CD4⁺ Th1 cells by ALVAC-SIV vaccination results in a decreased risk of SIV_mac251 vaginal acquisition

Fig 4

CD4⁺ T cell subsets.

(A) T cell ELISpot in the vaccinated group at 3 weeks after the last immunization (week 27). CD4⁺ T cells were measured in 6 ALVAC-vaccinated and 8 NYVAC-vaccinated macaques. (B) Percentage of vaccine-induced (Ki67) CD38⁺CD4⁺ T cells at week 26. (C) Percentage of KI67⁺ α4β7⁺CD4⁺ T cells at week 26. (D) Frequency of Th1 (CXCR3⁺ CCR6^–) and (E) Th2 (CXCR3^– CCR6^–) CD4⁺ T cells at week 26 (horizontal line: median). (F) Direct associations between the levels of ALVAC-SIV/gp120 induced Th1 cells at week 26 and the number of challenges to infection or (G) to the frequency of classical monocytes in blood at week 26. (H) Inverse correlation of Th2 cells measured at week 26 and time of SIV_mac251 acquisition. (I) Correlation of CD14⁺HLA-DR^- (MDSCs) measured at week 14 and the level of anti-envelope ELISpot responses in blood at week 14.

doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008377.g004